Name of the disease

Name of the diseaseCauses of the diseaseSymptomsTreatmentPlace

Alzheimers disease (AD)( A kind of dementia)Not fully understood but aging, genetics and other several factors may lead damaged brain tissueForgetfulness, feeling sad and lonely, asking the same questions repeatedly, losing reasoning, thought and motor activityNo treatment but some drugs can be used to decrease the symptoms of the diseaseNerve tissue in the Brain tissue

Parkinsons DiseaseNot fully understood but genetics and other several factors such as extreme injury or pesticidesTremor, balancing problems, Speech changes,

Loss of facial expression, or "masking",

Micrographia (small, cramped handwriting)

Difficulty swallowing

Bradykinesia, rigidity, Fear or anxiety,

Memory difficulties and slowed thinking

No treatment but some drugs are available (dopamine for example to regulate movement)Central nervous system

Multiple SclerosisAn autoimmune disease (white blood cell attack to the nerve own cells) that destroy the myelin sheath and form scars on the axonDiminished muscular coordination and impaired visionDrugs are given.Axons of the sensory and motor neurons

DyslexiaNot fully understood. Abnormal distribution of the nerve cells in the brain that occurs in the 2nd trimesterProblems in reading and writingSpecial care and educationCentral nervous system

Cluster headachesNot known but it is caused by excessive stimulations of the limbic system by histamine. It seems amount of light increases the effectiveness of the diseaseSwelling under or around the eyes (usually one eye, on the same side as the head pain)

Excessive tears (on the affected side)

Red eye (on the affected side)

Rhinorrhea (runny nose) or nasal congestion (typically occurs on only one side of the nose, the same side as the head pain)

Red, flushed face

Severe Headaches

Treatment does not cure cluster headaches.Smoking, alcohol use, specific foods, and other factors that seem to trigger cluster headaches should be avoided.

A headache diary may be helpful to identify such triggers. When a headache occurs, record the date and the time, list any activities, substances used or consumed within the previous 24 hours, and any other factors that seem significant.

Limbic System, eyes and nerves related with the eyes

Savant SyndromeGenetic or in born. Some part of the brain works very actively then the other portionstypically have difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication, social interactions, and pretend play. repeated body movements, show unusual attachments to objects or have unusual distress when routines are changed. sensitivities in the senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, or tasteAn early, intensive, appropriate treatment program will greatly improve the outlook for most young children with autism. Most programs will build on the interests of the child in a highly structured schedule of constructive activities. Visual aids are often helpful.

Central nervous system

EpilepsyNot known, excess amount of electrical activity of the brainConsciousness is lost, rigidity, breathing may stopDrugs that decrease electrical activity of the brainBrain

SciaticaSciatica is a form of peripheral neuropathy. Sciatica is a condition involving pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the leg. It is caused by injury to or compression of the sciatic nerve. The usual causes are direct trauma (often due to an injection into the buttocks), prolonged external pressure on the nerve, and pressure on the nerve from nearby body structures. It can also be caused by entrapment -- pressure on the nerve where it passes through a narrow structure. The damage slows or prevents conduction of impulses through the nerve.In the buttocks or the in the thigh, numbness, decreased sensation

Tingling, burning sensation

Pain, may be severe, Difficulty walking. Inability to move the foot (in severe cases)

Inability to bend the knee (in severe cases)

Surgical removal of lesions, Injections can be used to reduce inflammation around the nerve, Physical therapy,drugs.Sciatic nerve, vertebral disks

Amnesia

Temporal lobe brain surgery,Brain masses (caused by tumors or infection),Herpes encephalitis, brain infections,Depression,Aging,Alcoholism and other brain diseases

Long or short term memory lossFamily support. Reality orientation is recommended supply familiar music, objects, or photos, to help the patient become oriented. Support for relearning may be required in some cases.Any medication schedules should be written down to avoid dependence on memory.Extended care facilities

Central nervous system

DiabetesA parent, brother, or sister with diabetes

Obesity

Age greater than 45 years

Some ethnic groups (particularly African-Americans and Hispanic Americans)

Gestational diabetes or delivering a baby weighing more than 9 pounds

High blood pressure

High blood levels of triglycerides (a type of fat molecule)

High blood cholesterol level

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. The body makes little or no insulin, and daily injections of insulin are required to sustain life. Without proper daily management, medical emergencies can arise.

Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 and makes up 90% or more of all cases of diabetes. It usually occurs in adulthood. Here, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to the insulin.(not enough insulin receptors) Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to the growing number of older Americans, increasing obesity, and failure to exercise.

Gestational diabetes is high blood glucose that develops at any time during pregnancy in a person who does not have diabetes.

Symptoms of type 1diabetes:

Increased thirst

Increased urination

Weight loss in spite of increased appetite

Fatigue

Nausea

Vomiting

Symptoms of type 2diabetes:

Increased thirst

Increased urination

Increased appetite

Fatigue

Blurred vision

Slow-healing infections

Impotence in men

Insulin injection for the type 1 and medications that lower the blood glucose level. Diet is very important for these patients. They should eat less carbohydrate in their meals and this must be continued for life time.Pancreas and liver

Cushing SyndromeCushing's syndrome occurs when the body's tissues are exposed to excessive levels of cortisol for long periods of time. Many people suffer the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome because they take glucocorticoid hormones such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and other inflammatory diseases, or for immunosuppression after transplantation.

Symptoms vary, but most people have upper body obesity, rounded face, increased fat around the neck, and thinning arms and legs. Children tend to be obese with slowed growth rates.

Treatment depends on the specific reason for cortisol excess and may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or the use of cortisol-inhibiting drugs. If the cause is long-term use of glucocorticoid hormones to treat another disorder, the doctor will gradually reduce the dosage to the lowest dose adequate for control of that disorder. Once control is established, the daily dose of glucocorticoid hormones may be doubled and given on alternate days to lessen side effects.

Adrenal glands

Addisons DiseaseThe disease is characterized by weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and sometimes darkening of the skin in both exposed and nonexposed parts of the body. Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol and, in some cases, the hormone aldosterone. The disease is also called adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism.

Most cases are caused by the gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal glands, by the body's own immune system. About 70 percent of reported cases of Addison's disease are caused by autoimmune disorders, in which the immune system makes antibodies that attack the body's own tissues or organs and slowly destroy them.The symptoms of adrenal insufficiency usually begin gradually. Characteristics of the disease are

chronic, worsening fatigue

muscle weakness

loss of appetite

weight loss

About 50 percent of the time, one will notice

nausea

vomiting

diarrhea

Other symptoms include

low blood pressure that falls further when standing, causing dizziness or fainting

skin changes in Addison's disease, with areas of hyperpigmentation, or dark tanning, covering exposed and nonexposed parts of the body; this darkening of the skin is most visible on scars; skin folds; pressure points such as the elbows, knees, knuckles, and toes; lips; and mucous membranes

Treatment of Addison's disease involves replacing, or substituting, the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. Cortisol is replaced orally with hydrocortisone tablets, a synthetic glucocorticoid, taken once or twice a day. If aldosterone is also deficient, it is replaced with oral doses of a mineralocorticoid called fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef), which is taken once a day. Patients receiving aldosterone replacement therapy are usually advised by a doctor to increase their salt intake. Because patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency normally maintain aldosterone production, they do not require aldosterone replacement therapy. The doses of each of these medications are adjusted to meet the needs of individual patients.

Adrenal glands