spaceframe and prefabrication

BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

SUB: BUILDING , MATERIAL AND COUNSTRUCTION

NAME : PIYUSH

PRIYANK

DHAVAL

TIRTH

KISHAN

DRASTI

YUVARAJSINGH

RITESH

3RD SEM TOPIC: SPACE FRAME AND PREFABRICATION SUB: BMC

CLASS-A COLLEGE : BMCA PAGE NO.:01

NO. INDEX PAGE NO.

CHAPTER-1 SPACE FRAME

1) INTRODUCTION DEFINATION HISTORY OF SPACE FRAME

02

2) TYPES OF SPACE FRAME CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION BY ARRAGEMENT

07

3) CONNECTOR NODUS TRIODETIC TUBBALL NODE HEMI SPHIRICAL

14

CHAPTER:1

SPACE FRAME



DEFINATION

• A SPACE FRAME OR SPACE STRUCTURE IS A TRUSS-LIKE, LIGHTWEIGHT RIGID STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTED FROM INTERLOCKING STRUTS IN A GEOMETRIC PATTERN.

• SPACE FRAMES CAN BE USED TO SPAN LARGE AREAS WITH FEW INTERIOR SUPPORTS.



SPACEFRAME

• A THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE.• ASSEMBLED LINEAR ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED TO TRANSFER THE LOAD.• TAKE A FORM OF A FLAT SURFACE OR CURVED SURFACE.• DESIGNED WITH NO INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS TO CREATE LARGE OPEN AREA

HISTORY OF SPACE FRAME

• SPACE FRAMES WERE INDEPENDENTLY DEVELOPED BY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AROUND 1900 AND BUCKMINSTER FULLER IN THE 1950S

• BUCKMINSTER FULLER'S FOCUS WAS ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES; HIS WORK HAD GREATER INFLUENCE.



HISTORY

• IT WAS DEVELOPED IN CALIFORNIA DURING THE 1960S AND INTRODUCED TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN MARKET IN 1982, SPECIFICALLY DEVELOPED FOR UNSTABLE SOIL CONDITIONS, THE PANELS FORM A MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE OFFERING SUPERIOR WALL STRENGTH IN WHICH NO CRACKING WILL OCCUR

DESIGN METHOD

• SPACE FRAMES ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED USING A RIGIDITY MATRIX. THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STIFFNESS MATRIX IN AN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE FRAME IS THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE ANGULAR FACTORS. IF THE JOINTS ARE SUFFICIENTLY RIGID, THE ANGULAR DEFLECTIONS CAN BE NEGLECTED, SIMPLIFYING THE CALCULATIONS.



OVERVIEW

THE SIMPLEST FORM OF SPACE FRAME IS A HORIZONTAL SLAB OF INTERLOCKING SQUARE PYRAMIDS AND TETRAHEDRA BUILT FROM ALUMINIUM OR TUBULARSTEEL STRUTS.

SPACE FRAMES CAN BE USED TO SPAN LARGE AREAS WITH FEW INTERIOR SUPPORTS. LIKE THE TRUSS, A SPACE FRAME IS STRONG BECAUSE OF THE INHERENT RIGIDITY OF THE TRIANGLE; FLEXING LOADS (BENDING MOMENTS) ARE TRANSMITTED AS TENSION AND COMPRESSION LOADS ALONG THE LENGTH OF EACH STRUT.



TYPES OF SPACEFRAME

1. Curvature classification

Space plane coversBarrel vaultsSpherical domes

2.Classification by the arrangement of its elements

Single layer gridDouble layer gridTriple layer grid



CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION

1. SPACE PLANE COVERS: • SPATIAL STRUCTURES COMPOSED OF PLANAR SUBSTRUCTURES. • DEFLECTIONS IN THE PLANE ARE CHANNELED THROUGH THE HORIZONTAL BARS AND THE SHEAR FORCES

ARE SUPPORTED BY THE DIAGONALS.



2. BARREL VAULTS:• HAS A CROSS SECTION OF A SIMPLE ARCH. • USUALLY THIS TYPE OF SPACE FRAME DOES NOT NEED TO USE TETRAHEDRAL MODULES OR PYRAMIDS AS A

PART OF ITS BACKING.



3. SPHERICAL DOMES:• REQUIRE THE USE OF TETRAHEDRAL MODULES OR PYRAMIDS AND ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FROM A SKIN.



CLASSIFICATION BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF ITS ELEMENTS

1. SINGLE LAYER GRID:• ALL ELEMENTS ARE LOCATED ON THE SURFACE APPROXIMATELY



2. DOUBLE LAYER GRID:• COMMONLY USED SPACEFRAMES ARE DOUBLE LAYERED AND FLAT.• ELEMENTS ARE ORGANIZED IN TWO PARALLEL LAYERS WITH EACH OTHER AT A CERTAIN DISTANCE APART. • EACH OF THE LAYERS FORM A LATTICE OF TRIANGLES, SQUARES OR HEXAGONS IN WHICH THE PROJECTION

OF THE NODES IN A LAYER MAY OVERLAP OR BE DISPLACED RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER.



3. TRIPLE LAYER GRID:• ELEMENTS ARE PLACED IN THREE PARALLEL LAYERS, LINKED BY THE DIAGONALS. • THEY ARE ALMOST ALWAYS FLAT. • PRACTICALLY USED FOR A LARGER SPAN BUILDING



DESIGN METHODS

• MEMBERS ARE FIXED USING CONNECTORS• DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTORS ARE:

1. NODUS CONNECTOR

2. TRIODETIC CONNECTOR

3. TUBALL NODE CONNECTOR

4. HEMISPHERICAL DOME CONNECTOR



TYPES OF TUBES

Circular hollow section Rectangular hollow section



IT CAN ACCEPT BOTH RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS AND THAT THE CLADDING CAN BE FIXED DIRECTLY TO THE CHORDSCHORD CONNECTORS HAVE TO BE WELDED TO THE ENDS OF THE HOLLOW MEMBERS ON SITE.

1. Nodus connector



Consists of a hub, usually an aluminium extrusion, with slots or key ways

Triodetic connector



Tuball node connector

Hollow sphere made of spheroidal graphiteEnd of the circular hollow section member to be connected is fitted at its ends by weldingConnection from inside the cup is done using bolt and nut



Hemispherical dome connector

Usually use for double layer domesHas a span more than 40mMore economical for long spanThe jointing is connect by sliting the end of the tube or rod with the joint finTwo types of joint: pentagonal joint and hexagonal joint



Advantage

Carry load by three dimensional actionHigh stiffnessEasy to constructSave construction time and costOffers architect unrestricted freedom in locating supports and planning the subdivision of the covered spaceDurable materials & protective finishesConstruction is simple, safe and fastNo Site Painting or Welding



One major disadvantage is that they can be difficult to engineer. It's not straightforward to determine how forces will distribute throughout a structure that has a lot of redundant pieces.

Disadvantage



CHAPTER - 2

PREFABRICATION



Definition

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction

site where the structure is to be located.

• The assembly of buildings or their components at a location other than the building site.•The method controls construction costs by economizing on time, wages, and materials.•Prefabricated units may include doors, stairs, window, walls, wall panels, floor panels, roof trusses, room-sized components, and panels, floor panels, roof trusses, room sized components, and even entire buildings.•The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic material to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.

Meaning



Prefabrication• Prefabricated building is the completely assembled and erected building of which , is the

structural parts consist of prefabricated individual units or assemblies using ordinary or controlled materials.



Prefabrication• Prefabricated construction is a new technique and is desirable for large scale housing

programmes, yet this has to take a firm hold in the country.



AIMS OF PREFABRICATION CONSTRUCTION

• Prefabrication is used to effect economy in cost.• Components manufactured under controlled conditions.• The speed of construction is increased since no curing period is necessary.• Prefabrication helps in the use of locally available materials with required characteristics

like light-weight; easy workability, thermal insulation, non- combustibility .• to ensure higher worker safety and comfort level than in site- built construction.• to allow less wastage of materials than n in site- built construction.



ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION

• High quality product• Labour related savings• Savings in time• Overall efficiency is greatly increased• Mass production is easier and quick• Protected and controlled production environment• Potential for lower production costs and other cost savings• Independence of climatic conditions• The disruption of traffic is avoided• Ensures high degree of Safety



CHARACTERISTICS ARETO BE CONSIDERED

• Easy availability• Light weight for easy handling and transport• to economies on sections and sizes of foundations• Thermal insulation property• Easy workability• Durability in all weather conditions• Non-combustibility• Economy in cost• Sound insulation



DISADVANTAGE• Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and glass

panels is required.• Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the joining of

prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint.• Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.• Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the

materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more compactly.• Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and

handling to place in position.



MATERIALSTO BE USED IN PREFABRICATION

• Concrete • Steel



• Treated wood • Aluminium

• Cellular concrete• Light weight concrete elements• Ceramic products etc.



COMPONENTS OF PREFAB CONSTRUCTION

• Flooring and Roofing Scheme• Columns• Walls• Staircase• Lintels Sunshade



PRECUNSTRUCTION OF HOUSE



PREFABRIC CUNSTRUCTION IN FACTORY



PREFABRICATION SYSTEM• The system of prefabricated construction depends on the extent of the use of prefab

components, their materials sizes and the technique adopted their manufacture and use in building.



VARIOUS PREFABRICATION SYSTEMS• OPEN PREFAB SYSTEM This system is based on the use of the basic structural elements to form whole or part of a building. The

standard prefab concrete components which can be used are:1. Reinforced concrete channel units,2. Hollow core slabs,3. Hollow blocks and battens,4. Precast planks and battens, 5. Precast joists and tiles , 6. Cellular concrete slabs,7. reinforced concrete slabs, 8. Reinforced concrete beams, 9. Reinforced concrete columns, 10. Precast lintels and chajjas, 11. Reinforced concrete waffle slabs/shells, 12. Room size reinforced concrete panels,13. Reinforced concrete walling elements, 14. and Reinforced concrete trusses3RD SEM TOPIC: SPACE FRAME AND PREFABRICATION SUB: BMC


CATEGORIES OF OPEN PREFAB SYSTEM

• There are two categories of open prefab systems depending on the extent of prefabrication used in the construction as given below.

1. Partial prefab open system2. Full prefab open system



PARTIAL PREFAB OPEN SYSTEM• This system basically emphasizes the use of precast roofing and flooring components and

other minor elements like and flooring components and other minor elements like lintels, kitchen sills in conventional building construction.

• The structural system could be in the form of framework or load bearing walls.



FULL PREFAB OPEN SYSTEM• this system almost all the structural components are Prefabricated.• The filler walls may be of bricks or any other local material.



LARGE PANEL PREFAB SYSTEM• This system is based on the use of large prefab components.• The components such as Precast concrete large panels for walls, floors, roofs, balconies,

staircase, etc.• The casting of the components could be at the site or off the site.



STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL SCHEME WITH PRECAST LARGE PANEL

Wall Systems• Cross Wall System In this scheme, the cross wall are load bearing walls where as the facade Walls are

non load bearing this system is suitable for high rise .• Longitudinal Wall System In this scheme the cross walls are non-load bearing where as Longitudinal walls are

load bearing walls. This system is suitable for low rise buildings.• A combination of the above system with all load bearing walls can also be adopted.



PRECAST FLOORS• precast flooring units could be

homogeneous or non homogeneous. Homogeneous could be solid slabs, cored slabs,

ribbed or waffle slabs.

non homogeneous could be multi-layered ones with

combinations of light weight Concrete or reinforced concrete, with filler blocks



STAIRCASE SYSTEMS• Staircase system could consist of single flights with in-built risers and treads in the

element only.• The flights are normally unidirectional transferring the loads to supporting landing slabs or

load bearing walls.



BOXTYPE CONSTRUCTION• This system, room size units are

prefabricated and erected at site.

• Toilets and kitchen blocks also be similarly prefabricated and erected at site. This system derives its stability and stiffness from the box unit which are formed by the four adjacent walls.

• Walls are jointed to make rigid connections among themselves.

• The box unit rests on the plinth foundation which may be of conventional rests on the plinth foundation which may be of conventional type or precast type.3RD SEM TOPIC: SPACE FRAME AND PREFABRICATION SUB: BMC


JOINT TECHNIQUES/MATERIALS NORMALLY EMPLOYED ARE:EMPLOYED ARE:

Welding if cleats or projecting steel Overlapping reinforcement, loops and linking steel grouted by concrete Bolts and nuts connection Reinforced concrete ties all round a slab Prestressing



PREFABRICATED HOUSING UNITS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Invented by Dante Bini, the BiniShelter is a super-low-cost self-erecting prefab housing unit used for

disaster relief that can be easily moved from location to location, and takes less than a half-hour to build.

The Binishelter requires only three workers and can be constructed out of bamboo, clay, wood, Sheetrock, bark – whatever material is at hand. The unit can also be customized into large two-storybuildings that could be houseschools, or into to single-family homes, or even combined into massive housing projects, depending on the needs of the community.



http://www.binisystems.com/binishelter.html

Customizable Components:• BiniShelters consist of 8 basic paneled components assembled around a central special

automatic lifting and locking equipment unit (CLU robot). components and fixtures have been designed to accept any number of diverse structural

and/or building material (durock, sheetrock, concrete, bricks, wood, bamboo, clay etc.) depending on locally available and traditionally used ingredients.

The central special lifting equipment (CLU robot) is the only piece that is needed to be provided ready made. It is easy to transport and move on site and it can be used hundreds of times

Customizable design: The BiniShelter floor plan is totally flexible. The empty, but completely finished and waterproofed shelter has been designed to be

easily customized internally in accordance to the needs of any person(s), family or school requirements in accordance to any local custom, local regulations and/or special projects



Easy development: The BiniShelter automatic construction system has been thoroughly developed to allow

for its immediate use under the most adverse conditions and it has been studied with the aim to use the minimum consumption of energy and, essentially, employing no building

contractors nor skilled labor Low Cost:

It uses pre-fabricated, inexpensive, mass produced structural components made of locally available material. These components are easily assembled around a pre-fabricated footing.



THE CRYSTAL PALACE IN LONDON



Thank you….



spaceframe and prefabrication

Education

architectural space

space structure

simplest form of space

space plane covers

prefabrication sub

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