solid waste management component · ea-3 – the swedish association of waste management...

Danida (ref. 104.Malaysia.1.MFS.86)

Malaysia Government / DANIDA

Solid Waste Management Component

Europe Waste Management Legislation Study Tour Report

6th

January – 16th

January 2007

DANIDA

Ministry of Housing Danish International and Local Government Development Assistance

DocNo : SWMC_Tec_02-006-Europe Legal Study tour-a

Revision :

Issue : 01

Date of Issue : 22/01/07

Author : Fanim

Checked : Ib

Approved :

Danida (ref. 104.Malaysia.1.MFS.86)

Malaysia Government / DANIDA

Solid Waste Management Component


6th

January – 16th

January 2007


.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Appendices 4

Abbreviation 7

1 Introduction 10 1.1 Background 10 1.2 Objectives of the visit 10 1.3 Programme 10

2 Planning and Implementing Authority 11 2.1 European Union 11 2.2 Waste policy and competent authorities 12

3 Integrated Solid Waste Management 17 3.1 Definition 17 3.2 Schemes 17 3.3 Operators 19

4 Treatment System 22

5 Billings/Payments 24

6 Economic Instruments 25

7 Conclusions 26


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Appendices

Appendix A: Legal Waste Management Europe Study Tour Programme

Appendix B: Agencies Visited

Appendix C: European Union

Material distributed prior to the study tour:

CA-1 – The European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste Management

(ETCRWM)

CA-2 – Wasteguide – Framework and Strategies for Waste Management in

European Cities (excluded in this report)

Presentation material by:

CB-1 – Christian Fischer, European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste

Management: EU Waste Legislation

Material received during the study tour:

CC-1 - Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

of 5 April 2006 on Waste (Text with EEA Relevance)

Appendix D: Denmark

Material provided prior to the study tour:

DA-1 – ETC RWM: Denmark Country Fact Sheet

DA-2 – Danish Environmental Protection Agency: Waste in Denmark

DA-3 – Danish Environment Protection Act – PART VI to VII

DA-4 – Statutory Order No. 617 of 27 June 2000 on Waste

DA-4 – Waste Management Regulations of City of Copenhagen and appended

appendices: D-1 to D-3 and Special Provisions for Collection of

Household Waste

DA-6 – Agreement between Environmental Protection Agency, City of

Copenhagen and Enterprises Regarding Transportation of Waste

DA-7 – City of Copenhagen: Copenhagen Waste Solutions (excluded in this

report)


DB-1 – Marianne Moth and Lis Vedel, Danish Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA): Regulations on Producer Responsibility


.

DB-2 – Executive Adviser, Jens Purup, Environmental Protection Agency,

City of Copenhagen: Management of Solid Waste

DB-3 – Jes König, R98: Introduction to R98

DB-4 - Søren Jensen, Renoflex: Waste Contracting by Renoflex


DC-1 – Copy of Assessment Bill with Waste Fee Statement, City of

Copenhagen

Appendix E: Sweden


EA-1 – ETC RWM: Sweden Country Fact Sheet

EA-2 – Environmental Protection Act (Miljöbalk) (1998:808) updated until

(2006:1014) (Chapter 15)

EA-3 – The Swedish Association of Waste Management


EB-1 – Weine Wiqist, Managing Director: Avfall Sverige: Swedish Waste

Management

Appendix F: Germany


FA-1 – ETC RWM: Germany Country Fact Sheet

FA-2 – Act for Promoting Closed Loop Waste Management and

Environmentally Compatible Waste Disposal (Gesetz zur Förderung

der Kreislaufwirtschaft und Sicherung der) (Parts)

FA-3 – Perchards: Packaging Legislation in Germany

FA-4 – Waste Management Concept – Experience from Berlin


FB-1 - Dr. Thomas Klöckner, Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe (BSR): BSR

Profile

Appendix G: United Kingdom


GA-1 – ETC RWM: United Kingdom Country Fact Sheet

GA-2 – Environment Act 1990 as Amended - Section 33 to 34


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GB-1 – Ron Bates, Head of Private Finance Policy, Waste Implementation

Programme, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs

(Defra):

(i) Government‟s Role in Facilitation New Infrastructure

(ii) Investment Routes and Options for Local Authorities

GB-2 – Tricia Henton, Director of Environment Protection Environment

Agency: Overview of the Environment Agency

GB-3 – John Kutner, Deputy Chief Executive, Veolia Environmental Services

Plc :Private Sector Experience of UK Waste Procurement

GB-4 – Malvin Trigg, Assistant Director, Communities Department,

Nottinghamshire County Council: Private Sector Experience of UK

Waste Procurement

GB-5 – Catherine Burke, Partner, Law Firm Martineau Johnson Legal

Advisory (Martineau Johnson): Waste PFI in the UK

GB-6 – John Lucas, Technical Director, Enviros Consulting Limited

The Role of the Technical Adviser

GB-7 – Steve Bell, Technical Manager, Waste Management Enviros

Consulting Limited: The Regulation of Waste Management Activities


GC-1 – Standardisation of Waste Management PFI Contracts: Guidance on

SoPC Derogations (Defra)

GC-2 - John Burns, Director Waste Implementation Programme (Defra):

Waste Sector Update- Recent Developments and Work in Progress

GC-3 – Catherine Burke, Partner, Law Firm Martineau Johnson Legal

Advisory (Martineau Johnson): The UK Private Finance Initiative in

the Waste Sector - A Presentation to Malaysian Government/Danida

GC-4 – Investment in Municipal Waste (Defra)

GC-5 – Duty of Care

GC-6 – Recording for All Waste Received or Transferred through a System of

Signed Waste Transfer Notes (WTN)

GC-7 – UK Database on Waste Criminals


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Abbreviation

BSR Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe

DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance

DEFRA Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

EA Environment Agency

EU European Union

EPR Extended Producers Responsibility

ICI Institutional Commercial Industrial (reference to waste)

LATS Landfill Allowance and Trading Scheme

PAYT Pay as you throw

PFI Public/ private Financing scheme

PPP Public Private Partnership

SW Solid Waste

SWM Solid Waste Management

UK United Kingdom


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Executive Summary

The study tour was structured to address the legal and institutional requirements towards

formalizing and organizing of the solid waste management system in the visited countries,

which includes:

Codifying strategies into the legal system

Practices and procedures for an integrated Solid Waste (SW) management system

Other tools and instruments in solid waste management

This report shall seek to highlight areas of relevance to the current situation and agenda in

Malaysia regarding setting-up of the solid waste management system. For Malaysia policies

have been formulated and strategies have been conceptualized at national level. As part of

the preparation towards institutionalizing the solid waste management system, it has been

considered beneficial to acknowledge experiences from other countries.

Europe is in the forefront in solid waste management system. The European Union

prescribes overall strategic directions and framework which member states has to comply

with the aim to limit the generation of waste. Following this, the member states will proceed

to transpose the directives into their respective legislative framework.

In all four countries visited, i.e. Denmark, Sweden, Germany and England, the European

Union (EU) directives forms a framework for strategies and policies on SW management.

Particularly of major consequence is the Framework Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC) a

framework for coordinating waste management planning within member states. The

essential objective of the Directive is to establish a coherent and integrated solid waste

management system and to protect human health and the environment against harmful

effects caused by the collection, transport, treatment, storage and tipping of waste. Other

major EU Directives in the Landfill Directive and the Packaging Directive.

It is found that all four countries have common SW management traits which can be

summarized under following areas:

Planning and implementing authority

Decisions on overall strategies and targets are made at the Federal Government level

Federal government is not involved in detailed planning or operational matters

Physical planning for solid waste infrastructure and achievement of targets are

formulated at regional/local government level

SW Integrated Management

Integration are build into a system, with a number of operators, operating different

schemes

SW schemes are established at regional/local government level and may include all

waste generators or the municipal waste generators only


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SW collection is always a local authority task

SW treatment is similarly established at regional/local government level The

municipalities either form partnerships to establish and operate common facilities

(Denamrk, Sweden, Germany) or the task are by law allocated to a higher regional

level (United Kingdom)

Strict regulation of ICI (institutional commercial industrial) waste

Certain waste fractions are managed directly by commodity producers (producer

responsibility) and consequently excluded from public SW management schemes

Billing/Payments

Payments are typically by the authority to the concession or contractor (except for

Berlin, which does direct billing).

The authorities typically collect the costs (full cost recovery) from the user through a

specific heading on the property assessment bill or as a specific heading on the

dedicated utility bill.

Economic instruments

Economic instruments are gaining momentum in all visited countries. Landfill taxes,

deposit-refund systems, and product taxes are among the instruments commonly

used.


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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Solid waste management is one of the five components in the current phase of the

Malaysian-Danish Environmental Cooperation Programme and has embraced two critical

project elements which are the institutional development and promotion of public

participation in the management of Solid Waste Management (SWM) services and

facilities.

This study tour was designed to support the development of institutions including systems,

mechanisms, procedures, management tools related to the establishment and operation of

SWM services and facilities.

In 2003 the Government of Malaysia commenced preparation of the National Strategic Plan

and a SW Bill which when officially adopted will provide a coherent framework for solid

waste management.

1.2 Objectives of the visit

The visit to Europe was intended to widen the agencies‟ understanding of legal and

institutional requirement in solid waste management, particularly on current European

strategies on SWM with focus on codifying of the strategies in the legislation. By the end

of the study tour we aimed to have gained understanding of how the SWM systems work in

Europe and lessons learn on what works and why.

1.3 Programme

Appendix A shows the full programme for the visit. A delegation of 14 people participated

in the tour: five representatives from Ministry of Housing and Local Government, two

representatives from the Economic Planning Unit, two representatives from the Attorney

General‟s office, one from the Ministry of Finance, two from Ministry of Natural

Resources and Environment and two from the Project Component. The full list of

delegation is appended in Appendix A. The team departed Kuala Lumpur on the 6th January

and arrived in Copenhagen on the 7th January 2007.

The first three days were spent in Copenhagen where we visited and met a range of

agencies, including the National Environmental Protection Agency, Amagerforbraending,

and the European Topic Centre. (See full list of agencies met in Appendix B). We

proceeded to Sweden on the fourth day to learn about SWM based on producer

responsibility and continued the journey to Berlin, Germany on the same day. In Berlin, the

team was introduced to the role of a public corporation in solid waste management. The tour

concluded on the sixth day in the United Kingdom where the representatives organisations

met introduced the “duty of care”principle and development of the advanced public/private

financing schemes (PFI).


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2 Planning and Implementing Authority

2.1 European Union

2.1.1 Waste management planning

The EU Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC) represents the overall “framework” for SWM in

the member states. This Directive lays down the general requirements for all types of

waste, unless they are specifically regulated by other directives. The member states must

transpose the Directives into national law before the rules have legal force.

The Waste Framework Directive includes a planning obligation for the member states. All

member states are required to prepare waste management plans which address the type,

quantity and origin of waste to be recovered or disposed of. The requirements include:

Establishing of an integrated and adequate network of treatment facilities

Waste to be disposed in one of the nearest appropriate installations

Undertakings collecting or transporting waste to be registered

Undertakings collecting or transporting waste to be subject to inspection by the gov-

ernment

2.1.2 Directive on the landfill of waste (99/31/EC)

The objective of the Directive is to prevent or reduce negative effects on the environment

from the landfilling of waste, by introducing stringent technical requirements for waste and

landfills.

The most radical component of the directive is the restriction on disposal of biodegradable

waste on landfills, to reduce the methane formation.

A target has been set where disposal of biodegradable waste on landfills must be phased

out: by 2010 to 75%; by 2013 to 50%; by 2020 to 35%.

2.1.3 Directive on packaging and packaging waste (94/62/EC)

The objectives of the directive are to enhance reduction in packaging, to increase reuse

packaging, and to enhance recovery and recycling of packaging waste. Member states are

directed to take necessary measures no later than 31 December 2008 to attain the following

minimum recycling targets for materials contained in packaging waste will be attained:

60% by weight for glass

60% by weight for paper and board

50% by weight for metals

22.5% by weight for plastics

15% by weight for wood


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2.1.4 Directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (2000/95/EC)

The objective of the directive is to tackle the fast increasing waste stream of electrical and

electronic equipment It aims to induce design modifications that make WEE easier to dis-

mantle, recycle and recover, to improve recycling and to ensure safe management of haz-

ardous components.

Member states are directed to take necessary measures to attain the following targets for re-

covery and recycling by 31 December 2006

80% minimum recovery rate for large household appliances

70% minimum recovery rate for small household appliances

2.1.5 Directive on batteries and accumulators (91/157/EEC)

This directive targets the recovery and controlled disposal of spent batteries and accumula-

tors containing dangerous substances.

Once this Directive is in force, the Member State will have more than five years to achieve:

A minimum average collection rate equivalent to 60 grams per inhabitant per year for spent

portable batteries and accumulators

A minimum collection rate equivalent to 80% of the total quantity of spent portable nickel-

cadmium batteries and accumulators produced in a year

2.2 Waste policy and competent authorities

The waste hierarchy form the basis of government policy on the way waste is managed i.e.

towards reduction, re-use, recycling and composting, and energy recovery. Where waste is

produced it should be viewed as a resource to be put to good use – disposal should be the

last option for dealing with it.

Decisions on overall directions and targets are made at the Federal Government level

through a national waste management plan which will often be of a strategic nature often

with certain objectives.

Action oriented operational plans with detailed descriptions of current collection systems,

treatment plants etc. are formulated at regional/local government level.

2.2.1 Denmark

Danish waste policy comprises both prevention and handling of waste. The overall

authority on waste matters is the Danish Environmental Protection Agency under the

Ministry of Environment. Municipalities are in charge of the practical administration of

solid waste management, including planning and establishing of facilities, establishing and

implementation of SW schemes, delivery of SW services and regulation of the SW

generators.

The responsibility of the municipalities include ALL types of waste i.e. households,

commercial, industrial, hazardous and demolition waste.


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At the national level, targets are set for recycling, incineration and landfilling as follows:

Recycling levels

Domestic waste – 50% Industrial waste – 65%

Bulky waste – 25% Construction and demolition waste – 90%

Garden waste – 95%

The overall distribution of tasks is as depicted in the diagram below:

The legislation provides for the flexibility of allowing the municipalities to form inter-

municipality partnerships when preparing the solid waste plans with the aim of achieving

economies of scale in solid waste treatment. There are limited economies of scale in collection

therefore no partnerships are established for this area. It is mandatory, that landfills shall be

owned by the municipalities. Incinerators may be owned by private entities, but most facilitates

are established and operated by intermunicipal partnerships.

2.2.2 Sweden

The Environment Act 1998 states that municipalities are responsible for planning of all

waste from all sources, including ICI waste. The responsibility includes provision of

treatment capacity.

For the management and collection of waste, the municipalities are only responsible for

domestic waste. The responsibility includes establishing and implementation of SW

schemes, delivery of SW services and regulation of the SW generators.

Management and collection of waste from non-domestic sources are organised by the

individual waste generators, however regulations on sorting and use of licensed transporters

and licensed disposal facilities have to be complied with.

A considerable portion of the non-domestic waste are governed under the „extended

producers responsibility‟ concept (EPR), which requires producers, importers, fillers etc. to

Ministry of Environment and Energy

Environmental Protection Agency

Regions (5) Environmental approval of

facilities

Physical Planning

Plan and establish facilities

Waste regulations

Solid waste schemes

Enforcement

Municipalities (98)

Environmental Protection Act

Statutory Order on Waste

General objectives and Guidelines


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take the responsibility for the collection and recycle of waste deriving from their products.

Under the legislation on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), producers of goods have

to meet statutory targets for recycling of the goods after consumption. Refer to section 3.2

below.

There are no recycling targets for household waste but there are targets for the specific

waste streams dealt with by the EPR legislation.

Specific targets are set for example for waste paper a recycling target of 75% is set, plastic

30%, steel 50% and glass 70%.

As for Denmark, the legislation provides for the flexibility of allowing the municipalities to

form inter-municipality partnerships when preparing the solid waste plans with the aim of

achieving economies of scale in solid waste treatment. Municipalities or intermunicipal

partnerships own most of the disposal infrastructure including most of the landfills.

2.2.3 Germany

For Germany, being a federation of states (Bundeslander), the State governments prepare

conceptual solid waste management plans, whilst the municipalities proceed to prepare the

detailed plans. Each State in Germany has its own waste management act beneath the

national waste legislation.

Management of domestic waste, including collection, recycling and disposal, is the

responsibility of the municipalities. Waste management plans and SW schemes are

prepared only for domestic waste

As for Sweden management and collection of waste from non-domestic sources are

organised by the individual waste generators, however regulations on sorting and use of

licensed transporters and licensed disposal facilities have to be complied with.

As for Sweden a considerable portion of the non-domestic waste are governed under the

EPR concept, implementation of a licensing system is the existing form of regulation on

industries.

Ministry of Environment


Regional Authorities

Municipalities Prepare plans for solid waste from all

sources

Responsible for collection and trans-

portation of domestic waste

Environment Protection Act

Regional waste management plan


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Recycling targets are set for packaging 77%, plastic, glass and paper 80% and batteries

34%.

2.2.4 England

For England the national authority is divided between the Department of Environment,

Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the Environment Agency (EA). DEFRA, as a

Government department, functions as the policy maker on matters pertaining to

environmental sustainability and solid waste, including financing issues, and the

Environment Agency, as a public corporation, is responsible for the implementation of the

policies and regulation aspects of solid waste management. The EA has regional offices in

the counties.

The responsibility towards domestic waste management is divided between the Counties

and the District Councils The Counties are responsible for planning and implementation of

solid waste treatment and disposal facilities and the district councils are responsible for

collection of domestic waste, including the preparation of SW schemes. The responsibility

for solid waste planning is placed at the district level, implying that the catchment area for

one regional disposal facility may be covered by a number of SW plans. Agreements

between the counties and the district councils therefore have to be established. For

Nottinghamshire the agreement is that the district councils only are obliged to deliver their

waste 5 miles out of their boundary. If the distance is bigger the county must provide for a

transfer station.

Non-domestic waste has traditionally been enforced by the Environment Agency, without

involvement of the regional office or municipalities. The regulation is to large extent still

based on self-regulation principles (“duty to care”). The current duty-to-care system is

based on transfer notes, following the waste from generator to final disposal. When the

waste is transferred, the ownership and responsibility is transferred concurrently leaving the

previous owners with no duties and responsibility for the final disposal.

Due to increasing problems with illegal dumping and trans-boundary shipment of non-

domestic waste the municipalities are increasingly being involved in the monitoring and

enforcement. The EA has started to form partnerships with the municipalities to deal with

illegal dumping, and a revision in the legislation is expected to formalize the role of the

municipalities.

Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation

and Nuclear Safety

Federal Environmental Agency

Closed Substance Cycle and

Waste Management Act

State Waste management conception

State Waste Management Act

Municipalities Waste management plan

Regulates only household

waste


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The duty-to-care principles have now been put under revision, with more traditional

regulatory powers expected to be introduced. The term “environmental crime” for illegal

dumping was introduced in 2005, and a new unit of former police officers was established.

The EA and the municipalities have established a common national database for reporting

incidents of illegal dumping: “Flycapture”.

Targets are set to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste by 2005, 30% by 2010

and 33% by 2015.

Dept. for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

(DEFRA)

National Waste Strategy

Policy formulation

Environment Agency

Fees and charges

Scheme approvals

Inspection/compliance/surveillence

Licensing/certification/registration/tracking

Publicity and awareness

Districts (238)

Waste collection

authorities

Counties (34)

Waste disposal

authorities


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3 Integrated Solid Waste Management

3.1 Definition

Integration is achieved when all components of solid waste management i.e. sorting,

collection, transportation, treatment and disposal, covering all waste types, are combined in

a coherent and consistent manner with the purpose of optimizing the entire system

economically and environmentally.

Integration may be achieved by assigning one single operator to undertake all aspects of

SWM or by defining the integration at system level through overall SWM plans and

subsequently specifying the role of the individual operators through regulations (SWM

schemes, supported by approvals, licenses and other regulation) and through private law

agreements.

For all 4 visited countries integration was established at system level allowing for a number

of operators in the system.

3.2 Schemes

The solid waste management schemes specify the duties and tasks of the parties involved in

SWM. The schemes describe the duties of the waste generators (sorting, use and location of

bins etc), the duties and the tasks of the transporters and the duties and tasks of the

treatment facilities. The schemes further direct the waste flow from the generator to the

desired treatment/disposal facility(-ies).

Duties of waste generator

Sort waste

Location and use of

containers

Duties of waste collector

Where and how to collect

Where to bring

Requirements for equipment

and vehicles

Only handle waste sorted

according to scheme

Schedules

Documentation

Duties of facilities operator

How to treat waste

What to receive and from

whom

Documentation

In all four visited countries the schemes are designed by the local authorities and are done

through regulations.

Table below shows that all countries implement schemes for domestic waste In the case of

Denmark ALL waste from all sources are regulated by schemes. For the other countries

non-domestic waste was managed by general regulation, registration of transporters and

approval of treatment facilities. For England management of non-domestic waste is

generally based on self-regulating principles.


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Domestic waste Commercial, industrial and construction waste

Denmark

SW Management schemes SW Management schemes

Sweden SW Management schemes Generators select among registered transporters,

transporters may only bring to approved facility, strict

enforcement

Germany SW Management schemes Generators select among registered transporters,

transporters may only bring to approved facility, strict

enforcement

England SW Management schemes Managed by Duty of Care principle (self-policing):

- Waste transfer note to follow each load

- Transfer only to authorized persons

- Follow code of practice

In Denmark, there are two types of schemes: collection schemes and assignment schemes.

In the case of collection schemes the transporter collect waste on behalf of the council, and

therefore additionally requires a contract/agreement with the council, while for assignment

schemes, the transporter(s) operates as private entity, but has to follow the requirements of

the scheme. For domestic waste the schemes are always collection schemes, while for non-

domestic waste both types are seen. Collection schemes are most often used for specific

waste streams, such as used tyres, sludge etc.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a form of private scheme where producers of

commodities are obliged to ensure disposal of their own products after consumption.

Usually they come together and form an association that undertakes the collection and

recycling. The commodity producer takes over the responsibility from the waste generator

as the waste is not allowed in the public collection schemes. Each producer/importer pay to

the association according to amount (by weight) of product sent on the market. The private

arrangement helps release the financial burden from the public system but will increase the

overall costs in the system due to the existence of parallel collection system. Invariably, the

producer responsibility schemes may reduce the consumption of raw materials as the

producer will tend to reduce the amounts of material used, to save payment to the

association.

The use of producer responsibility s most widespread in Sweden and Germany, while

Denmark and England only have introduced EPR for waste types as required for the EU.

Denmark Only according to EU Directives: WEEE and end of life vehicles

Sweden Packaging, tyres, bulbs, paper, WEEE and end of life vehicles

Germany Packaging, WEEE, end of life vehicles

England Only according to EU Directives: WEEE and end of life vehicles


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3.3 Operators Schemes may be operated by the Council, a concession company or private contractors and

tasks may be distributed according to service types or waste types. For non-domestic waste

licensed private companies may operate within the framework of the scheme without

contract (assignment schemes).

Denmark

For Copenhagen, domestic waste is managed by a concessionaire (Renholdningsselskabet

af 1898 (R98)). R98 is a non-profit company owned by the landowners, houseowners, and

the social housing and tenants associations of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg (the parties

that requires the waste to be collected). The City Councils of Copenhagen and

Frederiksberg are members of the board. The company is assigned to collect household

waste from the Municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg until 2020. However, the

agreement has been criticized by the transporter associations to distort competition and a

voluntary agreement to stepwise liquidate the agreement has been agreed upon. The scope

of services provided by R98 includes:

collection of waste from households and small businesses in collection areas

collection and management of recyclable materials

customer contact and consultation

information

R&D and pilot schemes to continuously improve performance and recycling levels

R98 charges the municipality a waste fee which is derived from costs of new initiatives,

cost of operations and treatment costs. The fee for collection of waste for disposal consists

of the following elements:

fee per collection point

fee per bin/container volume

fee per bin/container

additional fees – fee for distances more than 15 meters to the collection point from the

collection van; and fee for using bin lifts (e.g. to lift bins from basements) and other

facilities

The fees have to be approved by the City Council yearly. The City Council imposes

“service improvement goals” on the company and systematic measures the development in

efficiency (e.g. no of emptyings/ truck/day) to ensure the citizens economically benefit of

the reduced costs. The fees include the gate fee the disposal plant.

The concession agreement generally defines “the way of working” between the authorities

and the concessionaire. Due to the long duration of the concession, it is not possible to

include technical requirements in the agreement.

In most other Danish municipalities, domestic solid waste collection is contracted out,

based on open tenders. A model contracting company visited was Renoflex which operates

in a large number of municipalities based on (EU) public tenders. The contracts are usually

made for duration of 5-6 years. KPI/penalty system is in place to ensure performance. For

some municipalities the KPI/penalty system is extremely detailed.


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The basic treatment facilities in Denmark are owned and operated by the municipalities or

municipal partnerships, e.g. Amagerforbranding, the Copenhagen incineration plant, which

is jointly owned by City of Copenhagen and 4 other municipalities. The public ownership

is mainly due the high requirement to the environmental performance of the facilities. It is

further seen as an advantage that the contractors for collection is not managing the disposal

facilities, as the double ownership may act as an incentive to deliver waste to their disposal

facilities compared to recycling. Treatment facilities are both owned and managed by a

municipality or a municipality partnership e.g. Amagerforbranding which is jointly owned

by City of Copenhagen and 4 other municipalities).

The SW management system is fully financed by the municipalities, and no funding is

required from national government. The municipalities may take loans nationally as well as

internationally for the purpose, and the costs are recovered by full user payment. The public

treatment facilities often accumulate surplus to finance future investments.

Ownership and operation of SWM services in Denmark

Type Ownership Means of municipal control

Basic facilities

- Landfill, incineration

- Hazardous waste

(Inter) Municipal - Ownership

(Ban on privately owned

landfills)

Collection of domestic waste

(Copenhagen)

Private foundation

owned by the private

waste generators (non-

profit)

- 25 year concession

- members on the board

- municipal scheme

- approval of fees


(other municipalities)

Municipal - Ownership


(other municipalities)

Private (one operator) - Contracts 4-6 years

- Municipal scheme

- Bonus/penalty (KPI)

Collection of ICI waste Private (A number of

operators approved in

the scheme)

- Compulsory agreement

- Quality of treatment

- Handling of residues

Waste recycling Private - Compulsory agreement

- Quality of treatment

- Handling of residues

Sweden

The structure of ownership and operation in Sweden is basically similar to Denmark

Ownership and operation of SWM services in Sweden

Public sector

(Local authority)

Private sector

(always contracts)

Household waste collection 30% 70%

Material recycling - 100%

Organic waste recycling 90% 10%

Waste to energy 80% 20%

Landfill 80% 20%


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Germany

In Berlin, one public corporation is responsible for collection and disposal of all domestic

solid waste (Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe, BSR). The corporation acts on behalf of the

municipal authority, and is a non-profit organization.

The corporation carries out most collection and treatment internally, but outsources a certain

percentage of the collection and treatment to private contractors based on open EU tenders.

Refer to section 4 below.

The local authorities are fully self-financing as for Denmark and Sweden.

England

In England, two authorities are involved: county level manages disposal of waste and district

level manages collection of waste.

District councils undertake solid waste collection. Public EU tendering of the collection are

compulsory, however, the district councils are allowed to bid for own tender. Currently 35-

40% of the collection is carried out by private contractors Contract period for collection is

typically for 6-7 years.

The Counties are responsible for treatment and disposal. The counties may build and own the

treatment facilities, but it is compulsory to tender out the operation. Counties which want to

maintain public ownership to facilities face problems getting financing approved by national

government. Facilities are therefore often established by the contractor, who also becomes

responsible for the financing. (Public Private Partnerships – PPP). Generally this is seen by

the counties and the private supplier/operator as a disadvantage, as the interest on private

loans is typically considerably higher than public loans. If the project and tender material

fulfills a number of specified procurement criteria, the project may qualify for the national

“Private Finance Initiative” (PFI) financing. The recently awarded incinerator in Nottingham

(Veolia), qualified for the PFI. The contract document (excluding appendices) passed 800

pages. The PFI consists of a yearly subsidy to the county throughout the 25 years contract

period.


22 / 40

.

4 Treatment System

Two overall tendencies can be identified for SW treatment systems in Europe which are

thermal treatment and biological treatment. Diversion of waste away from landfill is the

main driver. According to the EU landfill directive all member States are obliged to set up

national strategies to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste going to landfill.

Disposal of biodegradable waste on landfills must be phased out: by 2010 to 75%; by 2013

to 50%; by 2020 to 35%. The current status for the visited countries is stated below:

Treatment of solid waste for disposal

Denmark 90% waste to energy

10% landfilling

National ban on landfilling of biodegradable

waste

Sweden 80% waste to energy

15% landfilling

Some composting and biogas plants. National ban

on landfilling of biodegradable waste

Germany 50% waste to energy

40% landfilling

Some composting, biogas and MBT/RDF plants

establish to supplement incineration

England 85% landfilling

15% incineration

Landfill Allowance Trading System (LATS)

As presented in the above table all visited countries except England have achieved the

target.

For Denmark and Sweden incineration is by the most important means of diverting waste

for disposal from landfills.

For Germany additional technologies has to some extent been introduced. The technologies

include mechanically-biological treatment, mechanical physical treatment and RDF, with

the main objective to pre-treat the organic waste to avoid release of methane when

subsequently landfilled. Such additional technologies are mainly introduced by

municipalities that politically have decided to limit the use of incineration. This is among

others the case for Berlin.

Solid Waste Treatment facilities in Berlin Waste processed

Incinerator Ruhleben 520,000 ton

Transfer station south 233,000 ton

Mechanical-biological treatment (Vorketzin) (74,000 ton)

Mechanical-physical treatment (Reinickendorf) (59,000 ton)

Mechanical-treatment (Wilmersdorf) (100,000 ton)

TOTAL 983,000 ton

For United Kingdom achieving the targets are challenging. UK has therefore used the

possibility provided in the EU Directive to postpone the diversion targets by another four

years.


23 / 40

.

To achieve the target, it is expected that an investment at 10 billion GBP is required. A

“national waste minimization and recycling fund” with 270 mill GBP over a 4 year period

has been established to support district councils in activities to divert waste from disposal

to recycling.

The “Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003” establishes the “Landfill Allowance and

Trading Scheme (LATS)” as a unique tool to optimize the investments for landfill

diversion. Each county are required to achieve the landfill diversion rates, within the

stipulated timeframe. However, instead of investing in own facilities, a county may

purchase “landfill allowances” from other counties, that over-fullfill their target, for a

negotiated rate.


24 / 40

.

5 Billings/Payments

All countries visited have full user payment for SWM (except for incentive oriented

specific funding systems for recycling etc and national funding schemes like the UK PFI-

financing tool).

All countries visited, except for Berlin, Germany, collect the waste fee for household waste

through indirect billing i.e. through property tax/assessment on the landowners or

combined utility bills. The cost of solid waste is explicitly specified on the assessment bill,

and all funds collected under the heading are directed directly to the SW Department.

There are three variations of payment schedule:

Flat rate (same price for all households)

Differential flat rate (based on type of property e.g. apartments, bungalows)

Pay as you throw (PAYT) either by volume or by weight. Paying by volume (bin size)

is the most commonly used

For Berlin direct billing is imposed. The billing is issued by the Corporation. The level of

non-payment for services in Germany is very low. It is compulsory for the Corporation to

ensure that all payments are done, and all non-payments – even the slightest - are followed

up by execution and prosecution.


25 / 40

.

6 Economic Instruments

There is a clear tendency to include economic instruments in solid waste management.

The EU has no authority to legislate about tax but do promote the use of economic

instruments as an alternative tool to legislations.

All the visited countries increasingly use economic instruments to achieve desired targets.

Examples of application of economic instruments include:

Waste tax Tax on waste for landfills and (in some countries) incineration

Deposit-refund systems Aluminium cans, pet-bottles, glass bottles, SLI (starting, ignition,

lighting) batteries etc

Product taxes to change

behavior of consumers

Disposable packaging, plastic bags, disposable curtlery and dishes

Product taxes to finance

collection and recycling

Used tyres, Ni-Ca batteries, car batteries, end of life vehicles


26 / 40

.

7 Conclusions

Generally solid waste management is organized at the local authority level to ensure that

the services rendered match expectations of the local community. Solid waste management

further requires interaction between the authority and each individual premise on the

management and handling of the waste.

Overall strategies and policies are decided at national level and cascaded down to the State

level and subsequently to the local authority level.

The solid waste management systems established on the local level are based on

comprehensive planning, which converts the overall goals and strategies to concrete

investments and strategies for sorting, collection and treatment of the individual waste

types. SW schemes functions as the main regulatory tool to direct the flow of waste in

accordance with the plan. Producer responsibility and economic instruments further

enhances the management of solid waste system.

Malaysian Government / DANIDA Solid Waste Management Component (2006-2009)

Legal Waste Management Study Tour January 2007

1

.

Appendix A Legal Waste Management Europe Study Tour Programme

1 Introduction

1.1 Objectives

The objective of the study tour is to present current European strategies on solid

waste managing with focus on the codifying of the strategies in the legislation.

The study tour will visit the following countries:

European Union (The Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen)

Denmark (Copenhagen)

Sweden (Malmoe)

Germany (Berlin)

Great Britain (London)

The four countries illustrate different tendencies in SWM in Europe:

Denmark is leading in integrated and systematic managing of waste from all

types of sources, establishing solid waste services schemes for domestic

waste as well as industrial waste, construction waste etc.

Sweden and Germany are leading in organizing SWM management based

on producer responsibility (take-back systems).

Great Britain has spearheaded the development of the “duty of care”

principle and has developed advanced public/private financing schemes

(PFI).

Among the issues to be presented are:

Integrated SWM systems

SW services schemes

Relation between authorities and contractors (concessionaires)

Producer responsibility

Economic instruments

Financing

Cost recovery and enforcement (responsibility of waste generators,

security and confiscation etc)



2

.

2 List of Participants

The following representatives from Malaysian Government agencies and the

SWMC will participate in the study tour:

(1) DANIDA ACCOUNT:

Ministry of Housing and Local Government

Dato' Ahmad Fuad b. Ismail, Secretary General (Head of Delegation)

Datin Arpah bt. Abdul Razak, Director General, Local Government

Department

Mr. Iskandar Ali b. Dewa, Legal Advisor

Ms. Raihani Bt. Che Mamat, Assistant Director, Solid Waste Management

Division, Local Government Department

Ms. Wan Azura Bt. Wan Mohd Nasir, Assistant Director, Solid Waste

Management Division, Local Government Department

Economic Planning Unit

Mr. Himmat Singh, Director, Social Services Section

Mr. Ahmad Husni b. Hussain, Deputy Director, Privatisation Section

Attorney General’s Office

Ms. Nor Azura bt. Mohamed Zohdi, Senior Federal Counsel, Advisory

Division

• Ms. Mazni bt. Nawi, Senior Assistant Parliamentary Draftsman, Drafting

Division

Ministry of Finance

Mr. Muhammad Salimi Bin Sajari, Principal Assistant Secretary,

Investment, MKD (Inc.) and Privatization Division

SWMC

• Mr. Ib Larsen, Chief Technical Advisor, SWMC

• Ms. Nor Fanim Mohd Amin, Institutional Specialist, SWMC

(2) MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT:

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Dr. Nadzri Bin Yahaya, Deputy Under Secretary, Environmental

Conservation

Mr. Lee Choong Min, Director, River Division, Department of

Environment



3

.

(3) PRIVATE ACCOUNT

M.E.I Project Engineers Sdn Bhd

Mr. Lim Kok Khong, Managing Director



C:\Documents and Settings\user\Desktop\SWMC docs\SWMC_TEC_02-006-Europe legal study tour report.doc

4

.

3 Itinerary

3.1 Programme

Europe Legal Study Tour Programme (6 to 16 January 2007)

Time Saturday, 6 January Sunday, 7 January Monday, 8 January Tuesday, 9 January

06.00 05.55 – Arrive Amsterdam

07.00 07.50 – Depart Amsterdam for

Copenhagen (Flight MH9253/

KL1125) 08.00

09.00 09.25 – Arrive Copenhagen Airport

and transfer to The Square Hotel

09.00 – Visit to Ministry of Environment

and Energy, Solid Waste Management

and Legal Offices

09.00 – Visit to City of

Copenhagen, Department of

Environment 10.00

Day free 11.00 11.00 – Site visit to Amagerforbræ nding

(incinerator)

11.00 – Back to hotel

12.00

13.00 13.00 – Lunch with Amagerforbræ nding 13.00 – Lunch with R98

14.00 14.00 – Visit to European Union: Topic

Centre for Waste

14.00 – Visit to R98, Household

Waste Concessionaire, City of

Copenhagen 15.00

16.00 16.00 – Introduction to SWM in

Denmark and the sites of the study

tour at the Square Hotel (Ib Larsen)

16.00 – Back to hotel 16.00 – Visit to Renoflex,

Private major waste collection

company, Denmark 17.00

18.00 18.00 – Free 18.00 – Back to hotel

19.00 19.00 – Dinner (hosted by COWI A/S) 19.00 – Dinner 19.00 – Dinner

20.00

21.00 21.45 – Check-in KLIA for

Copenhagen (Flight MH0016)

22.00

23.00 23.45 – Depart for Amsterdam




5

.

Time Wednesday, 10 January Thursday, 11 January Friday, 12 January Saturday, 13 January

08.00 Site visits

08.30 – R98/Renoflex SW

collection systems

11.00 – Copenhagen Recycling

Centre

09.00 09.00 – Depart for Malmoe, Sweden

by bus

09.00 – Visit to Berlin Solid Waste

Agency (BSR)

10.00 – Half day Berlin tour

(optional)

10.00 10.00 – Visit to Swedish Association

of Waste Management (RVF)

11.00

12.00 12.30 – Lunch with Copenhagen

Recycling Centre

12.00 – Lunch at Old City Hall,

Centre Square, Malmoe

12.30 - Lunch

13.00 13.00 – Sightseeing in Malmoe and

return to Copenhagen 14.00 14.00 – Sightseeing (Royal

Palace, Little mermaid, etc)

14.30 – Visit to Alba, Berlin Green

Dot (Producer Responsibility

Managing Company)

Day free

15.00

16.00 16.00 – Sightseeing continued /

(some participants : Meeting with

the Danish Association of

Industries)

17.00 17.30 – Leave for Copenhagen

Airport (No dinner, please take a

quick bite) 18.00

Evening free

18.00 – Back to hotel

19.00 19.30 – Depart for Berlin (Flight

SK1677)

19.00 – Dinner

20.00 20.25 – Arrive Berlin Tegel Airport

and transfer to Savoy Hotel Berlin




6

.

Time Sunday, 14 January Monday, 15 January Tuesday, 16 January

06.00 06.30 – Arrive Kuala Lumpur

09.00 09.00 – Seminar on British SW

regulation at Department of Trade

and Industry:

Presentation by:

Ministry;

Environmental Protection

Agency;

Local Authority;

Waste Management Company;

Law firm (contract issues)

Technical advisor (performance

criteria)

Discussion with delegation on

presentation and legal issues

10.00 10.30 – Depart for Berlin Tegel

Airport from hotel 11.00

12.00

13.00 13.00 – Depart for London (Flight

BA0983)

14.00 14.00 – Arrive London and transfer

to Selfridge Hotel London

14.00 – Lunch

15.00

16.00 16.00 – Back to hotel

17.00

18.00 18.00 – Depart for London

Heathrow Airport (No dinner,

please take a quick bite) 19.00 19.00 – Dinner

20.00

21.00

22.00 22.00 – Depart for Kuala Lumpur

(Flight MH0001)




7

.

3.2 Summary list of agencies to be visited

Denmark

Agency Details

1 Ministry of Environment

and Energy, Solid Waste

Manage and Legal Offices

Principles of solid waste regulation in

Denmark

Regulations on solid waste schemes

Regulations on producer responsibility,

including take-back

Regulations on deposit-refund systems

Regulations on deposits for security

2 Visit to European Union:

Topic Centre for Waste

Presentation of solid waste regulation

on European level.

Requirements for the member states to

organize SWM

The use of producer responsibility and

other new SWM tools

3 City of Copenhagen,

Department of Environment

Regulations and management of solid

waste schemes, including the duties and

role of SW generators, transporters and

treatment facilities

Management of concessionaire and

contractors

Fees and payment, recovery of unpaid

fees

4 R98, Household Waste

Concessionaire, City of

Copenhagen

The regulation and functions of the

concessionaire and the relations to the

Authority (concessionaire perspective)

– incl. KPI, payment, financing, etc.

5 Renoflex, Private Major

Waste Collection

Company, Denmark

Management of household collection

schemes for 15 small/medium sized

municipalities (contracting)

The functions of a licensee under the

industrial waste scheme for City of

Copenhagen – incl. KPI, Payment,

financing, etc.)

6 Danish Association of

Industries

7 Site visits:

- Amagerforbrænding

(incinerator)

- R 98/Renoflex SW

collection systems

- Copenhagen Recycling

Centre




8

.

Sweden

Agency Details

1 Swedish Association of

Waste Management (RVF)

Swedish policy and legislation on

producer responsibility (take back)

Implementation of producer

responsibility and take back systems

Berlin

Agency Details

1 Berlin Solid waste Agency

(BSR)

Solid waste regulation in Germany

2 Alba, Berlin Green-Dot

(producer responsibility)

managing company

Presentation of duales system

Deutschland – most advanced producer

responsibility system in the world

London

Agency Details

1 Seminar on British SW

regulation:

Presentation by:

Ms. Tricia Henton, Head

of Environmental

Protection Agency (duty

of care etc)

Assistant Director,

Nottinghamshire County

Council

Defra Representative

(PFI Process)

Managing Director,

Veolia (PFI contract –

bidding and managing

PFI contract)

Catherine Burke,

Partner, Martineau

Johnson Legal Advisory

(aspects of PFI)

Director, Enviros,

(technical advisory

aspects of PFI)


Presentation of the British model for

privatization (Public-Private

Partnerships) and the Private Finance

Initiative system

Principles of “Duty to Care”

Representatives from Great Britain

waste sector will be present for

discussions




9

.

4 Detailed Programme in England

Venue: DTI Conference Centre, Victoria Street, London

08.30 Arrive and register with security

08.45 Keith Richardson, Director, RSM Robson Rhodes

Introductions

09.00 Ron Bates, PPP Policy Development

Government’s role in facilitating new infrastructure

09.45 Tricia Henton, Director of Environment Protection, Environment Agency

Environmental policy and regulation of new Waste facilities

10.30 John Kutner – Veolia Environmental Services‟ Deputy Chief Executive

Private sector experience of UK waste procurement

11.00 Malvin Trigg Assistanct Director – Communities Department Nottingham County

Council

Public Sector experience of UK waste procurement

11.30 Q&A

11.45 Break for coffee and prayers

12.15 Catherine Burke, Partner, Law Firm Martineau Johnson Legal Advisory

Aspects of PFI – The role of the legal adviser

12.45 John Lucas Technical Director Enviros Consulting

The role of the technical advisor

13.15 Q&A

13.30 Lunch and close




10

.

5 List of Addresses and Contacts

5.1 Contacts in Denmark

COWI A/S

Parallelvej 2, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby

Tel: +45 45 97 22 11

Fax: +45 45 97 2212

www.cowi.dk

Contact persons:

• Mr. Bjørn Jacobsen, Director Solid Waste

• Ms. Ingrid Lembke, Project Secretary ([email protected])

Danwaste Consult

Kløvermarksvej 70, DK-2300 København S

Tel: +45 32 66 18 66

Fax: +45 32 66 18 81

Contact person:

• Mr. Ole V. Christiansen, Director

European Topic Centre on Waste

Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 Copenhagen K

Tel: +45 33 92 76 90

Fax: +45 33 32 22 27

E-mail: [email protected]

www.waste.eionet.europa.eu

Contact person:

Mr. Birgit Munck-Kampmannn, Director General

Mr. Christian Fischer, Deputy Director

mailto:[email protected]




11

.

Ministry of Environment and Energy

Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Strandgade 29, DK-1401 Copenhagen K

Tel: +45 32 66 01 00

Fax: +45 33 66 04 79

Contact person:

• Mr. Helge Andreasen, Deputy Director General

Department of Environment, City of Copenhagen

Environmental Protection Agency of Copenhagen

Kalvehod Brygge 45, DK-1502 Copenhagen V

Tel: +45 33 66 58 00

Fax: +45 33 66 71 33

Contact person:

• Mr. Jens Purup, Head of Section

R 98

Kraftvaerksvej 25, DK-2300 Copenhagen S

Tel: +45 32 66 18 98

Fax: +45 32 66 18 55

www.r98 .dk

Contact person:

• Mr. Jes König, Director

Renoflex – Gruppen A/S

Kløvermarksvej 70, DK-2300 Copenhagen S

Tel: +45 72 21 18 00

Fax: +45 72 21 18 18

I/S Amargerforbrænding

Kraftværksvej 31, DK-2300 Copenhagen S

Tel: +45 32 95 03 51

Copenhagen Recycling Centre

Selinevej 2, DK-2300 Copenhagen S

Tel: +45 32 50 50 42

Fax: +45 32 50 32 04


www.miljoe.kk.dk

Contact person:

• Mr. Jens Nejrup, Director


http://www.miljoe.kk.dk/




12

.

5.2 Contacts in Sweden

Swedish Association of Waste Management (RVF)

Svenska Renhållningsverksföreningen, Prostagatan 2, 211 25 Malmö

Tel. +46 40 35 66 00

Fax +46 40 35 66 26


www.rvf.se

Contact person:

• Mr. Weine Wiqvist, Managing Director

5.3 Contacts in Berlin

Berliner Stadtreinigungsbetriebe

Ringbahnstr. 96, 12103 Berlin

Tel: +49 30 75 92 23 51

Mobile: +49 17 12 27 22 10

5.4 Contacts in London

Department of Trade and Industry

Response Centre, 1 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0ET

Tel: +44 20 7215 5000

Fax: +44 20 7215 0105


RSM Robson Rhodes LLP

Tel: +44 14 3467 3791

www.rsmi.co.uk

Contact person:

Mr. Keith Richardson (mobile no: + 44 (0)77 7619 8547)


http://www.rvf.se/

../../../../il/Local%20Settings/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/OLK2EE/www.rsmi.co.uk



13

.

Appendix B Agencies Visited

Day Institution Presentation/Discussion

6 January

(Sunday)

Solid Waste Management

Component;

Ib Larsen, CTA

Introduction to SWM in Denmark and the sites for study tour

7 January Ministry of Environment and

Energy, Solid Waste Management

and Legal Offices;

Helge Andreasen, Deputy DG

Marianne Moth, Head of

Division

Lis Vedel, Deputy Head of

Division

Principles of solid waste regulation in Denmark

Regulations on producer responsibility focusing on WEE, its

administrative rules and its organization

R98, Household Waste Conces-

sionaire, City of Copenhagen

Jes Konig

Presentation and discussion regarding fee system, salary sys-

tem for dustmen, and benchmarking

Deliberation into the concession agreements and its condi-

tions

European Topic Centre on Re-

source and Waste Management;

Christian Fischer

EU Waste Legislation which includes:

Overview of waste legislation

Requirements for the EU Member States to organize waste

management

The use of producer responsibility

9 January Department of Environment, City

of Copenhagen;

Jens Purup, Executive

Adviser

An overview of solid waste management in City of Copenha-

gen with deliberations in schemes, the significance of waste

plans and its relationship with municipal regulations

Sample of a property tax billing statement which shows the

waste fee distribution

Renoflex

The operations of a private major waste collection company

which includes collection of industrial and commercial waste,

treatment of industrial waste and collection of household

waste

Example of a penalty system (Municipality of Greve)

10

January

R98

Renoflex

Copenhagen Recycling Centre

Sites visited :

Incinerator

Collection of bulky waste from single-family houses

Collection of residual waste, paper cardboard and more from

multi-family houses

Recycling station at a specific development of buildings (450

flats)

Copenhagen Recycling Centre (150,000 visitors)



14

.

11

January

Swedish Association of Waste

Management; Weine Wiquist,

Managing Director

An overview of Swedish solid waste management system and

its corresponding policies and legislations.

Differentiating the roles between the municipalities and pro-

ducers and waste types

Producer‟s responsibility and how it is in practice as com-

pared to legislative requirements

Application of economic instruments (landfill tax, municipal

charges, producers fee)

12

January

Berlin Solid Waste Agency An overview of Germany‟s solid waste management system

including the roles at Federal, State and Municipality levels

and formulation of waste plans

Description of BSR operations as a waste disposer in Berlin

in meeting the targets set by the government

Discussion on the pros and cons between private and public

administration of solid waste management

Options for treatment system and overall Federal strategy

Duales System (Green Dot) towards ensuring packaging ma-

terials are recycled

13

January

Environmental Protection Agen-

cy, Ms Tricia Henton, Head of

Agency

Defra, Ron Bates, Head of Private

Finance Policy Waste Implemen-

tation Programme

Nottinghamshire County Council,

Malvin Trigg, Assistant Director,

Communities Department

Veolia Environmental Services

PLC, John Kutner, Deputy Chief

Executive

Martineau Johnson Legal Advi-

sory; Catherine Burke (Partner),

Angela Healy (Senior Associate)

Enviros Consulting Limited, John

Lucas, Technical Director

Roles and function as an environmental agency and its rela-

tionship with the councils, emphasis on self-regulation and

duty of care

Government‟s role in facilitating new infrastructure bridging

the policy requirements and the funding options made avail to

the councils (i.e Private Financing Initiatives –PFI)

Overview of solid waste management at the Nottingham

County Council; experiences of PFI application

Private sector experience of UK waste procurement – applica-

tion of the PFI/PPP/Integrated Contracts

Description of the basic contractual structure and procure-

ment process of the waste PFI in the UK

Roles and functions of the technical advisers in the formulat-

ing integrated waste treatment strategies