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    Sources of Water Supply

    & Water QualityDWCL CE526 AY15-162S Lecture 3

    Russela Louise V. Barcenas-Alvarado, CE

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    Distribution of Earths Water

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    Hydrologic Cycle

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    Stream flow

    Direct runoff

    GW exfiltration

    Precipitation

    Abstractions

    Evaporation Infiltration

    Interception

    Trapping

    Surface Water Hydrology

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    Water Table (unconfined) Aquifer

    Springs

    Perched Water Table

    Artesian (Confined) Aquifer

    Groundwater Hydrology

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    Groundwater Aquifers

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    Water Quality

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    Physical

    Chemical

    Microbiological

    Radiological

    Drinking Water Quality Categories

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    Turbidity Presence of suspended material

    Turbidity Unit (TU) or Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)

    Colour Caused by dissolved organic material

    Colour produced by 1 mg of Pt in a litre of water

    Taste andOdour

    Caused by foreign matter such as organic compounds,inorganic salts or dissolved gases

    Temperature GW and SW from mountainous areas are generally cool

    Most palatable: 10-15 (N. America), 4.4-10(India)

    Physical Characteristics

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    Total Solids and Suspended SolidsPH Value

    Hardness

    Chloride

    Chemical Characteristics

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    NitrogenMetals

    Dissolved Gases

    Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand

    Chemical Characteristics

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    The examination of water for the presence of bacteria is

    important for the water supply engineer from the viewpointof public health. The bacteria may be harmless to mankindor harmful to mankind. The former category is known asnon-pathogenic bacteria and the later category is known aspathogenic bacteria.

    The selective medium that promote the growth of particularbacteria and inbuilt the growth of other organisms is used inthe lab to detect the presence of the required bacteria,usually coliform bacteria.

    Microbiological Characteristics

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    PlantCountTest

    Total number of bacteria presents in an ml of water is counted

    Drinking water should not have more than 10 coliforms/100ml

    M.P.N.Test

    MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) of B-coli per 100ml of water

    as referred to the standard statistical tables (Maccardys)

    For drinking water, the M.P.N. should not be more than 2

    Microbiological Characteristics

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    The development and use of atomic energy and the mining

    of radioactive materials, as well as naturally occurringradioactive materials, have made it necessary to establishlimiting concentrations for the intake into the body ofradioactive substances, including drinking water.

    Water with high radioactivity is not normal and is confinedin great degree to areas where nuclear industries aresituated.

    Radiological Characteristics

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    Philippine National Standardsfor Drinking Water 2007

    PNSDW 2007

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    ConstituentMax Level (mg/L) orCharacteristic

    Method of Analysis

    Taste No objectionable taste Sensory Evaluation Technique

    Odour No objectionable odour Sensory Evaluation Technique

    Colour ApparentTrue

    10 colour units5 colour units

    Visual ComparisonColorimetric

    Turbidity 5 NTU Turbidimetry

    Aluminium 0.2 FAAS, EAAS, ICP, Colorimetry

    Chloride 250.0 Argentometric Method, IC

    Copper 1.0FAAS, EAAS, ICP, NeocuproineMethod, Bathocuproine Method

    Hardness 300 as CaCO3 FAAS, EAAS, ICP, Colorimetry

    Standard Values for Physical & ChemicalQuality for Acceptability Aspects

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    ConstituentMax Level (mg/L) orCharacteristic

    Method of Analysis

    Iron 1.0Phenanthroline, AAS, ICP, ColorimetricMethod

    Manganese 0.4 Persulfate Method, AAS, ICP/MS

    pH 6.5 8.5 Electrometric method

    Sodium 200 AAS (Flame absorption mode) ,ICP/MS, Flame Photometry

    Sulphate 250Turbidimetric Method, IonChromatography, Gravimetric Method

    TDS 500 Gravimetric, dried at 180oC

    Zinc 5.0 FAAS, ICP, ICP/MS

    Standard Values for Physical & ChemicalQuality for Acceptability Aspects


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