sonochemistry 2015
TRANSCRIPT
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Sonochemistry 2015. Rev 05
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Sonochemistry 2014 Rev 05
The four ways of working with or applying HPU’s.The four ways of working with or applying HPU’s.
1. We have a sound wave that is converted to a 1. We have a sound wave that is converted to a mechanical movement or force. This force can be used mechanical movement or force. This force can be used
to do certain work along the lines of currently to do certain work along the lines of currently understood processing technologies.understood processing technologies.
2. We need to understand that to a large extent we are 2. We need to understand that to a large extent we are working at the Cellular and Molecular level as sound is working at the Cellular and Molecular level as sound is transmitted via the vibrations known as compression transmitted via the vibrations known as compression and rarefaction of the media and this takes place at the and rarefaction of the media and this takes place at the molecular level.molecular level.
3. The effect it has on Biological processes.3. The effect it has on Biological processes.4. 4. Sonolysis: Breaking of chemical bonds or formation of Sonolysis: Breaking of chemical bonds or formation of
free radicals, also has an effect known as sono-oxidationfree radicals, also has an effect known as sono-oxidation
N B. Ultrasound therefore has unique processing N B. Ultrasound therefore has unique processing properties.properties.
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Sonochemistry 2014 Rev 05
The operating frequency.The operating frequency.The transition from Audio Acoustics to The transition from Audio Acoustics to
Physical AcousticsPhysical Acoustics
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Sonochemistry 2014 Rev 05
ULTRASONIC APPLICATIONSULTRASONIC APPLICATIONS Dispersions.Dispersions.
Particle size reduction.Particle size reduction. Disintegration. Disintegration. Particle size control. De-agglomeration. Particle size control. De-agglomeration. Particle pre-wetting. Particle pre-wetting. Anti-scaling or Anti-scaling or Anti-foulingAnti-fouling
Defoaming.Defoaming. Breaking of foam. De-aeration. Degassing.Breaking of foam. De-aeration. Degassing.
Mixing (Acoustic streaming and Cavitation)Mixing (Acoustic streaming and Cavitation) Homogenizing. Emulsification.Homogenizing. Emulsification. Phase Transfer reactions.Phase Transfer reactions. Temporary viscosity reduction. (TVR). Molecular Weight Temporary viscosity reduction. (TVR). Molecular Weight Reduction. Reduction. Molecular Weight Control.Molecular Weight Control. Sono-Biology.Sono-Biology. Control of Control of micro-organisms.micro-organisms. Ultrasonic assisted bio reactions. Activation & deactivation of Ultrasonic assisted bio reactions. Activation & deactivation of Enzyme.Enzyme.
Nanoparticle manufacturingNanoparticle manufacturing. Nanoparticle dispersions. . Nanoparticle dispersions.
Sonoporation (action on cell walls) Filtration. Sonolysis: Breaking of chemical bonds or formation of radicals.Sonolysis: Breaking of chemical bonds or formation of radicals.
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Processing parametersProcessing parameters.
You can vary ultrasonic amplitude, liquid pressure and liquid composition, such as:
•Sonotrode amplitudes of up to 150 micron ( ±100 )•Liquid pressures of up to 10 bars •Liquid flow rates of up to 15L/min (depending on the process) •Liquid temperatures of up to 80 deg C (other temperatures on request) •Material viscosity of up to 100.000cp, this will have a greater impact while in the dispersion stage of the product.
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Sonochemistry 2014 Rev 05
Processing parameters and temperature.Processing parameters and temperature..
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Sonochemistry 2014 Rev o5
Process Process AmplitudeAmplitudeThe greater the amplitude, the higher is the difference of the low and The greater the amplitude, the higher is the difference of the low and
high pressure cycle.high pressure cycle.
In addition to that, the volume displacement of each cycle increases, In addition to that, the volume displacement of each cycle increases, resulting in a larger cavitation volume (bubble size and/or number) resulting in a larger cavitation volume (bubble size and/or number)
When applied to dispersions, higher amplitudes show a higher When applied to dispersions, higher amplitudes show a higher destructive effect on solid particles. destructive effect on solid particles.
General Recommendations for AmplitudesGeneral Recommendations for Amplitudes
Cleaning: Cleaning: 0.5 to 2 Micron0.5 to 2 MicronIntensive Cleaning:Intensive Cleaning: 10 to 20 Micron Could stimulate 10 to 20 Micron Could stimulate BacteriaBacteriaDispersing/Deagglomeration: Dispersing/Deagglomeration: 10 to 30 Micron10 to 30 MicronEmulsifying; Emulsifying; 80 to 100 Micron. 80 to 100 Micron. Will kill BacteriaWill kill BacteriaPrimary Particle Reduction: Primary Particle Reduction: 100 and above. 100 and above. Will kill BacteriaWill kill Bacteria
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Out put verses process typeOut put verses process type
Based on a 4kW unit.Based on a 4kW unit.Flow Rates are.Flow Rates are.
Biodiesel transesterification. Biodiesel transesterification. 11 to to3m³/hr3m³/hrEmulsification, e.g. Oil/water Emulsification, e.g. Oil/water 0.40.4 to to 2m³/hr2m³/hrCell extraction, e.g. Algae Cell extraction, e.g. Algae 0.10.1 to to 0.8m³/hr0.8m³/hrDispersing / Deagglomeration Dispersing / Deagglomeration 0.020.02 to to 0.4m³/hr0.4m³/hrWet milling and grinding Wet milling and grinding 0.010.01 to to 0.02m³/hr0.02m³/hr
“The last two figures refer to the mill base”
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Piezoelectric. Magnetostrictive Piezoelectric. Magnetostrictive
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Terfenol-D (a "lanthanide") was developed by the Naval Ordnance Terfenol-D (a "lanthanide") was developed by the Naval Ordnance Lab in Ames, Iowa, for use in sonar, as it was found to have all the Lab in Ames, Iowa, for use in sonar, as it was found to have all the desirable properties of piezoceramics while exhibiting the desirable properties of piezoceramics while exhibiting the strength and power capabilities of metallic magnetostrictive strength and power capabilities of metallic magnetostrictive elements. elements. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
TERFENOL-D® is licensed to, and being actively developed by: TERFENOL-D® is licensed to, and being actively developed by: ETREMA Products, Inc.Inc.2500 N. Loop Drive2500 N. Loop DriveAmes, Iowa 50010 Ames, Iowa 50010
515-296-8030515-296-8030 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
I am not aware of any development of this promising material for high powered ultrasonic processing at present.
TERFENOL-DTERFENOL-D®®
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Piezo, Magneto or MMM?Piezo, Magneto or MMM?
There are many reasons for choosing between the three High There are many reasons for choosing between the three High Powered Ultrasonic technologies and the many options.Powered Ultrasonic technologies and the many options.
Your choice should be based on:Your choice should be based on:
1.1. Type of application; refer to Slide No 4.Type of application; refer to Slide No 4.2.2. Will you need direct or indirect sonification.Will you need direct or indirect sonification.3.3. How important is the amplitude range?How important is the amplitude range?4.4. Which is most important amplitude or Watts/Litre. Which is most important amplitude or Watts/Litre. 5.5. Direct sonification is via a “Flow Cell” or tube reactor system.Direct sonification is via a “Flow Cell” or tube reactor system.6.6. Indirect sonification is based on either a “Clamped on System” or Indirect sonification is based on either a “Clamped on System” or
“Bonded Transducer” No sonotrode is used.“Bonded Transducer” No sonotrode is used.7.7. What is the expected production rate of the final system.What is the expected production rate of the final system.8.8. The working environment should be considered i.e. Flammable The working environment should be considered i.e. Flammable
materials used, dusty, hot any special considerations.materials used, dusty, hot any special considerations.
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Scaling up! What is important?Scaling up! What is important?
There are a number of aspects that are important in scaling up There are a number of aspects that are important in scaling up and careful consideration of your requirements is necessary. and careful consideration of your requirements is necessary. NB. The equipment manufacturer will assist in the scale up. NB. The equipment manufacturer will assist in the scale up.
Ultrasonic IntensityUltrasonic IntensityThe power output per surface area of the sonotrode is the surface The power output per surface area of the sonotrode is the surface
intensity (I). The surface intensity depends on the amplitude (A), intensity (I). The surface intensity depends on the amplitude (A), pressure (p), the reactor volume (VR), the temperature (T), pressure (p), the reactor volume (VR), the temperature (T), viscosity (n) and others. It is Watts as Watts/cm2 or Watts/Liter.viscosity (n) and others. It is Watts as Watts/cm2 or Watts/Liter.
1.1. The Amplitude used in laboratory trials must be maintained. The Amplitude used in laboratory trials must be maintained. 2.2. The flow rate and Wattage should be matched to the laboratory The flow rate and Wattage should be matched to the laboratory
trials.trials.3.3. What processing volume or out put is required.What processing volume or out put is required.4.4. Can you fit the ultrasonic unit “Inline”?Can you fit the ultrasonic unit “Inline”?5.5. Allow for some over capacity or power in the choice of equipment, Allow for some over capacity or power in the choice of equipment,
±10% minimum.±10% minimum.6.6. Select the ultrasonic processor from the production rate or out put Select the ultrasonic processor from the production rate or out put
figures supplied by the equipment manufacturer.figures supplied by the equipment manufacturer.
NB. Don’t place an order based solely on your own calculations. NB. Don’t place an order based solely on your own calculations.
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Available Available equipmentequipment
Equipment is available in Piezoelectric, Magnetostrictive and MMM technology based units from Europe and the USA.These companies have many years of experience and equipment is guaranteed for 1 to 10 years.
1. Industrial Sonomechanics in the USA, have a patented system of high amplitude equipment. www.sonomechanics.com
2. Hielscher Ultrasonic Technology in Germany, 20 years experience. www.hielscher.com 3. Advanced Sonic Processing Systems in the USA, specialise in
Magnetostritive high volume systems. www.advancedsonicprocessingsystems.com
4. MPI Interconsulting in Switzerland specialise in advanced MMM piezoelectric sonochemical processing equipment.
www.mpi-ultrasonics.com
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