SOL WHII.11

Traumatic for soldiers; negative feeling or pessimism

People living in fear As a result, the cultural flourishments

following WWI reflected the pessimism and the need to be different

The Decline of the West; Remembrance of things Past; A Farewell to Arms

The Trial –an innocent man on trial facing a horrible punishment and he can’t prove his innocence

The Magic Mountain—the setting is in a tuberculosis sanitarium—everyone is dying

Surrealism—life is portrayed as if it is a dream (escape from reality)

T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land—negative title

Break from tradition—experimentation with capitalization, punctuation, free verse and design of the poem

Breaks from tradition—Big Bands, Harmony introduced, 12 tone scale (flats and sharps) and jazz are all introduced

Pessimism—The Blues!!

Breaks from tradition—new styles—surrealism and cubism (Pablo Picasso)

Pessimism—comedies offered escape from reality, but many plots were disturbing and cruel

Breaks from tradition—new style functionalism—need to feel useful. More use of steel to feel safe and secure

When was the last major war for Europe? Costs of the war—how many people

affected? Memories of war?—trench warfare,

trench rot etc.. Purpose of the war? Was there one? Was

anything accomplished?

1920’s=positive change War-time economy to peace-time

economy—things returning to “normal” Automobile Industry—had profound

effect on life in 1920’s---expanded business and industry—people went back to work

Life was happy again Economy was booming Women upset they were to go back to the

home; some women rebelled—Flappers Cut their hair into bobs, smoked, drank,

cursed, and wore bright lipstick Danced in public and wore revealing

clothes

Gov’t blamed immoral behavior on the influence of alcohol

Passed a law about forbidding the manufacture, sale and transport of alcohol—known as Prohibition

Public responded by making their own alcohol, bootlegging, creating speakeasies, and bribing public officials

Law was quickly repealed

Good Times Economic Prosperity Investment in Stocks Late 1920’s increase in cost of living Wages remained the same Companies increased their prices Lowered demand—lay offs!!!

People wondered if they could support their family

Made risky investments to make a lot of money—on-margin investments

Eventually, too many people investing causes stock prices to drop

Everyone was selling at the same time, but no one was buying

Price eventually hit rock bottom and the crash occurred on October 29, 1929

Complete shutdown—The Great Depression

People turn to gov’t Gov’t=laissez-faire Hoover did not know what to do—raised

tariffs on foreign goods—made it worse! The Great Depression became a

worldwide problem

FDR was elected in Nov. 1932 Created a plan called the New Deal Series of plans to help the suffering

public Several plans: CCC, TVA, FDIC, Social

Security Act

Planned Economy: gov’t temporarily regulates the direction of national resources

FRANCE: economy suffered greatly after war; increased debt to repair country

Paying interest on debt Cost of national security Middle class/working class expected to

help the most, but could not afford the higher prices

French afraid of another German invasion Rebuilt army and navy Constructed Maginot Line: large concrete

and steel fortification along their border 1930’s=France’s alliances started to

crumble France wanted to ensure protection from

Germany, but all of the major countries pulled out or were very vague about their commitments

Riots over a gov’t scandal caused workers to go on a general strike —where various industries refused to work

Results: Popular Front—new coalition gov’t (Short Lived) many work related reforms

Gov’t nationalized some of the major industries

Popular Front ended workers lost many reforms and suffered—public was divided; when WWII came there would be a portion of France that will ally w/Hitler

High taxes—war debt (middle class) Factories outdated and run down High unemployment rates—caused labor

unrest General strike—crippled gov’t and

eventually were illegal

During WWI, Irish nationalists revolted w/the Easter Rebellion—1916

Germany had conspired w/nationalists, but failed to send support

British put rebellion down IRA continued to engage in violent

attacks against British troops

1921-British gave in and divided Ireland Southern Ireland became Irish Free State

in 1922—self-governing, but not completely independent

6 counties of Northern Ireland chose to remain part of the U.K.

1949 Southern Ireland became completely independent—Republic of Ireland

Newly created countries lagged behind rest of Europe

Most of the land controlled by few aristocrats

Major economic activity still agriculture After WWI, land redistributed to peasants,

but they had not money Democracy was a struggle in new

nations!

Most people wanted Anschluss- German for union- with Germany, but peace treaties and allies would not allow it

1/3 of population lived in Vienna Struggle btwn socialists and

conservatives which weakened democratic progress

Republic created after WWI was overthrown w/in a year by a Communist, but aristocrats overthrew the communist

Then an admiral took over Hungary was landlocked, so what was an

admiral doing? “Hungary was a kingdom without a king, and was ruled by an admiral without a fleet.”

Hapsburgs even tried to restore the monarchy, but allies would not allow it

Immediately after WWI, a democratic constitution was created—but divided political parties kept the gov’t from operating efficiently

Eventually military dictatorship took over

Big Daddy Syndrome Ability to convince people Nationalism Economic depression

Benito Mussolini Offered stability and hope Born son of a blacksmith Became an elementary school teacher Fought in WWI Began fascist party

Fascism: dictatorship which glorified war and promoted nationalism; is the dictatorship of a state with all classes cooperating (appealed to middle and working classes)

Created a totalitarian regime—highly centralized gov’t which allowed no opposition and held total control

Fascists adopted the black shirt as their uniform

The Black Shirts put pressure on the gov’t and Mussolini gained the title of premier

This is where the dictatorship began Called himself “il Duce” -- the leader

NO opposition, censorship, no freedom of speech, press, no trial by jury and a secret police was created

Italy became a corporate state Militarism—increasing the army and navy

—put people back to work and prepared them for mobilization

After WWI, a constitution was created in German city of Weimar— Weimar Republic

2 house legislature—Reichsrat and Reichstag

There was a president and a chancellor People not supportive—representatives

were the ones who signed the Treaty of Versailles

Terrible economic and social problems—2 attempted revolutions

Political parties grew—National Socialist German Worker’s Party—Nazi Party

Goal was to stop communism—it attracted mostly wealthy business owners and landowners—one recruit was Hitler

Born in Austria 1889 Wanted to be an artist in Vienna—failed In Vienna he became resentful of Jews

because of their success Served in WWI Joined the Nazi Party Arrested for Beerhall Putsch (Nazi

uprising) in 1923—sent to prison Wrote Mein Kampf while in prison—

blueprint for Nazi Germany

After release from prison—became leader of Nazi Party

People identified w/his feelings of hatred and rejection

Appealed to every group in society Plan to create an Aryan race—master

race

Took the title of “der Fuhrer”—the leader Turned Germany into a police state NO opposition, labor unions, there was

censorship, used a secret police called the Gestapo

Started persecuting and imprisoning groups such as Political opponents Inferior races

Jews were targeted most Persecuted and tortured Forced into segregated communities—ghettos Forced to wear yellow star of David on clothing

Third Reich—empire—the third major empire and third period of economic prosperity for Germany

Germany’s racial supremacy justified taking land away from the Slavs to expand German borders to handle the growing population

Secretly rearming since the 1920’s Hitler ready to openly defy the treaty if

challenged Spring of 1936, Hitler sent an army into

the Rhineland France responded by sending a note Hitler made alliances w/Mussolini in the

fall of 1936—Rome-Berlin Axis

Lenin—leader of communists 1919 Com intern- encourage communism

around the world 1922 U.S.S.R. Economic Policy—NEP (major industry)

Collective farming Some Free Enterprise

Trotsky Created Red Army Encouraged

Revolution Everywhere

Leader of Communist Party Communism succeeded and spread in USSR Command economy 5 year plan

5 year plan agriculture

production to buy machinery

industrial revolution

no everyday goods (toilet paper)

Lead to dictatorship and purge