sop maintenance final_part3

7/23/2019 Sop Maintenance Final_part3

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SOP CHECK SHEET: MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE AND CHECKS/TESTSOF TRANSMISSION LINESDescription of Inspectionan Maintenance !or"

Specifie Ti#e Perio Re#ar"s/Criteria/Stanar/Safet$ Preca%tions

D/! M&/' () (*/)+

1. Visual inspection (A walk around visual inspection

from ground level andkeeping in view the safe

limits of approach to live

and moving parts to check apparent condition,

abnormal noise, rust on

body of the equipment and

component parts, etc.)

es ! ! ! "ear ##$ and carry basic line mantools, earth resistance test set,

binocular, etc. %ake entries of theobservations in check sheets&note

book.

'. oot #atrolling nspection

(%echanical *efects suchas missing&loose braces,

+ondition of umper

-erminal #ad, %issing plit#ins, and /ther #roblem

Areas such as +ultivated

and ungle 0rowth, $ffects

of #olluted Areas&*eserts,)

! es ! ! hould be / and no defects (foot

patrolling should be done twice ayear on all lines)

2. +limbing nspection

(0eneral #roblems,$valuation of +ondition of

3ine). *ead 3ine or 3ive3ine

! ! es ! hould be / and no defect

(+limbing inspection should be doneonce a year on all towers)

4. +onductor +ondition

(3oose trands, 5rokentrands, *islocated pacers,

Vibration *ampers, etc.)

hould be /, intact and secured

6. /verhead hield"ire&$arthing +onductor

(3oose trands, 5roken

trands, *eadend&suspension clamps,

/#0" plicing 5o7+ondition, etc.)

hould be /, intact and secured

8. tructure %arking (aded

and /bsolete igns9 :umbering, *anger #lates,

#hase %arking, etc.)

! es ! ! hould be / intact as per design

(;eplace or repair as required)

<. nsulator -esting(nsulator tring)

! es ! ! hould be / and intact (;eplacefailed insulator)

1



(%andatory 5efore 3ive

3ine "ork)

=. nsulator "ashing and

0reasing (before oggyeason

! es ! ! hould be / and no defects

(insulator washing should be donetwice a year on all lines in polluted

areas)>. -hermovision urvey ! ! es ! hould be / and no hotspot&s

(thermovision survey should be

done twice a year on all lines)

1?. Vibration tudies ! ! ! es hould be / and no defect

(Vibration studies should be done

twice a year on all lines)

TO!ER 11. ootings oil9 $roded,

5ack filling, *e!watering of

saline&rainy area, etc.

es ! ! ! hould be / and intact and

secured

1'. ootings +oncrete9+hipped, +racked, 5roken,

etc.

es ! ! ! hould be / and intact andsecured

12. 5ase tructure9

3oose&%issing 5races and%issing :ut&5olts, etc.

! es ! ! hould be / and intact and

secured

14. +ounter #oise ! es ! ! hould be / and intact andsecured

16. teel 5races&oint#lates9 5ent, ;usted,

5roken, etc.

! ! es ! hould be / and no damage

18. -ower %embers9-wisted, 5roken, ;usted,

#itted

! ! es ! hould be / and no damage andno missing hardware

1<. tep #ins&5olts9 3oose,

%issing, ;usted, etc.

es ! ! ! hould be / and intact, no damage

and no missing hardware

1=. 5olts9 3oose, %issing,

;usted

! ! ! es hould be / and intact, no

damage, and no missing hardware

1>. 0alvani@ing&#aint9

#eeled, #itted, etc.

! ! ! es hould be / and intact

'?. *anger #lates& #hase#lates&igns9 "orn,

*amaged, %issing, etc.

es ! ! ! hould be / and intact

'



,- TRANSMISSION LINE TECHNICAL DIRECTI.E

asic Maintenance Pro0ra# of Trans#ission Lines

SCOPE-his directive provides for the basic minimum requirements to keep lines in an

acceptable and reliable condition. %aintenance is discussed under the following

headings9

1) oot #atrol

') +limbing nspection&%aintenance

2) tructure marking

4) nsulator -esting

6) nsulator "ashing 0reasing

8) -hermovision urvey

<) Vibration tudies

=) +ommissioning

>) +ondition urvey

)1 FOOT PATROLoot #atrol should be done twice a year on all transmission lines.

-his should identify most mechanical defects and point out problem areas that

require further attention.

A report from the field on orm 3%! 1 3%!' (copy attached) is required by -0

for evaluation.

21 CLIMIN3 INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE

'.1) -his program is used to evaluate the condition of a line. A report from the

field on orm 3%!2 4 is required by -0 for evaluation. t should identify

general problems, if any, which would lead to a rehabilitation program if cost

Bustified.

'.') A ten year cycle is required for all transmission lines. 1?C of each line will be

inspected each year. f many serious defects are found on a line a more frequent

cycle for those lines should be discussed with -0 (:6#??16).

'.2) +limbing maintenance should be scheduled as follows9

*ivide the line into several sections (each section may contain 1? towers) and

then arrange to inspect 1?C of each section every year. -his will then sample the

whole line every year.

2



'.4) %inor defects should be repaired during the inspection. pare %aterial should

be available on the Bob. site for these repairs.

'.6) +limbing maintenance can be performed deadline or live line depending on

circuit availability.

&1 STRUCTURE MARKIN3

aded and obsolete marking signs shall be replaced & repainted as required.

41 INSULATOR TESTIN3

4.1) t is required to test insulators on a string prior to performing live line work

on or near an insulator string.D(:6#??= :6#??12)

4.') -esting insulators on 1? to '?C of a line will point out manufacturer defects as

well as electrical in service defects. -his program should be considered if a variety of insulator failures occur on a line.

*1 INSULATOR !ASHIN3/3REASIN3

n locations where there is a buildup of at mosphe ri c pollutants, insulators shall

be washed or greased at a frequency such that flashovers are prevented.

-he frequency will be determined by e7perience and&or testing of samples D(/ld :o.

-0&-3!??=)

'1 THERMO.ISION SUR.E(

8.1) - his program identifies potential connection failures such as hot sleeves, pads

and bolted connections which may burn!down the conductors.

8.') -hermovision can be done from the air or the ground. or transmission lines a

helicopter is highly desirable. At terminal towers or in built up areas a truck may

he required.

8.2) :ormally, the thermovision is done at the time when there is ma7imum load

on line and each line is completed on a yearly cycle. (-hermovision check orm

3%!8)

51 .IRATION STUDIES

<.1) Vibration studies on transmission lines should be done using the following order

of preference.

4



a) 3ines having broken strands at suspension clamps.

b) 3ines with no dampers.

c) 3ines that have wire dampers.

d) 3ines that have one damper per span

e) 3ines that have two dampers per span.

<.') 0? should identify the lines that should be studied and set up a program in

consultation with -0.

,1 COMMISSIONIN3

=.1) +ommissioning of lines should start when construction forces begins to erect

structures on new lines. /n rehabilitation work, start the commissioning when the

field work begins.

=.') +ommissioning is required to insure that the line is constructed to specifications

and to acceptable standards.

=.2) or lines 1??km in length one man can usually do most of the work e7cept for

tower bolt checking and verification.

=.4) ag checks must be made separately from 0+, at the time of sagging the

conductors.

=.6) +heck '?C of the towers and all dead!end towers for proper bolt torque.

'?C of tower bolts on these towers should be verified for tightness, using a torque

wrench.

=.8) uspension clamp, dampers and dead!e nd conductor hardware are to be

checked on the towers identified for commissioning.

61 CONDITION SUR.E(

>.1) +ondition survey is done on as and when as required basis.

>.') :ormally a survey is required to verify conductor to ground clearances as

well, as for allowable heights of proposed under builds such as distribution

facilities. -his may also be used to determine ma7imum loading due to sags on thetransmission line.

6



6- REFERENCE DATA FOR COMPARISON !ITH THE TEST RESULTS

;eference data and previous record is one of the important pre!requisite for an

effective operation and maintenance program. or evaluation of different test results

and to take decisions on the bases of these test results one must need some reference

values and the permissible limits. uch reference data may be the factory test results

or commissioning test results or the accepted test results of similar make&type&model

equipment or the recommendations of certain reputed standards&specification. n this

section, the most commonly applicable data has been compiled as a ready reference

for the user of this /#. -his data has been collected from all the possible sources,

however supply of new or more data along with feedback comments will be

welcomed.

8



Ta78e96a: CHARACTERISTICS OF UNUSED UNINHIITED MINERALINSULATIN3 OIL: IEC 26' O8 Specifications1

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNUSED UNINHIITED MINERAL

INSULATIN3 OIL: IEC 26' O8 Specifications1Sr-No-

Propert$ Per#issi78e .a8%es for Meas%reC;aracteristicsC8ass9I C8ass9II C8ass9III

1 Appearance +lear, free

from sediments

and suspended

matter

+lear, free

from sediments

and suspended

matter

+lear, free

from sediments

and suspended

matter

' *ensity kg&dm2 at '?

E+ (old pecific

0ravity)

F?.=>6 F?.=>6 F?.=>6

2 nterfacial

-ension&urface

-ension at '6 E+

(m:&m) or (:&m 7

1?!2)

G4? G4? G4?

4a inematic Viscosity

mm'&s at 4? E+

(+entistokes)

F 18.6 F 11 F 2.6

4b inematic Viscositymm'&s at '? E+

(+entistokes)

F 4? F '6 F 8

4c inematic Viscosity

mm'&s at !16 E+

(+entistokes)

F =?? ! !

4d inematic Viscosity

mm'&s at !2? E+

(+entistokes)

! F 1=?? !

4e inematic Viscosity

mm'&s at !4? E+

(+entistokes)

! ! F 16?

6 #our #oint E+ F !2? F !46 F !8?

8 lash #oint E+ G 14? G 12? G >6

< :eutrali@ation Value&

Acidity (mg /H&g)

F ?.?2 F ?.?2 F ?.?2

<



= "ater +ontent mg&kg

(ppm)

%a7. 2?ppm

(mg&kg) for

bulk supply or

4?ppm (mg&kg)

for delivery indrums and 5+

%a7. 2?ppm

(mg&kg) for

bulk supply or

4?ppm (mg&kg)


%a7. 2?ppm

(mg&kg) for

bulk supply or

4?ppm (mg&kg)


> 5reak *own *$(kV

at '.6 mm gap)

G 2? as

delivered and G

6? after

treatment

G 2? as

delivered and G

6? after

treatment

G 2? as

delivered and G

6? after

treatment

2 -an I & *ielectric

*issipation actor!

** (at 4? to 8? H@

>? E+)

F?.??6 F?.??6 F?.??6

11 /7idation tability :eutrali@ation

Value(mg /H&g)

F?.4?D see note

F?.4?D see note

F?.4?D see note

1' /7idation tability

ludge C by mass

F?.1?

D see note

F?.1?

D see note

F?.1?

D see note

12 +orrosive ulfur :on corrosive :on corrosive :on corrosive

14 Anti!o7idant

Additives

:ot detectable :ot detectable :ot detectable

D :ote. -he determinations on the o7idi@ed oil are limited to the neutrali@ationvalue and to the sludge however, in certain countries it is usual to determine also

the **. n this case the ma7imum value of ** will be established by

agreement between purchaser and supplier.

=



Ta78e967: CHARACTERISTICS OF UNUSED INHIITED MINERALINSULATIN3 OIL: IEC 26' O8 Specifications1

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNUSED INHIITED MINERAL

INSULATIN3 OIL: IEC 26' O8 Specifications1Sr-No-

Propert$ Per#issi78e Li#itin0 .a8%es for Meas%reC;aracteristicsC8ass9IA C8ass9IIA C8ass9IIIA


from sediments

and suspended

matter

+lear, free from

sediments and

suspended

matter

+lear, free

from sediments

and suspended

matter

' *ensity kg&dm2 at

'? E+ (old pecific

0ravity)

F?.=>6 F?.=>6 F?.=>6

2 nterfacial

-ension&urface

-ension at '6 E+

(m:&m) or (:&m 7

1?!2)

G4? G4? G4?


mm'&s at 4? E+

(+entistokes)

F 18.6 F 11 F 2.6

4b inematic Viscositymm'&s at '? E+

(+entistokes)

F 4? F '6 F 8


mm'&s at !16 E+

(+entistokes)

F =?? ! !


mm'&s at !2? E+

(+entistokes)

! F 1=?? !


mm'&s at !4? E+

(+entistokes)

! ! F 16?

6 #our #oint E+ F !2? F !46 F !8?

8 lash #oint E+ G 14? G 12? G >6

>



< :eutrali@ation

Value& Acidity (mg

/H&g)

F ?.?2 F ?.?2 F ?.?2

= "ater +ontent

mg&kg (ppm)

%a7. 2?ppm

(mg&kg) for bulk supply or

4?ppm (mg&kg)

for delivery in

drums and 5+

%a7. 2?ppm

(mg&kg) for bulk supply or 4?ppm

(mg&kg) for

delivery in

drums and 5+

%a7. 2?ppm

(mg&kg) for bulk supply or

4?ppm (mg&kg)

for delivery in

drums and 5+

> 5reak *own

*$(kV at '.6 mm

gap)

G 2? as

delivered and G

6? after

treatment

G 2? as delivered

and G 6? after

treatment

G 2? as

delivered and G

6? after

treatment

1? -an I & *ielectric

*issipation actor!** (at 4? to 8?

H@ >? E+)

F?.??6 F?.??6 F?.??6

11 /7idation tability D see note D see note D see note

1' +orrosive ulfur :on corrosive :on corrosive :on corrosive

12 Anti!o7idant

Additives9 +ontents

at least ?.16C by

mass, but not more

than ?.4?C by massof (*5#+9 '.8!di!

tert!butyl!

paracresole) or

(*5#9 '.8!di!tert!

butyl!phenol)

As agreed

between

purchaser and

supplier

As agreed

between

purchaser and

supplier

As agreed

between

purchaser and

supplier

D :ote. n the case of inhibited oils only the induction period is determined

however in certain countries it is usual to determine also the **. n this case

the ma7imum value of ** will be established by agreement between purchaser

and supplier. :o limit for o7idation stability is specified. or guidance only. /ils

known to give satisfactory performance in transformers in service typically have

induction period in e7cess of 1'? hours.

1?



Ta78e96c: CHARACTERISTICS OF UNUSED MINERAL INSULATIN3 OILSFILLED IN NE! TRANSFORMERS: IEC '+422

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNUSED MINERAL INSULATIN3 OILS

FILLED IN NE! TRANSFORMERS: IEC '+422Sr-No-

Propert$ Hi0;est .o8ta0e for E<%ip#ent=52-*K> )5+". ?)5+K>


from

sediments and

suspended

matter

+lear, free

from

sediments and

suspended

matter

+lear, free

from

sediments and

suspended

matter

' +olour %a7 '? %a7 '? %a7 '?

2 *ensity kg&dm2 at '? E+

(old pecific 0ravity)

F?.=>6 F?.=>6 F?.=>6

4 nterfacial

-ension&urface -ension

(m:&m at '6 E+)

G26 G26 G26


mm'&s at 4? E+

(+entistokes)

F 18.6 F 11 F 2.6

6b inematic Viscosity

mm'&s at '? E+

(+entistokes)

F 4? F '6 F 8


mm'&s at !16 E+

(+entistokes)

F =?? ! !


mm'&s at !2? E+

(+entistokes)

! F 1=?? !


mm'&s at !4? E+

(+entistokes)

! ! F 16?

8 #our #oint E+ F !2? F !46 F !8?

< lash #oint E+ G 14? G 12? G >6

= :eutrali@ation Value&

Acidity (mg /H&g)

F ?.?2 F ?.?2 F ?.?2

> "ater +ontent mg&kg

(ppm)

F '? F 16 F 1?

11



1? 5reak *own *$(kV at

'.6 mm gap)

G 4? G 6? G 8?

11 ;esistivity at >? E+

(0Jm)

min 8? min 8? min 8?

1' -an I & *ielectric*issipation actor!**

(at 4? to 8? H@ >? E+)

F?.16D see note F?.16D see note F?.?1?D see note

12 /7idation tability for

Kninhibited /il!

:eutrali@ation Value(mg

/H&g)

F?.4? F?.4? F?.4?

12a /7idation tability for

Kninhibited /il!

ludge C by mass

F?.1? F?.1? F?.1?

14 /7idation tability for nhibited /il! nduction

period (hours)

imilar valueas before

filling


filling


filling

D:ote. Higher ** value may indicate e7cessive contamination or the

misapplication of solid insulation used in manufacturing and should be

investigated.

1'



Ta78e96: CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSUED MINERAL INSULATIN3 OILSFOR TRANSFORMERS AND S!ITCH3EAR IEC '+26' Ne@ specifications1

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNSUED MINERAL INSULATIN3 OILS FOR

TRANSFORMERS AND S!ITCH3EAR IEC '+26'Sr-No-

Propert$ Un%se Minera8Ins%8atin0 Oi8IEC '+26'

Lo@Te#perat%reS@itc;0ear Oi8

F%nction1 Viscosity at 4? E+ %a7. 1'mm' &s %a7. 2.6mm' &s

' Viscosity at !2? E+ Dsee note %a7. 1=??mm' &s !

2 Viscosity at !4? E+Dsee note ! %a7. 4??mm' &s

4 #our #ointDsee note %a7. !4? E+ %a7. !8? E+

6 "ater +ontent %a7. 2?ppm


(mg&kg) for

delivery in drums

and 5+

%a7. 2?ppm


(mg&kg) for

delivery in drums

and 5+

8 5reakdown Voltage or *$ at '.6

mm 0ap

%in. 2? kV before

dehydration or <?

kV after

dehydration

%in. 2? kV before

dehydration or <?

kV after

dehydration

< *ensity at '? E+ (old .0) %a7. ?.=>6 g&ml %a7. ?.=>6 g&ml= ** at >? E+ (old -an I or *) %a7. ?.??6 (?.6C) %a7. ?.??6 (?.6C)

Refinin0/Sta7i8it$1 Appearance +lear, free from

sediments and

suspended matter

+lear, free from

sediments and

suspended matter

' Acidity %a7. ?.?1mg

/H&g

%a7. ?.?1mg

/H&g

2 nterfacial -ension (-) %in. 4? m:&m %in. 4? m:&m

4 -otal ulfur +ontent :o generalrequirement :o generalrequirement

6 +orrosive ulfur :o general

requirement

:o general

requirement

12



8 Antio7idant Additive Kninhibited oil

(K)9 :ot detectable

-race inhibited oil

(-)9 %a7. ?.?=C

nhibited oil ()9?.?= L ?.4?C

Kninhibited oil

(K)9 :ot detectable

-race inhibited oil

(-)9 %a7. ?.?=C

nhibited oil ()9?.?= L ?.4?C

< urfural +ontent DDsee note %a7. ?.1 mg&kg %a7. ?.1 mg&kg

Perfor#ance1 /7idation tability

' -otal Acidity %a7. 1.'mg

/H&g

%a7. 1.'mg

/H&g

2 ludge %a7. ?.=C %a7. ?.=C

4 ** at >? E+ (*ielectric

*issipation actor) (-an I)

%a7. ?.6?? %a7. ?.6??

6 0assing :o generalrequirement

:o generalrequirement

8 $lectrostatic +harging -endency

($+-) DDDsee note

pecial

requirement

!

Hea8t; Safet$ an En>iron#ent HSE11 lash #oint %in. 126 E+ %in. 1?? E+

' #+A +ontent (#olycyclic

aromatics)

%a7. 2C %a7. 2C

2 #+5 +ontent (#olychlorinated

biphenyls)

:ot detectable :ot detectable

D :ote. -his is the standard 3+$- (3owest +old tart $nergi@ing -emperature)

for transformer oil and can be modified depending upon the climatic condition of

each country. #our point should be minimum 1? below 3+$-.

DD :ote. urfural and related compounds ('!A3) in unused mineral insulating oils

can result either from improper re!distillation after solvent e7traction during

refining or from contamination with used oil. Knused insulating oils should have a

low level of '!A3 and related compounds ($+ 11>=).

DDD :ote. $lectrostatic +harging -endency ($+-) of oil is an important property

for certain designs of HV and $HV transformers which have oil pumping rates that

can give rise to the build!up of electrostatic charge. -his charge can result in

energy discharge causing transformer failure. A method to measure $+- is

proposed by +0;$ + 1'.

14



Ta78e96e: CONCENTRATION OF DISSOL.ED 3ASES D3A1 IN OIL IEC'+*'5 B'+*661

CONCENTRATION OF DISSOL.ED 3ASES D3A1 IN OIL IEC '+*'5

B'+*661Sr-No-

3as Description Li#itin0 .a8%epp# >/>1

Li#itin0 .a8%esPTESU Stanarpp#1

1 Hydrogen (H') M'?? M16?

' %ethane (+H4) M6? M'6

2 $thane(+'H8) M16 M1?

4 Acetylene (+'H') M16 M16

6 $thylene (+'H4) M8? M'?

8 +arbon %ono o7ide (+/) M1??? M6??

< +arbon *io7ide (+/') M11??? M1????

= /7ygen (/') '???!26???

> :itrogen (:') 1????!1?????

0eneral criteria for interpretation on the bases of flame colour of combustible

gases detected in 5uchhol@ ;elay is as9

! f flame colour is 5lue, it indicates decomposition of oil.

! f flame colour is ellow, it indicates deterioration of solid insulation.

16



Ta78e96f: TREATMENT OF INSULATIN3 OIL IN TRANSFORMERS

TREATMENT OF INSULATIN3 OIL IN TRANSFORMERSRECOMMENDED REMEDIAL MEASURES

C;aracteristicDescription Reco##ene Meas%res

3ower *$ Value *ehydration and iltration

High "ater&%oisture

+ontents

*ehydration and iltration under Vacuum

High ** (-an I) *ehydration and iltration under Vacuum /;

;egeneration&;eclamation&;eplacement

:eutrali@ation Value ;egeneration&;eclamation&;eplacement

nterfacial -ension ;egeneration&;eclamation&;eplacement

Essentia8 F%nctions of Oi8! *ielectric nsulation

! Heat -ransfer

Principa8 Ca%ses of a>erse c;an0es in ie8ectric properties of Oi8

! /7ygen and Humidity9 %ain source is the breathing system and oil leak points.

-he desiccating material should be regenerated or renewed as soon as 1&2 rd of its

quantity has been moisturi@ed (colour changed from blue to pink). Attend oil

leakages without intentional delays.

! High -emperatures ! $7ternal pollution

! $lectrical phenomena

! #artial discharges

! +orona

Ta78e9 60: CHARACTERISTICS OF SULPHUR HEAFLOURIDE 3AS S1IEC '+&5'

18



CHARACTERISTICS OF SULPHUR HEAFLOURIDE 3AS SF'1 IEC'+&5'Sr-

No-

Description Li#itin0 .a8%e

Ne@/Un%se 3as1

Li#itin0 .a8%e

3as in C11 #urity (concentration of 8

verses :itrogen)

N >>.>C N >6C

' *ew #oint (!E+) !6?E+ !1?E+

2 mpurities

2a +4 (+arbon -etra!fluoride) M ?.?6C (m&m)

2b /7ygen O :itrogen, air M ?.?6C (m&m)

2c "ater M 16ppm (m&m)

2d Acidity e7pressed as H

(Hydrofluoric acid)

M ?.?2ppm (m&m)

2e Hydrolysable fluoride

e7pressed as H

M 1.?ppm (m&m)

2f /il content M 1?ppm (m&m)

Properties!ulphur He7afluoride is a compound having the formula 8

!At normal room temperatures and pressures it is gaseous

! t has density of 8.18g&l at '? E+ and <8? torr (about five times the density of air)

! ts critical temperature 46.8 E+, it can be liquefied by compression and is

normally transported as a liquid in cylinders! nert

! +olourless

! /dourless

! :onto7ic

! :onflammable

! 0ood dielectric medium

! $lectro!negative (tends to attract the free electrons), good arc quenching medium)

! High *$ value, (about 2 times of the air at atmospheric pressure)

! Heat transfer capability '!6 times of air

! #ressure increases with temperature by about ?.?'6 bar per E+

! 3eakage detection possible with halogen gases leakage detectors

Preferre sies of c$8iners

1<



!-he standard si@es of cylinders, e7pressed in liters (l) for 8 are9 2, 6, 1?, '?, 4?,

=?, 16? and 6??. 1? liter and 4? liter are the preferred si@e for use. -he filling ratio

of cylinders in temperate countries is 1.?4kg&l and in tropical countries is ?.<6kg&l.

Ta78e96;: *++K. CIRCUIT REAKERS TIMIN3 AND CONTACTRESISTANCE DATA

1=



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Ta78e96G: )&2K. CIRCUIT REAKERS TIMIN3 AND CONTACTRESISTANCE DATA

)&2K. CIRCUIT REAKERS TIMIN3 AND CONTACT RESISTANCE

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Ta78e96": ''K. CIRCUIT REAKERS TIMIN3 AND CONTACTRESISTANCE DATA

''K. CIRCUIT REAKERS TIMIN3 AND CONTACT RESISTANCE

.ALUE H: H$ra%8ic S: Motor Sprin0 P: Pne%#atic Operatin0Mec;anis#s1Sr-No-

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Ta78e968: LEAD ACID DC ATTERIES OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEDATA

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:ote!1. +orrection of pecific 0ravity at temperature '6 E+9 '6 T t O ?.???< (t L '6) "here'6 T +orrected pecific 0ravity at temperature '6 E+

t T %easured pecific 0ravity at temperature t E+ of electrolyte

t T -emperature of electrolyte (E+) as measured at site

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:ote!'. /pen +ircuit Voltage #er +ell T pecific 0ravity O ?.=4 Volts

:ote!2. $nd of *ischarge pecific 0ravity T 1.416

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%VA

6??&''?&''

V

H3!-

H3!0

-!0

41>8

41<2

><''

?.122

?.121

?.'66

6 $%$:

(0ermany) D

:;#:

!=16<

8?? ('??72)

%VA

6??&''?&''

V

H3!-

H3!0

-!0

41>8

41<2

><''

?.122

?.121

?.'66

8 -5$A

(+hina) D

'?? ('??72)

%VA

6??&''?&''

V

H3!-

H3!0

-!0

4'<?

22<>

<828

?.816

?.6'=

?.6<=

< $3:

(Austria) D

46? (16?72)

%VA6??&''?&''

V

H3!-

H3!0-!0

4'<?

22<><828

?.816

?.6'=?.6<=

24



Ta78e96p: CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION FACTOR .ALUES OFCONDENSER T(PE USHIN3S OF TRANSFORMERS

Sr-

No-

%s;in0

Ma"e

T$pe Rate

.o8ta0e

Ins%8ati

onTeste

C .a8%e

PF1E#pirica8 .a8%e1

DF


1 HA$3

(wiss)

+/-!'46 ''?V H!3

H!0

4?6

1?=4?

?.8=

1.>4

' HA$3

(wiss)

+/-!146 146V H!3

H!0

226

11116

?.6=

1.'8

2 0

(0ermany)

/-!

166?&6'6

6??V H!3

H!0

414.6

<='=

?.?2

?.28

4 0(0ermany)

/-!1?6?&'46

''?V H!3H!0

4'<<='=

?.?86?.266

6 #A/:V

33A (taly)

#:$!

146&4??A

146V H!3

H!0

'26.>6

!

?.<>

!

8 #A/:V

33A (taly) D

#:$!

'46&4??A

146V H!3

H!0

'26.>6

!

?.<>

!

< A55

(weden)

0/%!1?6? ''?V H!3

H!0

4=2.'6

!

?.<<4

!

= A55

(weden)

0/5!86? 12'V H!3

H!0

2?>.66

!

?.8=<

!> A55

(weden)

0/5!2=? 1??V H!3

H!0

262.1

!

?.8=<

1? 5;KH

(K)

/V!146!

1???

12'V H!3

H!0

2<6.=

!

?.'6

!

11 %+A3

(wiss)

''?V H!3

H!0

4?6

1?=4?

?.8=

1.>4

1' :0 (apan) 12' V

26



Ta78e96<: CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION FACTOR .ALUES OFCURRENT TRANSFORMERS C-T1

Sr-

No-

CT Ma"e T$pe Rate

.o8ta0e

Ins%8atio

n Teste

C .a8%e

PF1E#pirica8 .a8%e1

DF


1 %$"A:*

3$;

(0ermany)

A-!146 12'V H!0 6?? ?.'

' $%$

(-urkey)

A-4!146 12'V H!0 2?<.6 ?.'> (M1)

2 D $%$

(-urkey)

A-4!'46 '46V H!0 '?8.8 ?.?' (M1)

4 -" (+hina) 3+"58!

146

12'V H!0 >?? ?.= (M')

6 ::

(apan)

0+H!'?? ''?V H!0 >?? ?.' (M1)

8 0A33$/

(taly)

-A$!'46&0 ''?V H!0 824 ?.8

< DD A$A

(weden)

%5*!146 12'V +1 (H!3)

+' (H!0)

=??

''???

(M1)

(M1)

= DD A$A(weden)

%5*!<' 88V +1 (H!3)+' (H!0)

=??12???

(M1)(M1)

>

DDD

HA$$3

(wiss)

/!'46 ''?V H!0

+A

1???

1<?

(M1)

1? 3!:$

(*enmark)

A=@81&A>@

81

12'V H!0 6?? ?.'

11 %$"A:*

3$;

(0ermany)

/!<'.6 88V H!0 26? ?.'

1' :;/K

-;A:

(ran)

:ote. D9 -op and 5ottom units should be tested separately.

:ote. DD9 Kse capacitance tap for test.

:ote. DDD9 +A means the bushing capacitance.

28



Ta78e96r: CAPACITANCE AND DISSIPATION FACTOR .ALUES OFCAPACITOR .OLTA3E TRANSFORMERS C.T1

Sr-No- C.T Ma"e T$pe Rate.o8ta0e Ins%8ationTeste

C .a8%e PF1E#pirica8.a8%e1

DF.a8%eat 2+CE#pirica8.a8%e1

1 -;$:+H$3$+-;+

(+anada)

-$H%!6?? 6??V + :(H!0)+1

+'

6???62??

122>??

?.'4

' 0A33$/(taly) -+!'460 ''?V + :

(H!0)+1

+'

=??? (M1)

2 :%0

(taly)

+#-a!'46&4 ''?V + :(H!0)

+1

+'

4???

44??

44???

(M1)

4 HA$3

(wiss)

+V$!'46 ''?V + :(H!0)

+1+'

46?? O1?C !6C

4<>? O1?C !6C<4466O1?C !6C

(M1)

6 -;$:+H$3$+-;+

(+anada)

-$%!32/ ''?V + :(H!0)+1

+'

2??? (M1)

8 %A0;:0A33$/

(taly)

+#-!'46&= ''?V + :(H!0) =??? P1?C (M1)

< #A/:

V33A

(taly)

6??V + :(H!0)

+1

+'

<??? O1?C !6C (M1)

= HA$3

(wiss)

+V$!66? 6??V + :(H!0)

+1+'

8>?? O1?C !6C

<?22 O1?C !6C'<1<8 O1?C !6C

(M1)

> $%$

(-urkey)

0-!'46 ''?V + :(H!0) 46>= (M1)

1? $%$ (-urkey)

0-!146 12'V + :(H!0) 6>6? (M1)

1' :;/K

-;A:

(ran) D

''?V

2<



1' :;/K

-;A:

(ran) D

12'V

2=



Ta78e96s: LEAKA3E CURRENT MONITORIN3 LCM1 OF SUR3EARRESTERS/LI3HTNIN3 ARRESTERS

Sr-

No-

Ma"e T$pe Rate

.o8ta0e

Mfr-

Rate.o8ta0e

MCO

.

Tota8

Lea"a0eC%rrent

Resisti>

eLea"a0eC%rrent

1 H-A+H

(apan)

S3A!

R'6+

''?V 1>=V 164V M =??A M '??A

' H-A+H

(apan)

S3A!

R16+

12'V 1'?V >?V M 26?A M '??A

2 A$A

(weden)

RAA 12'V 118V >?V ! M '??A

4 %$*$:HA

(apan)

S$!+1S ''?V 1>=V 164V M 4>?A M '??A

6 %$*$:HA(apan)

S$!+1S 12'V 1'?V >?V M 2>?A M '??A

8 5/"-H/;#

($ngland)

1%5!1'? 12'V 1'?V >?V ! M '??A

< 0$&-;A:QK$33

(KA)

>3R5H8?

''?V 1>=V 18?V ! M '??A

= A55

(weden)

$R3%Q ''?V 1>=V 18?V M

1???A

M '??A

> "$:SH/K

K: (+hina)

1?"!

1'?&'>6

12'V 1'?V >?V ! M '??A

1? "$:SH/KK: (+hina)

H/1?"!

1'&2=

1'V !V !V ! M '??A

2>



Ta78e96t: CRITERIA FOR REPLACEMENT OF .ACUUM INTERRUPTER IN))K. .ACUUM CIRCUIT REAKERS .C1

Sr-No-

.C Ma"e T$pe No- of Operations

Description to 7e c;ec"ein C c8ose position1

1 %$*$:HA

(apan)

V-!1' (/&0) 1?,??? "hen limit of contact wipe

reaches to )## nor#a8 4##1' %$*$:HA

(apan)

V$!14 (&+) 1?,??? "hen wear standard line coincide

with the flange face

2 $%$:

(#akistan)

2A 2?,??? "hen @;ite check mark becomes

in>isi78e4 H-A+H

(apan)

V 1?,??? "hen istance between the

reference lines e7ceeds )##

6 A$0(#akistan)

VA 2?,??? "hen burn!off indicator becomesinvisible

8 -/H5A

(apan)

V 2?,??? "hen limit of re9painte limit

of contact wipe decreases to less

than &##< # (apan) 5 1?,??? "hen contact wear reaches

&##&0ap reduces to )## (to be

checked by measuring the snatchgap)

= HK:*A(apan)

1?,???

> #$3A&#$3(-urkey&#ak)

#*56!'6!="(/&0)

1? #$3A&#$3

(-urkey&#ak)

#*56!'6!'6"

(&+)

11

A vacuum interrupter (vacuum bottle) of 11kV V+5 should be replaced when any one of the

following criteria is met with9

! -he prescribed number of total operations have been completed (operation counter reading)! ailed in vacuum degree check&test (tested with proper test set V*A; or when tested with

Hipot set).

! 3imit of contact wipe reached (abnormal wear of contacts).

:ote. Vacuum degree test & 3imit of contact wipe should be checked yearly or after 1???

operations whichever comes first.

4?



)+- OPERATION

A >ie@ of 22+/)&2". Contro8 Roo# of 22+"> 3/S NKLP La;ore

41



)+-) INTRODUCTION-he grid stations in grid system of :-*+3*+/s are designed and constructed fo

operation, supervision and control by the staff round the clock, unlike the grid system omany developed countries where the grid stations are remote operated, supervised an

controlled at central control centers.

-he operation staff at control rooms of grid stations comprises shift engineers, operator

attendants, etc. and perform duty in three shifts i.e. morning shift, evening shift and nigh

shift. -he operation staff supervises and controls the grid station in accordance with th

provisions made in the design and construction of the equipment and transmission line

and in compliance of the instructions of the system operator, i.e. :#++ ;++.

-he operation staff records hourly loading data (Amperes), voltage data (kV), temperatur

and other parameters, etc. of the transformers and transmission line in the station log shee

and onward passes to :#++ and&or ;++. -hey also maintain the record of all the norma

and abnormal events of the local system and record of telephonic instruction of all th

stakeholders of the system for reference. -hey coordinate with :#++ and&or ;++ an

manage the scheduled and non!scheduled shut!downs on the grid station equipment an

transmission lines, for maintenance and other purposes. -hey perform switching operation

of the switchgear as desired under instructions of :#++ and&or ;++.

4'



)+-2 3enera8 Pro>isions

0enerally operations mean all types and categories of work to be done by the

employees of :-*+3*+/s assigned to them as a duty. -hese operations include

technical, administrative, finance, etc. duties with the ultimate goal to build, operate

and maintain the power system for transmission and dispatch of electricity to thedistribution companies and down to the consumers. 0enerally the operations are

planned but it may include unplanned work activities as desired by

:-*+3*+/s. All the operation in!charges should give proper attention for safety

of the :-*+3*+/s employees during operations at :-*+3*+/s premises.

-he operations in :-*+3*+/s are integrated as under9

a) /peration of power system for generation, transmission and dispatch of electricity

to the *istribution +ompanies (*+/s) is a planned action by :-*+3. :ational

#ower +ontrol +enter (:#++) slamabad (including ;egional +ontrol +enters (;++)

:orth outh is the authori@ed ystem /perator on behalf of :-*+3.

b) :#++&;++ shall be responsible for the safe, secure, openly!accessible, equitable,

environmentally acceptable, reliable and adequate operation and development of the

power system. -he /peration +odes of :$#;A 0rid +ode and *istribution +ode

outlines the necessary rules for operation of the :-*+3*+/s power system

which should be followed as and where applicable.

c) t is the primary responsibility of each employee of the :-*+3*+/s to keep

the :-*+3*+/s system and its component apparatus&equipment in safeoperating condition within their design parameters.

d) :o employee shall operate any apparatus or equipment without having

authority&permission or instructions from the competent authority.

42



e) n the e7isting set up of :-*+3*+/s, :#++ is the ystem /perator of the

entire 0rid ystem. n addition to the specific and general instruction of the :#++

whether written or oral, the guidelines given here under shall be followed by all

:-*+3*+/s employees engaged in operation and maintenance work at different

levels of 0/ :-*+3*+/s such asW

! *ealing operation of the HV equipment,

! ssuing operating orders and messages,

! *ealing with authority to work, #ermit!to!"ork and Hold!/ orders,

! *ealing with office work and record of operations, etc.

! ;ecording data in the grid station daily log sheets, etc.

f) -he employees of :-*+3*+/s and public should clearly understand the

application and significance of operating voltage levels of different equipment or

apparatus as given below with regards to their own safety as well as of the

apparatus&equipment.

! +ontrol and Au7iliary ervices Voltages9

'4V*+, 4=V*+, 11?V*+ and ''?V *+W

11?VA+, '2?VA+, 4??VA+, 6? H@W

! -hree!phase four!wire 4??VA+ and '2?VA+, 6? H@ are the domestic and

commercial supply voltage levels in #akistan.

! %edium Voltages (%V) for transmission and distribution9

11kV, ''kV (tertiary voltage of $HV transformers) and 22kVA+, 6?H@W

! High Voltages (HV) for transmission9 88kV and12'kV A+, 6? H@W

! $7tra High Voltages ($HV) for transmission9 ''?kV and 6??kV A+, 6? H@.

g) witching operations9 -he operation in!charge is responsible to ensure safety of the

employees as well of the :-*+3*+/s equipment during their normal as well as

emergency operations. imilarly, the operation staff on duty besides to look after the

normal operations of the grid station equipment have to do switching operation. -o

deal with switching operations of the HV equipment safely the operation in!charge or the shift in!charge will follow as under before, during and after switching operations9

! He will ensure for the approval of the desired operations of the equipment from

:#++& ;#++.

44



! He will inform and discuss with the :#++&;#++ any abnormal local condition of

the equipment to be operated.

! He will identify the nature of operations and safety precautions required.

! He will identity the operations during which workers are&or can be e7posed to

ha@ards.

! He will ensure for the clear operation instructions.

! He will follow the prescribed procedure and instructions given in the #-" (#ermit

to "ork) for its issuance and cancellation.

! n case of maintenance work oriented operations, he will get complete information

about the work to be done from the concerned supervisor and make sure that the

equipment to be work upon is fully isolated from all possible sources of supply. Hewill issue #-" to the authori@ed supervisor for e7ecution of the work in question

indicating all the ha@ards known to him and not eliminated or covered by the #-"

and also discus with the supervisor.

! *uring the switching operations, he will continuously keep contact with

:#++&;#++ and make sure that all the operations are carried out in the approved

sequence.

! atisfactory operations will be brought to the notice of :#++&;++ regularly and

abnormal situation if any will also be brought to the notice of :#++&;++immediately.

! He will make sure that no equipment in the system gets over loaded beyond their

rating as a result of operations under e7ecution.

! After satisfactory completion of the switching operations to be carried out he will

inform to the :#++&;#++ about the post operation system condition.

! He will make entries of the switching operations in the substation order book for

reference and record and place +aution :otice&-ag on the control switches of allequipment which may energi@e the point of work.

! After completion of the work and obtaining clearance from the #-" holder he will

cancel the #-" following the prescribed procedure and instruction and inform the

:#++&;#++ for further instruction to normali@e the system.

46



h) As the operations include technical, administrative, finance, etc. duties, therefore whil

working in :-*+3*+/s offices the office in!charges are responsible to manage for

neat, clean, safe and comfortable atmosphere. *o not use the broken furniture and offic

tools, etc. *o not hold paper pins, clips, etc. in the mouth and also do not use them a

tooth!picks or for cleaning ears. "hile working on old damped record files take care o

insects, dust&dirt, etc. *o not smoke and use open flames in the record rooms.

)+-& NPCC SOP FOR S(STEM RELIAILIT( AND SECURIT( iss%e 7$ NPCC

Is8a#a7a in Septe#7er 2++'1

ollowing criteria must be followed by the *ispatcher&ystem /perators for reliability an

ecurity of the system to avoid blackout&maBor collapse.

1. "hile allowing shutdown especially on 6??kV transmission lines it must be ascertaine

that even after the outage, n!1 contingency criteria is not violated, either directly o

through cross trip schemes.

'. "hile allowing shutdown on any 6??kV auto transformers, n!1 contingency criteria ma

not be violated.

2. 5efore permitting shutdown, the load!shedding may be implemented so that the loadin

of the system remains within the safety criteria all the time.

4. -he system frequency control must be with hydel stations i.e. %angla&-arbela in a

seasons for effective control. t may be achieved even at the cost of water spillage&hyde

energy.

6. pinning must be made available at all times so the system can have some reserve t

meet with eventualities. -he spinning must be as per the standard rule of being equal to th

largest unit on bar i.e. about 4??%" is required round the clock. pinning should be o

units that have a high pick up.

48



8. requency of the system should be maintained within the specified limit i.e. P1C

<. +ross!trip schemes must be revised and implemented according to seasonal load flow

pattern.

=. $conomic consideration must not supersede the reliability, safety and security standard

>. -he system voltages should not be allowed to drop below 6C allowable limit in norma

circumstances and to meet the criteria, e7tra generation be taken on bar or load sheddin

implemented, if other measures to boost the voltage have e7hausted.

1?. n case of 6??kV transformers, the loading should be kept within 1??C normally, a

outage of transformers at any big station cab also result in blackout on the system

however, short time overloading as per approved criteria may be allowed keeping in view

oil&winding temperature.

)+-4 CONTIN3ENC( PLAN FOR LACK START OF TARELA PO!E

STATION iss%e 7$ NPCC Is8a#a7a in Octo7er 2++'1

-his plan is useful in restoration of station au7iliary supply and helps prompt restoration o

the system as well.

1. *onXt panic please.

'. /pen ''?kV circuit breaker *<Q1, *<Q' and *<Q2 to isolate ''?kv and 6??V system

at -arbela.

2. /pen ''?kV lines circuit breaker for all the lines, if they are in closed position.

4. tart *iesel 0eneration :o9 1 '

6. /pen all 11kV station supply circuit breakers $R+$#- 11kV 5;$A$; :o. 1 '

on 11kV flank A 5 respectively.

4<



8. +lose 11kV circuit breakers of *iesel 0enerator :o. 1 ', #ower upply for Kn

au7iliaries will appear on respective ;#*+ for Knits (1!4).

<. solate both the ''?kV bus bars.

=. tart any of the Knit 1!4 on Y%anual %odeZ and build up rated voltage after ensurin

that :/ :*+A-/: #$;- : +ontrol ;oom.

>. +lose the relevant circuit breaker Q' of the unit to connect it with ''?kV 5us 5ar :o. '

:ow 5us 5ar :o. ' is energi@ed.

1?. /pen 11kV incoming circuit breaker for both the *iesel 0enerator sets.

11. +lose ''?kV circuit breaker *8Q', #- :o. 1 will be energi@ed. :ow station norma

supply is restored.

1'. +lose all the 11kV circuit breaker to restore the complete station Au7iliary powe

supply.

12. $nsure availability of power supply to compressors at witchyard before any furthe

operation of circuit breakers.

14. ;eset 6?V '2?V 5attery +hargers at witchyard and #ower House and ensure th

load shifted from batteries to chargers.

16. tart 'nd Knit on ''?kV side after ensuring that :/ :*+A-/: #$;- i

+ontrol ;oom.

18. +onnect the 'nd Knit to ''?kV slamabad line, if so desired by :#++ by closing *4Q

in case Knit :o. 2 has been started. %ake sure that ''?kV circuit breaker *4Q' *4Q

are open.

1<. +lose ''?kV circuit breaker *4Q1 ''?kV, 5us 5ar :o.1 is energi@ed now.

4=



1=. +lose ''?kV circuit breaker *6Q1, #-!' is energi@ed now.

1>. $nsure that 11kV station supply buses flank A and flank 5 are energi@ed with -$

circuit breaker open.

'?. /pen ''?kV circuit breaker *Q' of the first started unit. -he first started unit is o

:3 with voltage built up, keep it running on :3. tation supply will be available from

#-!'.

'1. $nsure that all 6??kV circuit breakers are open e7cept 5ay =.

''. +omplete 5ay < on ''?kV side to energi@e 6??kV 5us 5ars 1'. :ow both 6??kV

5us 5ars are energi@ed.

'2. or further restoration proceed as desired by :#++.

)+-* PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS IN THREE9PHASES(STEMS-ransformers are in parallel operation if they are connected in parallel on at least two

sides or #arallel operation means direct terminal!to!terminal connection between

transformers in the same installations. A distinction should be made between bus bar

interconnection and network interconnection. /nly two!winding transformers are

considered. -he logic is also applicable to banks of three single!phase transformers.

4>



-he following four conditions must be satisfied in order to avoid dangerous transient

currents and for economical load sharing and successful parallel operation of two or

more transformers9

a1 T;e sa#e >ector 0ro%p @inin0 connections/p;ase9an08e re8ation/c8oc"9;o%rn%#7er1

71 T;e sa#e ratio @it; so#e to8erance an si#i8ar tappin0 ran0e

c1 T;e sa#e percenta0e i#peance >o8ta0e @it; so#e to8erance J )+1 sa#ere8ati>e s;ort9circ%it i#peance-his also means that the variation of relative impedance across the tapping range

should be similar for the two transformers. "hen operating transformers in parallel,

their relative impedances will determine how they share the load. -ransformers willdivide load in inverse proportion to their impedance (the transformer having less

impedance will tend to carry more load and vice versa). :ote that the impedances of

two transformers should not be more than 1?C apart for economical load sharing.

1 T;e sa#e po@er ratin0t is not advisable to combine transformers of widely different power rating (say, more

than 19'). -he natural relative impedance for optimal designs varies with the si@e of

the transformer. ;ated power capacity ratio should be smaller than 291.

n practice, a mismatch of relative loading of no more than about 1? C between two

transformers of non!identical designs should be regarded as reasonable.

)+-' LOADIN3 OF TRANSFORMERS 3UIDE FOR SHORT DURATION

EMER3ENC( AND C(CLIC O.ER9LOADIN3 OF PO!ER TRANSFORMERS REFERENCE IEC '+&*4 LOADIN3 3UIDE FOR OIL9IMMERSED PO!ER TRANSFORMERS AND IEC'+6+* LOADIN3 3UIDEFOR DR(9T(PE PO!ER TRANSFORMERS1 THE SAME 3UIDELINESARE ALSO RECOMMENDED AND ISSUED ( THE DESI3N TB3DEPARTMENT .IDE CED/NTDC/DSR/4'5*9,4 DATED )5-2+-2++)1

6?



*uring normal operation of a transformer, in addition to its rated power for continuous

loading, it can be temporarily over loaded within the permissible limits.

-he bushings, tap changers and other au7iliary equipment shall not to restrict the

loading capabilities of the transformer.

-he power transformers in "A#*A system generally conform to $+!8??<8 whichcan be overloaded to certain e7tent depending upon ambient air temperature and

previous average loading condition of the transformers. n this regard details are given

in $+!8?264 Y3oading guideZ for oil immersed transformers which may be gone

through for more knowledge on the subBect. However, convenience the salient

points&instructions abstracted from the said $+ guide are given below for ready

reference and knowledge of operational staff for implementation9

1. n normal cyclic duty (once in every '4 hours) the transformers can be overloaded

up to 16?C of its rated power in accordance with -able!1 to R. n these tables 1indicates the average percentage load on transformer before over!loading. '

indicates percentage load during the period of over loading and t indicates time in

hours.

'. -hese tables are based on ambient air temperature of ?[+, 1?[+, '?[+, 2?[+ and

4?[+. or operation at 6?[+ ambient air temperature special consideration has to be

made.

2. n emergency conditions (once in a few months) the transformer can be over loaded

for short duration to the e7tent given in -able!1 to R below, provided that the windinghot spot temperature and top oil temperature do not e7ceed 14?[+ and 116[+

respectively. -he figure of 116[+ for top oil temperature is tentative in actual practice

this value has to be limited to the temperature at which the conservator is completely

full of oil.

4. -he transformer is e7pected to work for its normal life span if operated

continuously at a load such that winding hot spot temperature does not e7ceed >= [+.

or each 8 [+ rise in temperature above >= [+ the transformerXs life is reduced to 6?C.

t means that a transformer e7pected to give service for 2? years if operated at >= [+winding temperature would run only for 16 years if operated continuously at 1?4 [+.

6. As winding temperature and top oil temperature determine the effect of over

loading on determination of the insulation and the resultant reduction of transformerXs

life, utmost efforts should be made to keep the temperature gauges and the thermal

protective devices in proper working order.

61



TALE I

ONAN an ONAF Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re +C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 N'?? N'?? N'?? '?? '?? 1>2

tT1 '?? '?? 1>4 12= 1=1 1<'

tT' 1<= 1<2 18< 182 16= 16'

tT4 161 14= 146 142 14? 128

tT8 12= 12< 126 124 12' 12?

tT= 12' 121 12? 1'> 1'= 1'8

tT1' 1'6 1'6 1'4 1'4 1'2 1''

tT'4 118 118 118 118 118 118

TALE II

ONAN an ONAF Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re )+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 N'?? N'?? N'?? 1>> 1== 1<2

tT1 '?? 1>' 1=' 1<8 18< 164tT' 18> 182 16< 16' 14< 12<

tT4 14' 12> 128 122 12? 1'4

tT8 121 1'> 1'< 1'6 1'2 11>

tT= 1'4 1'2 1'' 1'1 11> 116

tT1' 11< 11< 118 118 116 11'

tT'4 1?= 1?= 1?= 1?= 1?= 1?=

TALE III

ONAN an ONAF Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re 2+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 N'?? N'?? 1>2 1=2 18> 1??

tT1 1=> 1=? 1<? 18' 16? 1??

6'



tT' 16> 162 148 141 12' 1??

tT4 124 121 1'< 1'4 11= 1??

tT8 1'2 1'1 11= 118 11' 1??

tT= 118 116 112 11' 1?> 1??

tT1' 11? 1?> 1?= 1?< 1?6 1??tT'4 1?? 1?? 1?? 1?? 1?? 1??

TALE I.

ONAN an ONAF Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re &+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 N'?? 1>' 1<= 184 1'8 !

tT1 1<8 18= 166 146 11? !

tT' 14> 14' 124 1'8 >> !

tT4 1'4 1'1 118 111 >6 !

tT8 114 111 1?= 1?4 >2 !

tT= 1?= 1?8 1?4 1?1 >2 !

tT1' 1?1 1?? >> >< >' !

tT'4 >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 !

TALE .

ONAN an ONAF Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re 4+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 1>? 1<< 16= 11= ! !

tT1 184 164 12< 1?4 ! !

62



tT' 12< 12? 11= >6 ! !

tT4 116 11? 1?2 == ! !

tT8 1?4 1?1 >8 =8 ! !

tT= >= >8 >' =4 ! !

tT1' >' >1 == =2 ! !tT'4 =' =' =' =' ! !

TALE .I

OFAF an ON!F Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re +C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 1<< 1<2 18= 184 18? 166

tT1 182 181 166 16' 14> 146

tT' 14< 146 14' 141 12= 128

tT4 122 12' 121 12? 1'> 1'<

tT8 1'< 1'8 1'8 1'6 1'4 1'2

tT= 1'2 1'2 1'' 1'' 1'' 1'1

tT1' 11> 11> 11> 11> 11= 11=

tT'4 114 141 114 114 114 114

TALE .II

OFAF an ON!F Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re )+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 1<? 186 18? 168 16' 146

tT1 16< 162 14= 146 14' 126

64



tT' 141 12= 128 124 121 1'8

tT4 1'< 1'8 1'4 1'2 1'' 11>

tT8 1'1 1'? 11> 11> 11= 116

tT= 11< 11< 118 116 116 112

tT1' 112 112 11' 11' 11' 11?tT'4 1?< 1?< 1?< 1?< 1?< 1?<

TALE .III

OFAF an ON!F Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re 2+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 181 16< 161 148 141 1??

tT1 14= 144 12> 128 121 1??

tT' 122 12? 1'< 1'6 1'1 1??

tT4 11> 11= 118 116 112 1??

tT8 112 11' 111 11? 1?> 1??

tT= 11? 1?> 1?= 1?= 1?8 1??

tT1' 1?8 1?6 1?6 1?6 1?4 1??

tT'4 1?? 1?? 1?? 1?? 1?? 1??

TALE I

OFAF an ON!F Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re &+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 162 14> 14' 128 1'? !

tT1 14? 128 121 1'8 111 !

66



tT' 1'6 1'2 11> 118 1?4 !

tT4 112 111 1?> 1?< >> !

tT8 1?< 1?8 1?4 1?2 >8 !

tT= 1?2 1?' 1?1 1?? >6 !

tT1' >> >= >= >< >4 !tT'4 >' >' >' >' >' !

TALE

OFAF an ON!F Transfor#ers A#7ient Air Te#perat%re 4+C.a8%es of K 2 for 0i>en >a8%es on K ) an t

1T'6 1T6? 1T<? 1T=? 1T>? 1T1??

tT?.6 144 12> 121 11> ! !

tT1 121 1'< 1'? 1?> ! !

tT' 11< 114 11? 1?? ! !

tT4 1?6 1?2 1?? >4 ! !

tT8 >= >< >6 >? ! !

tT= >6 >4 >2 => ! !

tT1' >1 >? => =8 ! !

tT'4 =4 =4 =4 =4 ! !

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