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Space Situational Awareness: Sensing, Processing, and

IntegratingIntelligent Sensors | Intelligent Software | Intelligent Solutions

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Situational awareness

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Describes any situation requiring perceptual information that is critical to decision-making or task execution

Data collection

Communication

AR&D

Formation flight

Inspection

Localization

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Sensor systems that address situational awareness requirements provide perceptual information that is critical to decision-making and task execution. Sensors facilitate situational awareness, by providing data – raw or processed – to higher level systems. Accurate, precise – properly, efficiently, reliably Mars Exploration Rovers – Spirit and Opportunity (2003) Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems CNRS Toulouse


How we do situational awareness

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Sensing

Processing Integrating


Sensing: 3D sensors overview

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Sensing signalActive

Passive

Range measureTriangulation

Time-of-flight (TOF)

Spatial measureScannerless

Scanning

E.g., stereopsis

Passive

Triangulation

Scannerless

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Sensing: 3D metrics overview

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Basic performance is characterized by four metrics

Range precisionRepeatability of range measurement

Triangulation: Time-of-flight:

Spatial precisionRepeatability of sampling kernel position

Scanning: depends on aim precision.Scannerless: depends on detectorpixel size.

Spatial resolutionMin. spacing providing new information

Scanning: depends on Nyquist atgiven range (i.e., ¼ kernel size).Scannerless: depends on pixel size atgiven range.

Voxel rateMeasure of 3D measurements in time

In general, longer integration times arerequired as range increases, so voxelrates decrease with range.

¾R

¾R / ¾pR2

¾R / ¾t

¾S

±S


Intelligent long range optical system for e.g., Earth observation or star tracking Very small form factor with accommodations to various optical mounts On-board data processing: compression, subsampling, classification, change

monitoring, centroiding

Physical Data Supports a wide variety of optical design Mass: 1.25kg Operating power 3W @ 5V Dimensions: 4.3” x 5.3” x 1.1” Radiation hardened electrical and optical components

Imaging capability Frame rate: up to 30fps Resolution of up 1024 x 1024 pixels, window support Full control over exposure time, 1/30th to 10 seconds Programmable gain, noise correction Dual slope dynamic range expansion

2D Sensing: Long Range Optical Sensor (LROS)

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3D Sensing: Laser Camera System (LCS)

Autosynchronous triangulation sensor Flight qualified STS-114 to present

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Laser Wavelength 1500nm (IR)

Laser Class Class 3B

Field of View 30º X 30º

Spatial Resolution 800µm to 1mm (1m to 5m)

Range Precision 0.8mm to 11mm (1m to 5m)

Voxel Rate ~10kpps (at 1m)

Spatial Precision 0.05mm to 0.25mm (1m to5m)

Weight < 26.5lbs

Dimensions 15.75” x 10.75” x 11.87”

Command/Data Interface Ethernet, RS422

Operating Environment -110ºC to +5ºC

Power Interface 28V DC

Power Consumption Operational: 100W max.

Relative Accuracy ~1µm at 2”

Presenter

Presentation Notes



3D Sensing: Triangulation LiDAR (TriDAR)

Automated Rendezvous and Docking (AR&D) sensor: STS-128, STS-132 Tested as rover navigation sensor


Laser Class TOF: 3R, Tri: 3B

Laser Wavelength TOF: 1540nm, Tri: 1400nm

Spatial Precision 0.9mm to 0.5cm (10m to 100m)

Range Precision < 25mm

Spatial Resolution Adjustable 0.125mm to 1.5mm, 1m to 10m. 2.5mm at 100m.

Voxel Rate 8-12 kpps

Operating Environment -29ºC to 50ºC

Field Of View 30º x 30º

Power Interface 28V DC

Power Consumption ~70W

Physical Characteristics 35lbs, 10” x 10” x 8”

Command/Data Interface Ethernet, RS-422 (dual)

Range (Bearing & Range mode) 3km

Range (6 DOF Tracking mode) 400m

IR Imager Range (ISS Target) >40km w/ 12x16 degree FOV

Tracking Accuracy ~1 cm, ~1 deg


3D Sensing: Hawkeye

Hawkeye is a proximity sensor providing: Collision avoidance for satellites Situational awareness in formation flying Threat tracking

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Laser Class 3B

Laser Wavelength 1064 nm

Laser Power 25mJ pulse, 0.3Hz, 4ns (208MW)

Operational Range 50m to 30km

Range Precision 45mm

Range Accuracy ±2m

Operating Environment -21ºC to +40ºC, 10-10 torr vacuum

Power Interface 28V MIL-STD-461 compliant

Power Consumption Standby 2.2W @ 28VMaximum 20W @ max fire rate

Physical Characteristics 6.6lbs (3kg), 4.9” x 5.6” x 8.2”

Command/Data Interface RS422 serial

Onboard Computing Supports on-orbit upload of operational software

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Hawkeye Laser Rangefinder Hawkeye is a Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) qualified LIDAR based range finder. It has been specifically designed for the US Military to provide Satellite Situational Awareness. Hawkeye provides ranging and situational awareness information on any surrounding space vehicles, satellites or debris. Its compact from factor is specifically designed for use on small satellites. It weighs less than 3 kg, consumes as little as 2.2W and has an operational range in excess of 30km. Hawkeye supports a simple command and control interface through an RS422 serial port. Laser source can be set in standby mode between range measurements to reduce power usage and ease thermal management. Specifications: Physical Data Mass: 3kg Power interface: 28V MIL-STD-461 compliant Standby power 2.2W @28V Maximum power 20W at maximum fire rate Dimensions: 4.9”x5.6”x8.2” Ranging capability Reach in excess of 30km depending on the object size and reflectivity Range resolution: 0.9m Range accuracy: +/-2m Software interface RS422 data interface Full control over range finder operation On board calibration electronics In-field software upload Laser source 1064nm NdYag Laser source 6MW laser source, 4ns pulses Maximum PRF: 0.3Hz Beam divergence: 1mrad


Processing: Angels processor card

Low power and high performance, for low or high Earth orbit applications

Features: High performance floating point DSP, up to 167MHz clock rate (<1GFLOPS) 512kB of internal program cache, 512kB of dual-access internal data memory. 128kB of fully redundant EEPROM 64MB of volatile memory (optional) Hardware watchdogs Advanced built-in self-test and monitoring RS422 serial interface Supports remote software upload General purpose digital interface

Power Consumption: 1W Dimensions: 3.7” x 5.4”

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Angels Processor card A high performance processor card designed to support a wide range of satellite payload computational demands. The on-board high performance DSP provides 1M Bit on-chip SRAM and up to 1GFLOPS of processing power. With hardware support for double precision floating point operations, this processor card is ideal for scientific applications. The on-board FPGA can be user programmed for increased data processing capability and ease of interfacing to external devices. This processor card consumes as little as 1 Watt of power when operated at lower clock speed. Its radiation-hardened design is well suited for low and high orbit applications. Size 5.4”x7” or 5.4” x3.5” without high voltage supply


Processing: REACT processor card

High performance computer, qualified at LEO

Features: PowerPC MPC8548, 1.2GHz core clock 64kB of L1 cache, 512kB of L2 cache with parity protection 512MB of DDR2 memory with ECC protection and scrubbing 256MB of fully redundant Flash memory with Reed-Solomon FEC and double device

correction Integrated software and hardware watchdogs Advanced build in self test and monitoring Xilinx Virtex 2 Pro (XC2VP20) FPGA 2 x RS422 interface 2 x USB 2.0 interfaces 2 x 100Mbps Ethernet ports 3 x I2C Serial Interfaces Custom I/O interface

Power: 12W Dimensions: 4.8” x 10.7” x 0.9”

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Neptec’s REACT high performance processor card is targeted for LEO applications. It is fully space qualified and has flight heritage on multiple missions. The onboard PowerPC MPC8548 provides over 3000MIPS of processing power. It also offers double precision floating point with vectorization, a capability that makes this device a high-performance processing solution for a wide range of scientific applications. A Virtex FPGA can be user programmed for increased data processing capability and ease the interfacing to external devices. REACT runs a ruggedized Linux 2.6 Operating System and comes with a complete SDK. This configuration is ideal for rapid prototyping on a desktop environment and eases migration to the flight platform.


Integrating: Juno rover

ISRU rover for autonomous or teleoperated exploration and exploitation tasks

Being developed by a team of leading organizations Team leader and system integrator, also provide vision systems and hardware In conjunction with Canadian Space Agency Successful formal testing using TriDAR as navigation sensor

Met or exceeded all test objectives (Hawaii 2008, 2010; Desert Rat 2007) Regolith excavation and autonomous navigation to processing plant

Unique and flexible design can scale from Mars rover to lunar rover

Designed for harsh Martian and lunar environment

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Neptec’s REACT high performance processor card is targeted for LEO applications. It is fully space qualified and has flight heritage on multiple missions. The onboard PowerPC MPC8548 provides over 3000MIPS of processing power. It also offers double precision floating point with vectorization, a capability that makes this device a high-performance processing solution for a wide range of scientific applications. A Virtex FPGA can be user programmed for increased data processing capability and ease the interfacing to external devices. REACT runs a ruggedized Linux 2.6 Operating System and comes with a complete SDK. This configuration is ideal for rapid prototyping on a desktop environment and eases migration to the flight platform.


Integrating: Combined Laser Communication and Situational Awareness System (CSAS)Combining network positioning and communication in one system

Laser communication High bandwidth, secure communication link Unique implementation of a beacon-free laser communication system Signaling to multiple spacecrafts simultaneously (master to N slaves)

Situational Awareness Unique combination of small size optics and

automatic acquisition system is a technology enabler for microsatellite to small satellite architecture

Short range – 2km operation Being developed in collaboration with the

Canadian government and satellite manufacturer


Partners and affiliations

Government organizations OEMs and system integrators Defense research institutions Private companies Universities and colleges

space situational awareness: sensing, processing, … · space situational awareness: sensing,...

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