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Solar System
J. D. Price
Natural Science II – ERTH 1040
Solar System Formation
4.6 billion years ago
Q: From what materials is our solar system made?
The Sun
Mass: 1.9734 E 30 kg Dia: 1.4 E 6 km Comp: 92% H2, 8% He Rot: 25 d
Core T: 14 E 6 ºC (22.5 E 6 ºF) Srf T: 5,500o C (9,932o F)
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sIron-nickel - likely compositionof the Earth’s core. EtchedWidmanstatten exsolutiontexture
Stony iron – mixedcomposition of olivine
and iron
Glorieta Mountainpallasite (NM)
www.arizonaskiesmeteorites.com
Chondrite – likely compositionof the Earth’s mantle andcrust. This is a slab of NWA2089 (LL3)
Carbonaceous Chondrite –likely composition of the Sunwithout Hydrogen & Helium.This is a piece of the Allende
Meteorite from Chihuahua,Mexico
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www.arizonaskiesmeteorites.com
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Achondrite – fragments of the Moon andMars. This is Martian Shergottitic Meteorite:Dar Al Gani (DAG) 476 from Lybia
Q: which planets
are gaseous and
which are
terrestrial?
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
Mass: 0.33 E 24 kg 4.87 E 24 kg 5.98 E 24 kg 0.64 E 24 kilograms
Av. Dia: 4,878 km (3,030 mi) 12,104 km (7,522 mi) 12,753 km (7,926 mi) 6,785 km (4,217 miles)
Rot: 58.65 d N 243 d R 24 hrs N 24.6 hrs N
Tilt: 0º 177-178o 23o 27” 25o 12"
Rev: 0.24 yrs 0.62 yrs 365 days 5 hrs 1.88 years
Atmos: none CO2 N2 with O2 CO2
Surface T: -184o C to 427o C 457o C (855o F) -89o C to 57.7o C -129o C to 0o C
(-300o F to 800o F) (-128o F to 136o F) ( -200o F to 32o F)
Eq. g: 3.7 m/s2 8.8 m/s2 9.8 m/s2 3.7 m/s2
Esc. V. 4.25 km/s 10.36 km/s 11.18 km/s 5.02 km/s
Sat: 0 0 1 2
Mag: yes no yes no
r = 6378 km
The structure of Earth isthought to be very similar tothe rest of the terrestrialplanets.
] Iron (w 10% Nickel) core
] Fe-Mg Silicate mantle
] Al Ca / K-Na Silicate crust
The magnetic fields of Earthand Mercury may result from
the liquid state of their cores.
Earth’s Moon
NASAGalileo
Avg. distance = 380,000 km(238,00 mi)
Surface
•Dust and orange glass –meteoritic impact
•Basalt – dark colored rock
•Anorthosite – light coloredrock
•Breccias – mixed rockQ: Of what materials is
the Moon composed?
Lunar Formation
4.527* billion years ago
Recent Theories
•Fission Theory – Moon breaks awayfrom Earth
•Condensation Theory – Mooncondenses as separate nearbyplanetesmal
•Capture Theory – Moon formselsewhere but becomes trapped inEarth’s gravity
•Impact Theory – Mars-sized objectstrikes Earth, ejects lunar material
*Kleine et al., Science, Dec. 2005
Using halfnium-tungsten isotopes
•Impact Theory – Mars-sized object strikes Earth, ejectslunar material
Moon’s composition indicates that formation must occurafter partial differentiation of the earth
Q: How do we currently think our
moon formed? Why?
© 2006, NASA
Lunar History
• 4.5-3.8 Ga: Molten surface – maybe100km deep
• 3.8-3.1 Ga: Molten interior –radioactiveheating, core segregation, lava floods
• 3.1 Ga to present: Cold and quiet –,meteorite modification.
Phases of the Moon
NASAGalileo
Earth and Moon
•Moon is largest satellite insolar system (3,476 km)
•Largest satellite:planetmass ratio (1/81)
•Center of mass altersorbital path
Earth and Moon
Q: how does our
Moon’s mass affect
the movement of
the Earth in space?
Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
Q: Why are
solar eclipses
so rare?
Lewiston, MT, Feb. 26, 1979
© Oregon Museum of Science
and Industry
Tidal bulge
Earth extreme - Bay of Fundygreatest intertidal difference Coastline shape
influences shore-tideinterface
Fundy acts as a tideamplifier - mouth ofthe bay reinforces aslow moving wave(seiche) moving innear synchrony withtide
6000 years - tideheight increases 15cm/century.
7 m tides - East Quoddy Head, N.B.
14 m tides - Hopewell Rocks, N.B.
© Roger Smith
Achondrite – fragments of theMoon and Mars
Allan Hills 84001
A fragment of Mars found inthe Antarctic ice.
Carbonate concretions
Q: What is the evidence for life on Mars?
Twin PeaksThe view from Pathfinder, 1997
©2005, NASA - JPL
MER-A Spirit
The MER-A Spirit
This approximate true-color image of outcrop dubbed "Longhorn," and behindit, the sweeping plains of Gusev Crater. On the horizon, the rim of Gusev
Crater is clearly visible to south. Sol 210 (August 5, 2004). Image Credit:
NASA/JPL/CornellImage Note: SolA_210_P2398_L257_Longhorn (jpg used)
Spirits ascent up Husband HillImage Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell/OSU/NMU
Dark, porous-textured volcanic rocks on Low Ridge. Tworocks to the right of center, brighter and smoother-lookingare thought to be meteorites. bright material is evidence ofsulfur-rich salty minerals in the subsurface.
Sol: 1000Image credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell
McMurdo Panorama
Mazatzal is a highly coated rock: a top coat of dust, a pinking coating, a darkrind and its true interior. The observed area is 3 centimeters (1.2 inches)across.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL/USGS/CornellImage Note: Mazatzal_closeup_RAT2-A087R1
2nd pass at rock namedMazatal (sol 85).Blue arrow - leftover portionsof the outer dark rind.Yellow arrow - bright edgessurrounding the rind.Red arrows - crack that mayhave once contained fluids outof which mineralsprecipitated.
The MER-B Opportunity
"Burns Cliff" after driving right to the base of this southeastern portion of theinner wall of "Endurance Crater." The view combines frames taken byOpportunity's panoramic camera between the rover's 287th and 294th sol(Nov. 13 to 20, 2004). Because of this wide-angle view, the cliff wallsappear to bulge out toward the camera. In reality the walls form a gentlycurving, continuous surface.Image Credit: NASA/JPL/CornellImage Note: Burns_Cliff_L257T-B313R1
Dune structures near Erebus - “color” image from OpportunityImage Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell
Hematite-rich soil includes rounded “blueberries” on plains of Anatolia.Morphology suggested of fluid origins.Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell
Asteroids
Smaller fragments of condensed solid matter
Most orbit sun between Mars and Jupiter
Infrequently impact planets
Asteroids that encounter planets are increasingly pulledin to the planet with closer proximity.
They will accelerate towards the planet increasing theirenergy
On terrestrial planets and moons, this increases untilthe asteroid encounters the solid surface (or ocean).
The energy is translated into the planet
Extensive to surface results from energy transfer.
Such events were common place within the early solarsystem.
http://near.jhuapl.edu/
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/orbits
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Feb 12, 2001
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A chilling vision of things to come…
2036 potential impact fromAsteroid Apophis (d = 390m)
April 13, 2029 enters low-earth space (beneath g.s.satellites).
But not hit Earth
However, the closeencounter will influence itspath. If it flies through a600 m area it will hit theEarth in 2036. (1:5,500chance)
This might hurt a bit…
Q: why do the gaseous planets have thick mantles of hydrogen?
Natural Satellites (Moons)
All planets beyond Venus have moons
Jovian moons – earthlike?
Io – active volcanism
Europa – Dynamic surface of water ice
Calisto – Water Ice potentially underlain by liquidwater
Q: how are moons
different from
planets
Cassini - Saturn’s first artificial satellite
Cassini is now parked in orbitaround this ringed planet. Itis hoped that the spacecraftwill provide new insight to thenature and origin of Saturn, itsmoons, and its ring.
©2005, NASA - ESA - JPL
Ultraviolet reflectance from rings- blue coloring in image indicatesice (water-CO2)
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Rings are stoney-iceymini-moons trapped inSaturn’s gravitationalfield.
©2005, NASA - ESA - JPL
Iapetus
Pheobe
Prometheus(Shepard)
Rhea
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New views from Cassini
©2005, NASA - ESA - JPL
2005 views of Icy Moons - CICLOPS
Dione above rings,Saturn’s colors.
CICLOPS
Distance from Saturn 1 221 870 km
Distance from Sun 1 427 000 000 km (9.54 AU)
Diameter (atmosphere) 5550 km
Diameter (surface) 5150 km
Mass 1/45 that of Earth
Average density 1.881 times liquid water
Surface temperature 94K (-180 degrees C)
Atmos. P at surface 1500 mbar (1.5 times Earth's)
Atmos. composition Nitrogen, methane, traces of ammonia,
argon, ethane
Orbital period 15.95 Earth days
Titan - Saturn’s largest satellite
©2005, European Space Agency
Saturn Cassini - The Huygens Probe
Launched from the Cassini satellite, this probe decendedthrough Titan’s atmosphere to its surface.
©2005, European Space Agency
Huygens’ view on the way down
©2005, European Space Agency
Titan appears to have adynamic surface.
Huygens senses the surface
©2005, NASA - ESA - JPL
Earth-like dendriticstream channels -formed by liquidmethane
What is the source
of methane?
Lake-like features
Pluto
Charon
Concentrated at the edge of solar system (Oort Cloud)
A few make closer orbits to the sun
Image of C/2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang)March 11.77, 2002 UT with deltagraph 300/1000 8 min.
Ektachrome 100 film
Copyright ©2002 Michael Jager.
http://encke.jpl.nasa.gov/Recent_Images.html
Comets – mostly water ice