spanish experience on wind energy integration into the grid · spanish experience on wind energy...

Spanish Experience on wind energy integration into the grid

Dirección técnica

Alberto Ceña [email protected]

Rio de Janeiro, October 1st, 2013


1. Wind energy integration in Spain

2. Spanish success in solving issues in wind energy integration

3. Wind energy in the technical/economical system operation

4. R&D cooperation between Latam and EU Countries

5. Conclusions

2




3. Wind energy in the technical/economical system operation.


5. Conclusions

3

22.785 MW wind energy installed (21% of the total) demand coverage in 2012: 17,4% (48 GWh)

2.3393.495

5.0006.160

8.440

9.991

11.569

15.071

16.682

19.137

20.62421.674

22.785

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TOTAL ANUAL (MW)

TOTAL ACUMULADA (MW)

MW

4

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

EÓLICA 15.744 20.520 22.684 27.169 31.136 37.889 43.355 42.116 48.156

Cobertura de la demanda (%) 6,2% 7,8% 8,4% 9,7% 10,9% 13,9% 15,5% 15,5% 17,4%

TASA DE VARIACIÓN ANUAL (%) 34,34% 30,33% 10,55% 19,77% 14,60% 21,69% 14,43% -2,86% 14,34%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

GW

h

Fuente: REE

Fuen

te:

REE

Installed capacity in Brasil

0,002,004,006,008,00

10,0012,0014,00 13,20 13,12

2,44 2,34 1,90 1,27 1,12 1,08 0,94 0,92

6,38

8º Colocado

Fonte: GWEC 5

0

600

1200

1800

2400

3000

3600

4200

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013

Cu

mu

lati

ve M

W

MW

Installed capacity in Brazil

Installed MW Forecast Cumulative Cumul. forecast

Cumulative end 2012: 2,921MW

Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant Consulting - March 2013

Capacidade Instalada em 2012

Wind energy records

Source: REE

Record Value Date

Instant production: 17.014 MW 50,6% of the demand coverage 75% of the power installed

06/02/2013 15:50h

Daily Production 345.011 MWh 40% of the demand coverage

16/01/2013

Monthy Production 6332 GWh 28,5% of the demand coverage

01/2013

Instant demand coverage: 64,25% 13.333 MW

24/09/2012 03:03h

Daily demand coverage 43,81% 302.506 MWh

01/11/2012

Monthly demand coverage 28,5% 6.332 GWh

01/2013

6

Record of wind energy instant production 24/09/2012 – 03:03

64.25 %

Demand coverage – 24/09/2012

Hidro

Nuclear

CC Gas Wind

Others EERR

Coal

Fuente: REE

7

Atendimento à Demanda

Brasil: 1% da Demanda é atendida pela fonte Eólica

Fonte: U.S. Dep. Of Energy – 2011 Report Wind Technologies 8

Brasil: 1% da Demanda é atendida pela fonte Eólica

Fator de Capacidade (%)

48%

59%

71% 70%

56%

46%

57% 52% 52%

43% 39%

44% 43%

27%

35%

42% 44% 43%

34% 38%

34% 36%

31%

24% 25% 26%

22%

28%

33% 36% 37%

29% 31% 27%

29% 24%

16% 15% 17%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

2º Fase Total 1º Fase

1ª Fase: Geração PROINFA

Fonte: ABEEólica 9

Brazil tenders 2011-2013

The false myth of cost Cost competitiveness – Effect of long term remuneration

Natural gas: 2011, 2012 Coal: 2013 A-5 only

Fonte: ENEL GP






5. Conclusions

11

The electric sector as a whole should be adapted to the new scenario

Traditional concepts:

– Centralized supply by large power plants.

– Power flow from high to low voltage levels.

Future scenarios:

– Increasing distributed power generation.

– Progressive substitution of conventional power plants.

– Bi-directional power flows.

Upgrading and reinforcement of the electrical grid: generation away of the consumption.

REs should be involved in regulation and ancillary services.

Technical requirements should take into consideration the technical characteristics of the equipments and the installations.

110 kV

380/220 kV

20/10 kV

0,4 kV

Netzebene

CHP

H2O

V2G

Druck

€, kWh

It is important to have standards and no

retroactive GRID CODES.

Source: FHG/AEE 12

Critical elements of the integration of wind power into the electric grid, system and market operations

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO CONNECT WIND FARMS TO PUBLIC MAINS: -Power quality: flicker, harmonics, …

- Safety. - Minimum requirements for later technical operations: permanent voltage

control, f/P, LVRT, …

TECHNICAL SYSTEM OPERATION: - Local voltage control.

- Contribution to grid stability. - Regulation and balancing power costs as low as possible.

13

WHOLESALE ELECTRIC MARKET: - Wind power increases market liquidity.

- Day-ahead offers are based on weather forecasting. - Deviations can be compensated in the intra-day markets.

Linhas de Transmissão

1. Superação constante:

– LER 2013 (mudança de metodologia)

– Inclusão de eólicas no A-5 dez/2013 (mudança de metodologia e

risco do consumidor)

– Estudo de Planejamento da Transmissão – EPE – Rio Grande do Sul e

Nordeste

14 Fonte: ABEEólica

Transmission and system operators need to incorporate power from RES

Problems of the system operator: are they real?

Frequency stability Voltage regulation Dynamic stability

• Lacking involvement of RES in balancing power regulation

• Substitution of conventional power plants with voltage control availability

• Risk of voltage unstability in case of sudden low voltage

Increasing penetration of RES

NEW GRID CODES/ Postulation of system services is mandatory

Source: FGH /AEE

15

Figura 8.3.2.1b. Potencia reactiva unitaria en función del desvío unitario de la tensión.

Q/Pan

V/Vbase

Banda muerta

Vconsigna

base

an

vVV

PQKPendiente

/

/

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Cu

rren

t [A

]

Order

Harmonics

Current grid code requirements for wind power

Grid Code requirements:

Active Power

Reactive Power

System perturbation

Protection Concepts

Fault Ride Through

(FRT)

Source: Langstädtler | FGH – Certification

16

Only 5% of the wind power installed in Spain is not adapted to the LVRT grid code

17

GEAR

BOX GRID

900-1900 rpm 50 Hz 15 – 30 rpm

AC DC

DC AC

• Wind farms cannot trip off the grid in case of sudden voltage dips (Grid Code O.P. 12.3)

• WTG and Wind Farms have integrated power electronics to fulfil those requirements.

•Certification and test procurement were jointly developed by AEE and the TSO.

• All the TSOs are concerned by sudden voltage drops and the subsequent risks of instability.

• ¿What is REE worried about? disconnection due to voltage dips and their spread

• P.O.12.3 requirements in grid connection point

• PVVC almost all manufacturers certified with the particular procedure (test), verifying P.O.12.3 on central bars

• Consequences LVRT capability in most PP.EE > P.O.12.3

Fuente :REE

• Localization of the fault voltage dip extension

• Localization of the generation sensitivity to the dip

• R.D. 661/2007 Pinstalled<5%Scc

- RES in RdT

More sensible to the voltage dip

Wind production limited

18

Lost of wind generation 1.150 MW

Voltage dip

Testing wind turbine generators

Barlovento Recursos Naturales has tested more than 100 models of wind turbine generators. Tests of FRT, energy quality, power curve, etc.

19

Testing wind turbine generators

20

The coordinated operation of the system is crucial

21

CECRETSO: Centro de Control centralizado

del Régimen Especial

…

Parque

R.E. 1

Parque

R.E. 2

Parque

R.E. n

CC1 CC2CCn

Solución provisional

• CECRE: REE Control Center of the Renewable Energy

• CC: Control Center of generation.

All wind farms over 10 MW of capacity are controlled by the TSO

22

... WIND FARM

Remot

e

control

VSAT

... WIND FARM

... WIND FARM

HUB

CECRE Point by

Point

Control

Center ADSL

Dedicated line CECRE

REASONS FOR CURTAILMENTS • Overload risks in transmission and distribution grids. • Risks of lost of power by transient instability (LVRT). • Limited short circuit capacity of the installed wind farms which could restrict the operation of

neighbourhood protections. • Excess of generation which cannot be consumed by the demand (limited exchange capacity with

France).

http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wlanantennas.com/images/wlan_2440-24.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.wlanantennas.com/dish_antenna_2440-24.htm&h=600&w=800&sz=306&tbnid=D5hgevgcLyq71M:&tbnh=106&tbnw=142&hl=es&start=11&prev=/images?q=parabolic&svnum=10&hl=es&lr=&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official_s&sa=G

http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.techdepot.com/comassets/productlarge/CNET/I225679.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.top-laser-printers.com/m112-symboltd1.html&h=150&w=200&sz=8&tbnid=oAkShtzUspjfwM:&tbnh=74&tbnw=99&hl=es&start=67&prev=/images?q=parabolic+DISH&start=60&svnum=10&hl=es&lr=&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official_s&sa=N

23

• Nov 9th, 2010. Spain. The TSO orders reduce wind energy production

Demand coverage reached in the night

Order to reduce production

Limitation of wind energy production




3. Wind energy in the technical/economic system operation.


5. Conclusions

24

Ancillary services programmes managed by REE

25

Daily Market

Intra-day Market:

Sessions 1 to 6

Market Operator System Operator

Previous information DM

Reception of nominations

Resolution of technical

constraints

Secondary Regulation


constraints


constraints

Deviation management

Tertiary Regulation

Day ahead electric market

26

Modification of programmes for complex offers

Production offers not matched in Spain

How did wind power influence day ahead market price in 2011

27

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

PM

D €

/MW

h

HORA

EVOLUCION DE LOS PRECIOS HORARIOS CON LA MAYOR INTEGRACION EOLICA 2011

<1000

1000-2000

2000-3000

3000-4000

4000-5000

5000-6000

6000-7000

7000-8000

8000-9000

9000-10000

>10000

28

GLOBAL

METEOROLOGICAL

DATA

FORECASTERS

WIND FARM

PRODUCTION

FORECASTS

Offer

Unit 1

Offer

Unit 2

Offer 1

Deviation 20% DAY

AHEAD

MARKET<10.00 A.M

Offer 2

Deviation 17% DAY

AHEAD

MARKET<10.00 A.M

REDISPATCHING

INTRA-DAY MARKETS

DEVIATION: 13%

REDISPATCHING

INTRA-DAY MARKETS

DEVIATION: 15%

Wind Farm

Deviation

30 %

Wind Farm

Deviation

30 %

Wind Farm

Deviation

30 %

Wind farms forecast their production for the day market to optimize the balancing power

Desviación PE individual:

30%

Agrupación de ofertas

Desviación grupo de

PPEE: 13%

Source: AEE

LOOP P/f

OPTIMISATION

OF SECONDARY

AND TERTIARY

REGULATION

SERVICES

Minutes/3 hours

FREQUENCY

CONTROL

OPTIMISATION

OF PRIMARY

REGULATION

SERVICES

Seconds

MACHINES AND

INSTALLATIONS

ADAPTED FOR

TRANSITORY

STABILITY

DIP

VOLTAGES

Milise-

conds

PLANT AVAILABILITY

PRODUCTION FORECAST

TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS BEFORE

DAILY MARKET

NON-APPLICABLE*

Variable

generation

OPTIMUM PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

DAILY

INTRA-DAY RODUCTION ADJUSTMENS

INTRA-DAY

OPTIMISATION OF SPINNING RESERVES

Days

ON LINE TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS

DEVIATION MANAGEMENT

BEFRORE CLOSING MARKETS

Wind energy forecasts help the ancillary services

29

Average deviation of wind farms offers is between -13% and +11%

30

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000RE Eolico medida-programa

RE Eolico medida-programa

Fuente: ESIOS

Deviations of the load are still much more important than wind power differences

31

In absolute terms, the deviation of the demand is

much more important than the wind generation one,

which, moreover, tends to decrease.

2.9353.937

2.959

1.096

1.0411.564

2.269

5.1047.269

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

2008 2009 2010

GW

h

Net demand deviation

Wind Energy deviation helping the System

Wind Energy deviation against the System

4.031 4.978 4.523

13,3%12,4%

11,0% 10,7%

0,8%

1,9%2,6% 3,7%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

2008 2009 2010 2011

% Wind Energy Deviation

% Demand Deviation

De

via

tio

n (

%)






5. Conclusions

32

1. Advanced control systems for wind farms

2. Monitoring and prediction of voltage dips. Applications of voltage control systems.

3. Studies of the impact and operation of a system with high wind penetration.

4. Improvement of the use of the energy production forecasting for system operation.

5. Specific analysis of electric systems in islands.

6. Load management strategies: electric vehicles, demand side, …

R&D Priorities in Grid Integration

MAIN OBJECTIVE: LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER

High penetration (>

20%)

System reliability

Low integration

costs

Concerns: - Wind farms. - Wind farm clusters. - Large scale integration into power systems (regional to international level)

Compulsory: the R&D process must involve systems operators.

SMALL-SCALE INTEGRATION. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WITH

WIND POWER

Smart grid concept

It is better to count with the participation of distribution

system operators.

Concerns: - Domestic applications - Industrial applications

R&D cooperation between Latam and EU countries

Research topics Objectives Description

Wind power plant capabilities.

Enable wind farms to be operated, as far as possible, like conventional power plants.

Elaboration of adequate and harmonized grid codes requirements (voltage dips, ramp rate control, voltage control and frequency response)

Grid planning and operation.

- Ensure acceptable connection condition for wind farms: timeframe, curtailment. - Evaluate the impact of wind power on other energy sources.

- Identify needs in grid infrastructure. - Operation and interoperability (operational tools

for data acquisition) - Models / simulation tools. - (Transmission for offshore wind power)

Energy & power management.

Develop technical and market mechanism to improve electric systems flexibility

- Management tools (based on IT) - Study of options for ancillary services and power

balancing. - Impact of high wind penetration on electric

system. - Scenarios for a 100% renewables

Distributed wind-power, Smart-Grid concept.

Enable small and mid-size wind power penetration.

- Evaluation the adaptability of existing infrastructure to the smart grid requisites.

- Development of communication tools and protocols.

- Enhance demand side management.

Wind energy integration: Research topics proposal






5. Conclusions

36

Conclusions

Integration of wind power into the grid is a clear opportunity for

collaboration taking into consideration the experiences on both Atlantic

sides.

Collaboration among technical centers, electrical companies and the wind

sector is essential to increase and facilitate the integration of wind

electricity into the grid.

Besides technical collaboration, standardization and certification open

opportunities of joint projects with the involvement of third LATAM

countries.

Cost reduction, hybrid projects and simplification and extensive use of

power electronics will allow a better involvement of wind energy in voltage

control and ancillary services.

Active participation in the electricity market, use of weather forecasting

and evaluation of technical and economic exchanges with neighbor

systems (at short term with Uruguay) are also areas of clear interest.

37

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spanish experience on wind energy integration into the grid · spanish experience on wind energy...

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