solar maxim mission press kit

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NASA1 NewsNational Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationWashington. DC 20546AC 202 755-8370

For Release IMMEDIATE

Press Kit Project Solar Maximum MissionRELEASE NO: 80-16

ContentsGeneral Release ...................................... 1-7Mission Objectives..................................... -9The Spacecraft....................................... 9Mission Operations................................... 9-10Scientific Investigations............................ 10-13The Sun............................ 13-15Sun-Earth Relationship................................16Launch Vehicle ....................................... 16-17Launch Operations .................................... 17Launch Support........................................17Major Launch Events.................................. 18Solar Maximum Mission Team ............................ 19-20Contractors.......................................... 21

February 6, 1980

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Through coordinated observations at many differentwavelengths, scientists expect to obtain many clues about thecomplex nature of solar flares and how they might bepredicted.

The mission is designed to coincide with the solarmaximum period, the peak of an ll-year sunspot cyclewhen particularly explosive activity disrupts the Sun'ssurface. The satellite will play the pivotal role in acoordinated program of spacecraft, sounding rocket andground-based observations extending at least throughFebruary 1981.

Although the NASA spacecraft will concentrate on solarflare activity, or~e of the instruments is also expectedto measure the Sun's total radiation output to withinone-tenth of one percent over a period of one year.According to computer model predictions of the responseof Earth's atmosphere to solar radiation, such a precisemeasurement should be sufficient to establish definitelywhether changes in total solar heat output are sufficientto affect climate and weather.

Improved knowledge about flares and pre-flare con-ditions could help scientists predict the occurrence ofthese complex phenomena. On the basis of availableevidence, however, scientists have inferred this much:

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-3-The magnetic field extending out through the surfaceof the Sun somehow gathers itself into an enormouslycompressed bundle to form a magnetic knot. This becomesvisible as a sunspot, a region whose dimensions often aregreater than the entire Earth, and, sometimes, as alooping cloud of dense gas, hundreds of thousands ofmiles long, known as a solar prominence.

Solar flares erupt close to but not exactly over thesunspots. It is not known Precisely how or why the enormousenergy release takes place. Theorists believe that theenergy comes from the electric currents associated withthe strong magnetic fields on the Sun.This solar maximum period is expected to be the

second most active since Galileo discovered sunspots inthe early 16Os. Sunspots are relatively cool and quietareas on the solar surface. Their temperature of 4000degrees Celsius (7000 degrees Fahrenheit) is three-fourthsas hot as that of the areas surrounding them. But, sur-rounding the sunspots we find active regions of the Sunwhich are the locations that most frequently produce thehigh energy eruptions known as solar flares; the moresunspots, the more solar flares.

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Because of the new telescopes, remote-sensinginstruments and spacecraft that were not generally availableduring past solar maxima, the 1980 Solar Maximum Yearwill be the most widely scrutinized in history.

Once the satellite achieves orbit of 574 kilometers(310 miles) altitude, all mission operations will be conductedfrom two buildings at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center inGreenbelt, Md.: the Operations Control Center in Building3 and the Experimenters Operations Facility in Building 7.

The control center will manage all observatoryoperations, receiving real-time and recorded data 15 timesa day.

At the experimenters facility, the seven principalinvestigators will participate jointly in a round-the-clock program of coordinated science. At their own com-puters, they will receive both ground-based and satellitedata in near real time, and use the data to predictevents on the Sun over the next 24 hours. Experimentswill then be programmed and science activities planned forthe following day on the basis of a consensus among in-vestigative team members.

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Personnel from the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration's Solar Forecast Center, Boulder, Colo.,will participate at the facility to coordinate satelliteobservations with those from ground observations.

The launch of the satellite by a Delta rocket willmark the maiden flight of NASA's Multimission ModularSpacecraft , the basic structural frame, or bus,which will house the observatory's power, attitude con-trol, communications and data handling systems.

The satellite is a three-axis inertially-stabilizedplatform providing precise stable pointing to any regionon the solar disk to within 5 seconds of arc. The weightof the satellite is 2315.1 kilograms (5105 pounds), whichincludes 593.75 kg (1309 ob.) for scientific instruments.I; : is about 4 meters (13 feet) long and 2.3 m (7 fc.) indiameter.

Two fixed solar paddles are attached to a transitionadaptor between the upper instrument module and the lowerspacecraft bus. The paddles supply power to the space-craft during the daylight portion of orbits while threerechargable batteries supply power while the spacecraftis in the Earth's shadow.

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-7-The mission's 8-minute launch window opens each day at

about 11:00 a.m. EST. This constraint is to assure thatthe spacecraft will bs launched into a full day of sun-light. Separation from tne Delta will occur while theGuam tracking station is monitoring the satellite.

The Solar Maximum Mission is managed for NASA'sOffice of Space Science, Washington, D.C. by the Goddardcenter. Michael E. McDonald is program manager and Dr.Eric Chipman is program scientist. At Goddard, projectmanager is Peter T. Burr and Kenneth J. Frost is projectscientist.

Estimated cost of the mission, exclusive of launchvehicle and tracking and data network operations, iFapproximately $79 million.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.)

Note:

Photographs and drawings to illustrate this presskit will be distributed without charge only to media re-presentatives in the United States. They may be obtainedby writing or phoning:

Public Affairs Audio-Visual OfficeCode LFD-l0 NASA HeadquartersWashington, D.C. 20546Telephone No: 202/755-8366 Photo Nos: 79-H-583

77-H-71074-H-434

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MISSION OBJECTIVES

The NASA Solar Maximum Mission will provide for the firstime a means for coordinated studies of the solar phenomenaalled solar flares. Although our knowledge of the Sun hasncreased immensely since the launching of the first solarbservatory in 1962, this is the first mission dedicated speci-ically to the study of the flaring process. The satellite wille operating cooperatively with other ground and space observa-tories during the International Solar Maximum Year which ex-ends through February 1981.The spacecraft's integrated package of seven differentxperiments will operate in selected wavelength bands (ultra-iolet, infrared, X-ray and gamma ray), allowing investigativeeams to monitor the active regions with their associated sun-pots, and focus on flares.An ultraviolet spectrometer/polarimeter will provide sharpictures, well-resolved spectra, and measurement of velocitiesnd strong magnetic fields in flares.A visible light coronograph/polarimeter will trace coronalffects of flares that sometimes put a major fraction of theirnergy into plasmas ej'ected into interplanetary space.Finally, a total solar irradiance

monitor will measurehe solar constant to an accuracy of + 0.1 percent.The NASA Solar Maximum Mission is designed to provide broadoverage of a flare's electromagnetic spectrum, backed up byimultaneous worldwide instrument observations -- performed onthe ground and by other spacecraft -- of the composition andnergy distribution of the fast radiation particles and plasmamitted from the flare into interplanetary space.The primary scientific objectives of the Solar Maximumission are:* To observe flare and 'Fare-induced effects in the Sun'shromosphere, chromosphere-corona transition region andorona.* To determine the fundamental characteristics of theolar plasma before, during and after solar flares.* To study coronal evolution at the period of solaraximum activity point.

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* To determine the temperature and density structure ofthe high energy flare plasma as a function of spaceand time.* To investigate the position, structure and thermo-dynamic properties of hot thermal and non-thermalsources in flares.* To investigate electron acceleration and very hightemperature plasmas by observing high energy solarX-rays and gamma rays.Scientists of many nations will participate in the coordi-nated observational program through an extensive Guest Investi-gator Program.

THE SPACECRAFT

The spacecraft weighs approximately 2,315 kilograms (5,105pounds), is 4 meters (13 feet) in length and 1.2 m (4 ft.) wide.Construction is modular. The instrument module houses allthe solar payload instruments and the Fine Pointing Sun Sensorfor pointing control.Below the instrument module, separated by the transitionadapter, is the supporting spacecraft. Three modules, eachabout 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.5 m (4 x 4 x 1.6 ft.), house essential space-craft subsystems: Attitude Control System, Power and Communi-cations and Data Handling.Two fixed solar arrays, each having three panels, extendfrom the mission adapter and supply up to 3,000 watts of space-craft power. Two other components are also supported: theSignal Conditioning and Control Unit, and the High Gain AntennaSystem. Three nickel-cadmium batteries supply power duringeclipses, or when the spacecraft is operating in the Earth'sshadow.

MISSION OPERATIONSOnce the satellite is in orbit, all mission operationswill be conducted from two buildings at the Goddard Space FlightCenter: the Operations Control Center and the ExperimentersOperations Facility.

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'l'h cnt-rlrl center %ill Ilmaqe all observatory Operati ens,ncludtinql xacerfa t Commands tfor neW Mission sequences, tapee0CorVdC del1ta 117iuln1s" an d tile nienlitorlinltl of informsationl req~ard-nq thle lielthl of thle spaeceClIr ft This will start whenI theFpacecraft splarcates frol tle elta laun1ch vehlicle over Guam.On-orbit all iinment. calibration of thle instruments isritical to missioln suCeess. B3oeauso of thlis, one of the firstasks to be execut(ed after arrival ill orbit will be a sequencef spacecraft alnd instrulent slaws across the solar disc thatill calibrate the alit1lillmenlt ot etrachl instrumenillt with res pect tohle fine Stiun sen'1so and provide the data necessary to conmandile ilnstt rumenlts to thle re-quirod coaliglilnielit.1tudiVidual.1l ilnStrlutmllenlt raIStLer SVstemlls wi l be used, whlelleqiuiVied, to c0nstruct sinai I imaqos of sel ectedl solar featuresby scannliniw the inst rume across anl area typical ly several areinlutes in extelnt.Using satoel lito datat 0nd inlputs from t1round observatoriesorkdwide, the seven principai investiqators will take partall diay il l0-to-1: orbits of cooldillated science. At theiroWn compliuters in the Goddalrld facilitY, tlley will receive bothround-based alndl sateltlite data in near real-time and use thedata to proidjet events on thlLe Su,,n over tihe next 24 hours. Pro-1ra1umin olf experiments and fol lowili~l-day scieLnce activitiesill be platinte)d aecordiliq to invest iqltive teolAm consenusis.The satellite will. be operatedl round-the-clock.

SCX' N'1'1t12 t' rNV*:.-e'IGA'PITONSG-mma1l_ Ra ptt romeotor

'rineiplnVest ij1a~p(1: Dr. E. L. Chupp, University ofew Hlampshire, u)ulrhamII.*Ob-ject ixe: Study of solar qamma raxtys in1 thel ranqe 0.3 to60 MeV for detemlinllalt ionl of sola1r f1f Ire/aiele acce leatiIhoenOllmna and the abundailee Of speci fi nu l ides.Doscr i pt ioln: Th110e mainr djetector- cLnllsists ot sevenlikll resolut ion sodiu.li i odide inteqral', lilne detectors surrolun1d1etdy an activ' Coesililu iodidoe shi ed oPolrtinCJ Over the ranqe 0.3o 1)MoV. Auxi I iary detectors consist Of a thick eosium iodiderystal behinilnd thie ma .n dotector br use il l ( etectic:) of Iam1m11d


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Hard X-Ray Burst SpectrometerPrincipal Investigator: K. J. Frost, Goddard Space FlightCenter, Greenbelt, Md.Objective: Measurement of solar X-ray bursts in the rangefrom 20 to 300 KeV to investigate the characteristics of particleacceleration in the solar flare proc-ss and to determine the roleof accelerated particles in generation of the thermal phase ofthe flare process.Description: The detector is an anti-coincidence shieldedcesium iodide scintillator with a 16-channel pulse height spectraacquired once every 0.1 seconds over the 20 to 300 KeV energyrange. A memory enables X-ray bursts to be searched for timestructure with a resolution of 1 millisecond.

Hard X-Ray Imaging SpectrometerPrincipal Investigator: Prof. C. deJager, Space ResearchLaboratory, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Objective: Investigate the position, structure and thermo-dynamic properties of hot thermal and non-thermal sources inactive and flaring regions by means of two-dimensional X-raypictures with a spatial resolution of 8 arc seconds over the

energy range from 3.5 to 30 KeV.Description: The instrument consists of an imaging colli-mator and position sensitive detector system operating in 6energy channels. The grid collimator has a total of 512 imageelements; 304 fine elements (8" x 8") over a 2'40" diameterfield of view, 128 coarse elements (32" x 32") over a 6'24"diameter field of view, and 80 slit elements (16" x 384")Temporal resolution in the flare mode is 1.5 seconds.

Ultraviolet Spectrometer and PolarimeterPrincipal Investigator: Dr. E. Tandberg-llanssen, MarshallSpace Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.Objective: Study the physical. conditions of the coronalactive regions and flares oy means of hih1h resolution spectro-scopy to measure temperature, density, velocity and magneticfields in these features by measuring line intensities and lineprofiles in the spectral range from 1,100 to 3,000 Angstroiis.

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Description: The instrument consists of a Gregorian tele-scope and an Ebert spectrometer. The telescope secondary mirrorhas a raster mechanism which allows up to a 4x4 arc minute scanize. Spatial resolutionI which is determined by an entranceslit mechanism, is adjustable from 1xl arc seconds to 30x30 arcseconds. Spectrometer spectral resolution is .01 Angstromso allow simultaneous measurements at different heights in thechromosphere and corona, any of three sets of four lines forspectroscopy and any of six line pairs for Polarimetry may beselected.X-Ray PolychromatorPrincipal Investigators: Dr. L. W. Acton, Lockheed PaloAlto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif.; Dr. J. L. Culhane,ullard Space Science Laboratory, England; and Dr. A. H. Gabriel,Appleton Laboratory, England.Objective: Measurement of X-ray emission lines in the 1.4to 22.4 Angstroms spectral interval for the investigation ofthose aspects of solar activity which lead to production ofplasma with temperatures up to 50 million degrees. This includesthe pre-flare, flaring and POst-flare plasmas.Description: The instrument consists of two systems, aFlat Crystal Spectrometer and a Bent Crystal Spectrometer Thelat crystal instrument consists of seven collimated crystalspectrometers which are operated simultaneously in a raster scanor spectral scan mode. The spatial resolution is 10 arc secondswith a raster field of view of 7x7 arc minutes. The bent crystalunit consists of eight fixed crystal spectrometers which givesimultaneous spectral scan information with a time resolution of0.1 seconds. Spatial resolution is 6 arc minutes.

Coro.agrap/PolarimeterPrincipal Investigator: Dr. L. L. House, High AltitudeObservatory, Boulder, Colo.Objective: Study of coronal evolution and coronal tran-sient activity with emphasis on determination of electron den-sity and magnetic fields in response to transient events.Description: The instrument is an externally occultedcoronagraph using an SEC vidicon detector. Field of view isfrom 1.5 to 6.0 solar radii with a resolution of 6.4 arc seconds.Measurement range is from 4,000 to 7,000 Angstroms in sevenwavelength bands including polarization filters. The instrumentis mounted on a Pointing platformzi which maintains instrumentboresigalt at Sun center.

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Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance MonitorPrincipal Investigator: Dr. R. C. Willson, Jet PropulsionLaboratory, Pasadena, Calif.Objective: Measurement of the total solar irradiance withstate-of-the-art accuracy and precision (less than 0.5 percent)to determine the magnitude and direction of variations in thetotal solar output of optical energy.Description: Solar irradiance from the far ultravioletthrough far.infrared wavelengths are measured by three activecavity and radiometer detectors individtilly shuttered. These

detectors are electrically self-calibrated, conical cavitypyroheliometers, capable of defining the solar flux with an un-certainty of 0.1 percent and a precision of 0.2 percent. Onedetector is used routinely to monitor the Sun, a second detectoris intermittently exposed to the Sun to establish the long-termstability of the first detector, and the third detector is usedfor resolving ambiguities in the performance of the first twodetectors.

THE SUN

Earth is one of nine planets circling around our star, oneof some two hundred billion stars in our galaxy. The Sun is amiddle-aged, middle-sized star in the galaxy, with a remaininglifetime of about five billion years. It has nearly 1,000 timesthe mass of all the planets combined, and 300,000 times the massof Earth. Its diameter is about 100 times that of Earth. Somestars are hundreds of times larger than the Sun; most are muchsmaller.Composition

Although the Sun is composed of the same basic elements asEarth, its relative proportions are quite different. Forexample, about 80 percent of the mass of the Sun is hydrogen,the lightest element, and most of the remainder is helium, thesecond lightest. Heavier elements such as carbon, nitrogen,oxygen and silicon constitute only 1 percent of the solar mass.

The Sun has a surface temperature of nearly 6,000 degreesKelvin (11,000 degrees Fahrenheit) with much higher temperaturesbelow its surface (reaching more than 10 million degrees K (18million degrees F.) at the center). The energy output of theSun is equivalent to the conversion of nearly 5 million tons ofmatter into energy every second. For comparison, a 10-megatonhydrogen bomb explosion is equivalent to the conversion ofslightly more than on- pound of matter into energy.-more-


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Energy OutputDirect measurements of solar energy output are relativelyrecent, the first known measurements having been made in 1837.It was not until 1923 that scientists at the Smithsonian Insti-tution in Washington began daily observations. These observa-tions are important because fluctuations in the Sun's brightnessof as little as 0.2 percent can affect Earth's climate.In 1958, the American astronomer Eugene Norman Parkertheoretically predicted an outflow of electrically-charged sub-atomic particles from the Sun, and called this the "solar wind."

The particles are deflected and trapped by the Earth's magneticfield, collecting in a vast doughnut of space tens of thousandsof miles above the Earth's surface. The energy of collision ofthese particles witn the atoms of the upper atmosphere nearEarth's magnetic pcles produces light -- the auroras.Since the incidence of auroral activity rises and fallswith the sunspot cycle, scientists believe that the solar winddoes also. Thus, the more sunspots the greater the variationsof the solar wind. This variability is reflected in the appear-ance of the corona.

The Solar FlareIn 1958, the British astronomer Richard ChristopherCarrington, observed the appearance of a sudden point of bright-ness on the Sun's surface, that lasted five minutes, and thensubsided. Carrington had seen the first recorded "solar flare."A solar flare is an explosion on the Sun's surface whichsends a vast burst of material outward. The section of thesolar wind immediately outward from the solar flare is muchdenser and more intense than it would ordinarily be, creatinga :solai gust." A large solar gust can reach Earth in a matterof a few days creating an electric storm causing auroral fluc-tuations along with disturbances and malfunctions in compassesand electronic equipment.Solar flares occur in the Sun's upper chromosphere andlower corona and generally occur near sunspots. Such activeregions are also the sources of prominences (jets of hot gaswhich sometimes shoot high into the corona) and are characterizedby locally intense magnetic fields.Scientific fascination with flares stems from their enormouspower. A major surface flare will release in a few minutes moreenergy than man can produce in a million years at present rates.

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SUN-EARTH RELATIONSHIPThe Sun literally controls the behavior of the Earth'stmosphere and provides a continuous source of energy necessaryo support life on Earth. Thus, it affects our weather, cli-ate, communications and environment in fundamental ways.For example, a loss of radio communications or surges inower transmission lines on the ground often result from changesn solar activity. Many meteorologists believe the same is truef our weather.The ultraviolet end X-rays emitted by the Sun are respon-ible for the terrestrial ionosphere, which is vital to long-istance radio communication. Another vital product of solarltraviolet radiation is the terrestrial ozone layer. Ozonebsorbs ultraviolet light and prevents it from reaching theurface of the Earth. Without its protection, life as we knowt would be difficult or impossible. Hence, variations of theolar ionizing radiation are of great practical importance.Therefore, it is of considerable practical interest toonitor the Sun for disturbances and attempt to predict them.

LAUNCH VEHICLEThe Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft will be launched byASA's two-stage Delta 3910 launch vehicle. This will be the5lst flight for Delta.Delta is managed for NASA's Office of Space TransportationSystems Operations by the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,d. Kennedy Space Center's Expendable Vehicle Operations Divi-ion is responsible for launch operations management. ThecDonnell Douglas Astronautics Corp., Huntington Beach, Calif.,s the Delta prime contractor for the vehicle and launch services.The Delta 3910 is 35.5 m (116 ft.) long including thepacecraft shroud. Liftoff weight is 190,000 kg (418,000 lb.)nd liftoff thrust is 462,714 lb. including the initial thrustf five of the nine solid motor strap-ons (the remaining strap-ns are ignited at 64 seconds after liftoff).The first stage booster will be an extended McDonnellDouglas long-tank Thor powered by the Rocketdyne RS-27 engineystem which uses hydrazine (RP-1) and liquid oxygen propellants.Pitch and yaw steering is provided by gimballing the main engine.he vernier engines provide roll control during powered flightnd total control during coast.

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The McDonnell Douglas second stage is powered by the TRWTR-201 liquid bipropellant engine, using nitrogen tetroxide asthe oxidizer and Aerozene-50 as the fuel. Pitch and yaw steer-ing during powered flight are provided by gimballing the engine.Roll steering during powered flight and a.l steering during thecoast are provided by a cold gas system.The guidance and control system of the vehicle is locatedon top of the second stage. The strapdown Delta Inertial Guid-ance System provides guidance and control for the total vehiclefrom liftoff through attitude orientation and separation of thespacecraft.

LAUNCH OPERATIONS

Delta 151, carrying the Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft,will be launched from Pad A at Complex 17, Cape Canaveral AirForce Station, Fla.The Delta vehicle assembly on Pad A was completed inDecember and the spacecraft was received in January for pre-flight processing and mating with the Delta 151 second stagein early February. The payload shroud, which will protect thespacecraft during its flight through the atmosphere, was to beinstalled about four days prior to launch.

LAUNCH SUPPORT

Range Safety: Command destruct receivers are located inthe first and second stages and are tuned to the same radio fre-quency. In the event of erratic flight, both systems will re-spond to the same modulated signal sent by a ground transmittingsystem upon initiation by the range safety officer.Launch Support: The Air Force Eastern Space and MissileCenter, the launch vehicle contractor, McDonnell Douglas, andNASA will supply all personnel and equipment required for the

assembly, prelaunch checkout and launch of the Delta vehicle.Tracking and Data Support: Air Force Eastern Space andMissile Center stations and the NASA Space Tracking and DataNetwork stations at Merritt Island, Fla., Guam, Hawaii andAustralia will track the vehicle during ascent and insertic-iinto orbit.

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SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION TEAM

NASA HeadquartersDr. Thomas A. Mutch Associate Administrator

for Space ScienceAndrew J. Stofan Deputy Associate Administrator

for Space ScienceDr. Adrienne F. Timothy Assistant Associate Adminis-

trator for Space ScienceDr. Harold Glaser Director, Solar TerrestrialDivisionMichael E. McDonald Manager, Solar Terrestrial

SatellitesDr. Eric G. Chipman Program ScientistDr. Glynn S. Lunney Acting Associate Administrator

for Space TransportationSystems Operations

Joseph B. Mahon Director, Expendable LaunchVehicles Systems

Peter T. Eaton Manager, Delta ProgramDr. William C. Schneider Associate Administrator for

Space Tracking and DataSystems

Charles A. Taylor Director, Network Operationsand Communications Programs

Goddard Space Flight CenterA. Thomas Young DirectorPeter T. Burr Solar Maximum Mission

Project ManagerKenneth J. Frost Solar Maximum Mission

Project ScientistFrank J. Ceppolina Multimission Spac . -Project Manager

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CONTRACTORS

Hughes Aircraft Co. Solar Array SystemLos Angeles, ralif.Sperry Flight Systems High Gain Antenna SystemPhoenix, Ariz.Adcol Corp. Fine Pointing Sun SensorWaltham, Mass.Ball Corp. Co-Alignment AdjustmentBoulder, Calo. System

McDonnell Douglas Corp.Power Module Subsystem

St. Louis, Mo.General Electric Co. Attitude Control SubsystemValley Forge, Pa.Fairchild Industries, Inc. Command and Data HandlingGermantown, Md. Subsystem

Grumman Aerospace Corp. Flight OperationsBethpage, Long Island, N.Y.McDonr-ll Douglas Astro- Delta Launch Vehiclenautics Corp.Huntington Beach, Calif.

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solar maxim mission press kit

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