Space - The Final Frontier?!?• Move to the Moon?

I. Unit I – Birth of Modern America

A. Topics for Unit

1. Territorial Expansion

2. Age of Invention and Innovation

3. Expanding Markets and Business

Manifest Destiny

II. Settling the West• A. Manifest Destiny - 1. The inevitable

acquiring of territory from the Atlantic to

the Pacific ocean. 2.The goal for the post Civil War Era is

settlement of the Great Plains.

Lewis and Clark

Pompey’s Pillar where Clark carved his name.

28 miles east of Billings MT

"…arrived at a remarkable rock situated in an extensive bottom… this rock I ascended and from it's top had a most extensive view in every direction. This rock which I shall call Pompy's Tower is 200 feet high and 400 paces in secumpherance and only axcessable on one Side … The nativs have ingraved on the face of this rock the figures of animals & near which I marked my name and the day of the month & year." (Underlining added)

The Columbia – The Great River of the West.

II. Settling the West• B. The Mining Industry• 1. Gold and Silver

Discoveries (California 1849 Colorado 1858 Black Hills of South Dakota 1868)• 2. Other minerals will be

needed for the growing industries of the east.

• 3. Many territories gain statehood due to the boom of mining.

Mining today… The Kennecott copper mine 30 miles outside Salt Lake City Utah is the largest mine in the world. It spans over2 ½ miles wide and ¾ mile deep.

The

Wild, Wild

West!

Who is it – Legends of the Wild West…

• Butch Cassidy

• Jesse James

• “Wild” Bill Hickok

• Billy the Kid

• Buffalo Bill Cody

• Wyatt Earp

• Annie Oakley

• Calamity Jane

• “Doc” Holliday

Legends William McCartyAka “Billie the Kid”(1859 – 1880)

Exploits include 21 deaths. One for each year of his life. Acattle rustlerand a gambler.Famous lawmanPat Garret broughtBilly to Justice byshooting himin the chest.

Legends

• Butch Cassidy, aka: Robert Leroy Parker, Hiram Bebee (1867-1911 or 1937)

• he worked on several ranches and at a butcher shop in Rock Springs, Wyoming for a brief time. It was when he worked for the meat cutter, that he got the nickname of "Butch." Later, he borrowed his friend's name "Cassidy." Butch went on to lead the Wild Bunch gang, which robbed trains and banks in Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico.

• Harry Longabaugh, aka "Sundance Kid," Frank Smith, H.A. Brown, Harry A. Place, Harry Long (1867-1911?)

• In 1900, the Sundance Kid met Butch Cassidy and moved to the Robber's Roost in Utah, joining the Wild Bunch.

LegendsWhat is the Dead Man’s Hand?

Wild Bill (James) Hickok (1837 – 1876)Becomes famous for hisshooting ability and poker playing. Shot deadwhile playing.

Legends• Born in Princeton,

Missouri on May 1, 1852 as Martha Cannary, Calamity Jane would later grow up to look and act like a man, shoot like a cowboy, drink like a fish, and exaggerate the tales of her life to any and all who would listen. She died August 3, 1903 and is buried next to Wild Bill Hickok in Deadwood, South Dakota.

Legends

Buffalo Bill (1846-1917)William F. CodySelf-ascribed Buffalo Hunter.Killed over 4,000 in one year.Tours with a “variety” show.

Cody’s own theatrical genius revealed itself in 1883. West, an outdoor extravaganza that dramatized some of the most picturesque elements of frontier life: a buffalo hunt with real buffalos, an Indian attack on the Deadwood stage with real Indians, a Pony Express ride, and at the climax, a tableau presentation of Custer’s Last Stand in which some Lakota who had actually fought in the battle played a part. Half circus and half history lesson, mixing sentimentality with sensationalism, the show proved an enormous success, touring the country for three decades and playing to enthusiastic crowds across Europe.In later years Buffalo Bill’s Wild West would star the sharpshooter Annie Oakley, the first "King of the Cowboys," Buck Taylor, and for one season, "the slayer of General Custer," Chief Sitting Bull.

LegendsAnnie Oakley

Annie Oakley (1860-1926)For seventeen years Annie Oakley was the Wild West Show's star attraction with her

marvelous shooting feats. At 90 feet Annie could shoot a dime tossed in midair. In one day with a .22 rifle she shot 4,472 of 5,000 glass balls tossed in midair. With the thin

edge of a playing card facing her at 90 feet, Annie could hit the card and puncture it with

five or six more shots as it settled to the ground. It was from this that free tickets with

holes punched in them came to be called "Annie Oakley’s." Shooting the ashes off a cigarette held in Frank's mouth was part of

the Butler and Oakley act

Legends• Jesse James (1847 –

1882)• Jesse justified much of

his actions by his hatred of the Industrial North, feeling as if he were continuing the fight through his outlaw activities. Beginning in 1866, the gang robbed their way across the Western frontier for the next fifteen years.

Shoot out at the OK Corral

October 26, 1881Tombstone, Arizona

The Lawmen Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp and “Doc” Holliday.

Frank and Tom Mclaury and Billy Clanton

C. The Cattle Kingdom

• 1. Prior to the Civil War it was not profitable to round up cattle and ship them east.

• 2. Greater demand and higher prices provide growth in ranching.

Brand

C. The Cattle Kingdom• 3. With the vast open

range and the railroad reaching the Great Plains ranching becomes big business.

• 4. A cowboy culture and wild west lifestyle evolved but was short lived.

Cow Towns

Trail Heads

ThenAnd Now

Before the Civil War, the Shawnee Trail led Texas cattlemen to markets in Kansas City and St. Louis. Following the war, increased settlement closed that route, and in 1866 Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving blazed a trail west to the New Mexico and Colorado markets, called the Goodnight-Loving Trail. Soon, however, railheads in Kansas led cowboys up the Chisholm Trail to Abilene, and up the Western Trail to Dodge City and points north.

Cow TownsEstablished in 1872, Dodge City began as a center of the buffalo trade, but after 1876, Texas cattle and cowboys were the town's economic mainstay. Dodge kept them coming up the Western Trail with a free-for-all attitude that soon made it one of the most violent towns in the West. Local farmers finally closed the area to cattle drives in 1885, and the "Queen of the Cowtowns" passed into legend.

II. Settling the West• D. Vigilance Committees

• 1. As population growth outpaced services such as law enforcement maintaining law and order became a volunteer duty.

• 2. A wild west style “justice” system develops that is not always just.

Vigilante Justice – You make the call…

• Do you agree or disagree with the way the situation was handled… how could it be handled differently or what would you have done?

• A group of Freshmen steal money from the homecoming dance that was intended to be used for sophomores when they have prom.

• The sophomores form a group to beat them up and get the money back.

Vigilante Justice – You make the call…

• Do you agree or disagree with the way the situation was handled… how could it be handled differently or what would you have done?

• Mr. Jones house is in an isolated area. He is offered an illegal gun to protect himself. He says no.

• Mr. Jones house has been robbed three times. He is offered the same illegal gun. He still says no.

Vigilante Justice – You make the call…

• Do you agree or disagree with the way the situation was handled… how could it be handled differently or what would you have done?

• The city subways are considered dangerous at night so Amanda carries a concealed gun she does not have a permit for.

Vigilante Justice – You make the call…

• Do you agree or disagree with the way the situation was handled… how could it be handled differently or what would you have done?

• Adam and Michael see a man trying to hotwire a car. They run over grab him and begin to hit him as they yell at him for trying to steal the car.

Vigilante Justice – You make the call…

• Do you agree or disagree with the way the situation was handled… how could it be handled differently or what would you have done?

• Three teenagers try to steal two bikes from your property. They threaten you with a knife and flee, you hunt them down and run one of them over with your truck.

II. Settling the West

• E. End of the Open range and cattle drive.

• 1. Competition from farmers and sheep ranchers.

• 2. Invention of barbed wire allows for fenced in ranching.

II. Settling the West• F. Farming the Great

Plains• 1. Homestead Act 1862• - Incentive to settle the

great plains. First come first serve, lottery or land rush, is how people picked their parcels.

• - For a small registration fee a settler could file to receive a 160 acres of public land.

• - Settlers had to make improvements and live on the land for 5 years in order to gain title.

Frontier Living - Survival

• For your assigned reading…

• Highlight information that focuses on the major challenges encountered by the settlers.

Oklahoma Land Rush 1890’s• Over 50,000 lined up

in 1893 to stake their claim to the last of good public land in the Oklahoma territory.

• Literally overnight Oklahoma City grew from nothing to a town of 10,000.

Homestead Survivor

•Could you survive for 5 years on the

Great Plains????

Ruts forever left in the desert by wagons heading west.

•60,000,000 Buffalo

•1,500,000 Horses

•Prairie Dogs

•Elk

•Deer

•Cougar

•Coyote

Wild Animals Roam Free

Yes, even the prairie dog is an image of the west

II. Settling the West• 2. Conditions – Referred

to as the Great American Desert

• - sod homes, lack of wood (sodbusters)

• - weather extremes• - prairie fires• - little access to water

for wells and drought conditions for crops

Native American Conflict

• Not only did the settlers west encounter great difficulty surviving on their land, they additionally were confronted with the task of dealing with a group that they had no skill or training with which to deal.

Exploration and Settlement 1850-1890

Native American Lands - 1850

Native American Lands - 1865

Native American Lands - 1880

Native American Lands - 1990’s

Native American Lands Today

III. The Native American Conflict• A. Clash of Cultures

The Native Tribes

Red ArrowLakota

Conquering BearOgala

GeronimoApache

“Dances with Wolves”

• The Sioux or Lakota• One of the first films

to portray the greatness of the Sioux culture rather than the stereotypes of Natives as savages.

III. The Native American Conflict

• B. Government Policies• 1. Indian Removal Act

of 1830• - Movement of all

Indians to west of the Mississippi on one giant reservation.

• - Trail of Tears – Cherokee Nation forced death march from Georgia to Oklahoma.

III. The Native American Conflict• 2. Unofficial policy – The

Buffalo Slaughter• - Destroy the culture by

destroying the source of livelihood for Native Americans. The Buffalo Hunt for profit and sport.

• Early 1800’s 60,000,000 buffalo freely roamed by the late 1889’s only 85 wild buffalo exist in the U.S.

III. The Native American Conflict• C. Clashes on the Great

Plains (1860-1870’s)

• 1. Sioux vs. the settlers and government

• 2. A cycle of relocation of tribes, broken treaties and retaliation on both sides.

III. The Native American Conflict

• 3. Indian Peace Commission – 1867

• - Proposal was to create 2 large reservations.

• - Doomed to failure• - No way to make tribal

followers abide by the plan

• - No way to prevent settlers from violating the terms of the treaty.

Thought For Discussion

• What does it mean to act honorably? Give one example of how the Lakota Sioux tried to live their lives with honor and one example of how the soldiers acted dishonorably.

Individual Actions Do Matter!

• How did the action of just a few American soldiers tarnish the reputation of the US military?

• How many soldiers died because of their dishonor?

The Last Native American Wars

Battle of Little Big Horn

Battle at Wounded Knee

III. The Native American Conflict• D. The last Native American Wars• 1. Battle of Little Big Horn (Custer’s Last Stand)• (As a result of settlers violating treaty conditions the

Lakota left their reservations to hunt in Montana. The military was dispatched to round up the Lakota and take them back.)

• - Ignoring orders General George Armstrong Custer launched an attack against the Lakota led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

• - 586 troops encountered 7,000 Lakota and Cheyenne on June 25, 1876. Annihilation of Custer’s troops.

THE LAKOTA WAR

1875

A Senate commission meeting with Red Cloud and other Lakota chiefs to negotiate legal access for the miners rushing to the Black Hills offers to buy the region for $6 million. But the Lakota refuse to alter the terms of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, and declare they will protect their lands from intruders if the government won't.

1876

Federal authorities order the Lakota chiefs to report to their reservations by January 31. Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and others defiant of the American government refuse.

General Philip Sheridan orders General George Crook, General Alfred Terry and Colonel Jon, Gibbon to drive Sitting Bull and the other chiefs onto the reservation through a combined assault. On June 17, Crazy Horse and 500 warriors surprise General Crook's troops on the Rosebud River, forcing them to retreat. On June 25, George Armstrong Custer, part of General Terry's force, discovers Sitting Bull's encampment on the Little Bighorn River. Terry had ordered Custer to drive the enemy down the Little Bighorn toward Gibbon's forces, who were waiting at its mouth, but when he charges the village Custer discovers that he is outnumbered four-to-one. Hundreds of Lakota warriors overwhelm his troops, killing them to the last man, in a battle later called Custer's Last Stand. News of the massacre shocks the nation, and Sheridan floods the region with troops who methodically hunt down the Lakota and force them to surrender. Sitting Bull, however, eludes capture by leading his band to safety in Canada.

Custer’s Last Stand

• US Military orders all Native Americans to move to Reservations and give up lands given to them from the Black Hills to the Rocky Mountains.

• Custer, Reno and Benteen try to trap a small gathering of Native Americans at the Little Big Horn.

• Military Intelligence estimates 800 Braves.

Sitting Bull ( Tatanka Iyotanka)1831-1890

Crazy Horse Monument. Crazy Horse (Tashunca-uitco)1840-1877

George Custer1839-1876

Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and 7000 Native Americans are camped along the Little Big Horn!

Final Score

Indians 1

Custer 0

Although Custer is defeated, the Battle of the Little Big Horn so shocks the US Government that it redoubles its efforts to intern the Native Americans on Reservations and destroy the “Buffalo Culture” of the West.

III. The Native American Conflict• 2. The Dawes Severalty

Act 1887• - Intended to help assimilate

Indians into the mainstream by giving them 160 acre homesteads to farm.

• - Instead resulted in further dependence on the government for survival.

• - The Dawes Act will be reversed in 1934 and tribal governance restored.

Battle at Wounded KneeThe Ghost Dance

• The once proud Sioux found their free-roaming life destroyed, the buffalo gone, themselves confined to reservations dependent on Indian Agents for their existence. In a desperate attempt to return to the days of their glory, many sought salvation in a new mysticism preached by a Paiute shaman called Wovoka. Emissaries from the Sioux in South Dakota traveled to Nevada to hear his words. Wovoka called himself the Messiah and prophesied that the dead would soon join the living in a world in which the Indians could live in the old way surrounded by plentiful game. A tidal wave of new soil would cover the earth, bury the whites, and restore the prairie. To hasten the event, the Indians were to dance the Ghost Dance. Many dancers wore brightly colored shirts emblazoned with images of eagles and buffaloes. These "Ghost Shirts" they believed would protect them from the bluecoats' bullets. During the fall of 1890, the Ghost Dance spread through the Sioux villages of the Dakota reservations, revitalizing the Indians and bringing fear to the whites. A desperate Indian Agent at Pine Ridge wired his superiors in Washington, "Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy....We need protection and we need it now. The leaders should be arrested and confined at some military post until the matter is quieted, and this should be done now." The order went out to arrest Chief Sitting Bull at the Standing Rock Reservation. Sitting Bull was killed in the attempt on December 15. Chief Big Foot was next on the list

III. The Native American Conflict• 2. Wounded Knee (1890)• Federal Authorities banned

the Ghost Dance on reservations, but many continued to perform and the military went to apprehend and disarm.

• Around 150 Lakota and 25 soldiers die as gunfire opened. It was the last military engagement with the Indians.

Fort Davis:National ParkSouth Dakota

Mass Graves for an “uncivilized” people

The girls'  eyes speak  silently to us still. These boarding schools would "educate" the Indians, "civilize" them. The theory was to take the children far away from their land, their family and way of life, strip them of their language, their hair, their clothing and dress them in the garments of the white man's civilization. Then they would become like the White man, of the image the White man liked to hold of himself. "Kill the Indian, save the man", was the policy of the Boarding Schools. It was an enlightened policy for its day, considering the alternative policy was to kill all the Indians. Yet it resulted in what is referred to by modern anthropologists as a cultural genocide.

Attempts to Re-educate andCivilize the NativePopulations.

The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota was seized by followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM). The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while the United States MarshalsService and other law enforcement agencies cordoned off the town.

Resentments still today??

UW Professor Frederick Jackson Turner Proclaims the Frontier Closed

1893!• Five railroads cross

the continent• The surviving Native

Americans are confined to reservations

• The buffalo and elk populations number less than 10,000

...for the sake of a lasting peace, let them

kill, skin and sell until the buffaloes are

exterminated. Then your prairies can be

covered with speckled cattle and the

festive cowboy, who follows the hunter as

a second forerunner of an advanced civilization.

General Sheridan 1875