Spatial Planning and Spatial Planning and Tourism Development Tourism Development

in Portugalin Portugal

Sandra Bailoa & Pedro CravoSandra Bailoa & Pedro CravoSchool of Technology and Management of BejaSchool of Technology and Management of Beja

Vysoká škola báňská - Technická univerzita Ostrava

Ekonomická fakulta

Czech Republic, Ostrava, April 27th 2010

different dimensions: - Physical- Economic- Social- Cultural- Environmental

SpatialSpatial PlanningPlanning

TerritoryTerritory (the land) (the land)

It is the physical It is the physical space where the space where the

activities of human activities of human beings are beings are developed.developed.

LocationLocation• Portugal is situated

in the southwest extremity of the European continent

• In the Occidental part of the Iberian Peninsula

• With a rectangular shape, Portugal is bordered by Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east.

The Portuguese TerritoryThe Portuguese Territory

The The archipelagos (group of archipelagos (group of islands)islands) of Madeira and of Madeira and Azores are part of the Azores are part of the

territory.territory.

They are located in the Atlantic They are located in the Atlantic Ocean, Southwest and the Ocean, Southwest and the

West of mainland West of mainland respectively.respectively.

Total Country area:Total Country area: 92117 Km 92117 Km22  

Autonomous RegionsAutonomous Regions

Madeira

Azores

Portuguese speaking countries are:Portuguese speaking countries are: Angola,Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde,Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea-Bissau,

Mozambique and Timor. Mozambique and Timor.

Portugal is part of a vaster territory

(Europe) and several

international institutions:

- NATO;- OECD;- FAO;- IMF;- UN.

Most important, it is member of the European UnionEuropean Union

since 1986

The European UnionThe European Union

European UnionEuropean Union

Member StatesMember States

From 1950 until 1973-74 there was a reduction of population because of the emigration movements: France, Belgium, Luxemburg and Germany.

In 1975-76 there was a growth population because Portugal received more than half million people with the end of war in the former Portuguese colonies (Africa).

In the 1990s Portugal startedto be an immigration country.

Resident Population in Resident Population in Portugal (in thousand)Portugal (in thousand)

In 2010 the population is 10.658.545 individuals

- 51,6% women- 48,4% men

Population density:112,4 inhabitants/km2

Portugal and its PopulationPortugal and its Population

Population density by municipality - 2007Population density by municipality - 2007

The map shows, the concentration of population in 3

main costal regions:

- Lisbon

- Porto

- Algarve

65% of the population lives in just 28% of the mainland

It shows that Portuguese prefer to live in these regions because

they are the most dynamic economically and they are specialized in industry and

urban services, and it is where are the major cities.

LisboLisbonn

PortoPorto

AlgarveAlgarve

BejBejaa

– International– National– Regional– Local

Levels of Territorial AnalysisLevels of Territorial Analysis

Aerial View of BejaAerial View of Beja

BejaBeja

The terms:• spatial planning, • land use planning, • town and country planning, • regional planning, • urban planning,

are often used interchangeably, and will depend on the country in question.

Despite confusing

nomenclature, the essential

function of land use planning remains the

same whatever term is applied.

Returning to Spatial PlanningReturning to Spatial Planning

There are numerous

definitions of spatial planning.

According to the Portuguese Constitution:

Spatial Planning aims to ensure the adequate location of activities, a balanced social and economic development and the enhancement of the landscape, and is an essential responsibility of the State, to be carried out with citizen participation, in a framework of sustainable development.

The spatial planning is, basically, the managementThe spatial planning is, basically, the managementof the natural interaction between man and space.of the natural interaction between man and space.

One DefinitionOne Definition

Responsible planning has always Responsible planning has always been vital to the sustainability of been vital to the sustainability of safe, healthy, and secure urban safe, healthy, and secure urban

environments. environments.

It is essentially used to correct the space effect of human and economic agents activities.

Planners deal with land use and also:

– conversion of land from natural habitats to urban built areas,

– protection of natural resources, habitats and environment

– development of transportation and infrastructure,

– planning social and community services,

– managing cultural and heritage resources,

– creating economic capacity in local communities.

At its most basic level spatial planning is likely to involve

zoning and transport

infrastructure planning.

In most developed countries, spatial planning is also, an

important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used

efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population

as well as to protect the environment.

Functions of Spatial PlanningFunctions of Spatial Planning

Spatial planning encompasses the following subjects:

– Land use planning– Regional planning– Sustainable development– Architecture– Urban planning– Urban renewal– Landscape architecture– Transportation planning– Environmental planning

Also Related to Spatial PlanningAlso Related to Spatial Planning

- national defence, security and civil protection areas

- resources and natural values

- agricultural and forest areas

- ecological structure

- architectural and archaeological heritage

- accessibilities network

- infrastructures and collective equipment network

- urban system

- location and distribution of economic activities

Resources Used onResources Used onSpatial and Urban PlanningSpatial and Urban Planning

• By the end of the millennium, strategic spatial plans and frameworks By the end of the millennium, strategic spatial plans and frameworks were back in fashion among Europe´s planning policy and were actively were back in fashion among Europe´s planning policy and were actively being promoted by European Union initiatives.being promoted by European Union initiatives.

• The activities of the Council of Europe, relating to spatial planning, began The activities of the Council of Europe, relating to spatial planning, began in 1970 in Bonn where the first European Conference of Ministers in 1970 in Bonn where the first European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (responsible for Regional Planning (CEMATCEMAT) was held. ) was held.

• Fundamental documents, which have guided spatial planning policies, Fundamental documents, which have guided spatial planning policies, have from time to time been adopted during the activities carried out over have from time to time been adopted during the activities carried out over the years.the years.

Initiatives for the Spatial Planning in EuropeInitiatives for the Spatial Planning in Europe

The EU developed in the last three decades a set ofimportant initiatives for the Spatial Planning

1983Signature of the European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter, adopted in 1983 at the 6th Session of the CEMAT in Torremolinos.

1988Structural Funds Reformation.Creation of the Consulting Council of Regional and local communities.

1991 Publication of Europe 2000. Creation of the Committee for Space Development.

1992Creation of the Regions Committee, that substitutes the Consulting Council of Regional communities.

1994 Publication of Europe 2000+

1999 Implementation of European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP).

2000 INTERREG III Implementation , Communitarian Initiative with sight to the cooperation.

2000The Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent, adopted at the 12th Session of the CEMAT held in Hanover in 2000. Signature of the European Convention of the Landscape.

2002Establishment of the ESPON Programme 2006 - European Spatial Planning Observatory Network Programme 2006.

2007 The “Territorial Agenda for the European Union”.

Main EU InitiativesMain EU Initiatives

One of the most important documents, gives us a important Spatial Planning lesson. It presents one

of the earliest spatial planning definitions:

"Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural

and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an

administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and

comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the

physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy.“

Characteristics of spatial planning:Democratic; Comprehensive; Functional;

Long-term.

The European Regional/Spatial The European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter (1983)Planning Charter (1983)

Fundamental objectives

– balanced socio-economic development of the regions;

– improvement of the quality of life; – responsible management of natural

resources and protection of the environment;

– and rational use of land.

Implementation of spatial planning objectives

• It seeks co-ordination between the various sectors

• It facilitates co-ordination and co-operation between the various levels of decision-making and the equalisation of financial resources

• Public participation

Triangle of Objectives: a Balanced Triangle of Objectives: a Balanced andand

Sustainable Spatial Development, Sustainable Spatial Development, ESDPESDP

The aim of spatial development policies is to work towards a balanced and sustainable development of the EU

territory, that we can see in the ESDP triangle of objectives linking

the three following fundamental goals of European policy.

sustainable development tries to sustainable development tries to reconcile the social and reconcile the social and

economic functions with the economic functions with the ecological ecological

Three policy guidelines have Three policy guidelines have constituted the basis for the constituted the basis for the territorial development of the EU:territorial development of the EU:

• • Development of a Balanced and Development of a Balanced and Polycentric Urban System and a Polycentric Urban System and a New Urban-Rural Relationship,New Urban-Rural Relationship,

• • Securing Parity of Access to Securing Parity of Access to Infrastructure and Knowledge,Infrastructure and Knowledge,

• • Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development, PrudentPrudentManagement and Protection of Management and Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage.Nature and Cultural Heritage.

The ESDP (European Spatial Development Perspective)The ESDP (European Spatial Development Perspective)

Is a strategic and action oriented framework for the territorial development of Europe and contributes to economic growth and sustainable development by strengthening territorial cohesion .

Built upon the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP).

Contains a programme of joint activities, on which the Ministers have agreed totake an active role during the period 2007–2010.

Provides a strategic framework with Priorities for Territorial Development in Europe:

1 Promoting Urban Development in a Polycentric Pattern1 Promoting Urban Development in a Polycentric Pattern

2 Strengthening UrbanRural Partnership2 Strengthening UrbanRural Partnership

3 Promoting TransNational Competitive and Innovative Regional Clusters3 Promoting TransNational Competitive and Innovative Regional Clusters

4 Strengthening TransEuropean Technological Networks4 Strengthening TransEuropean Technological Networks

5 Promoting TransEuropean Risk Management5 Promoting TransEuropean Risk Management

6 Strengthening Ecological Structures and Cultural Resources6 Strengthening Ecological Structures and Cultural Resources

Territorial Agenda for the European UnionTerritorial Agenda for the European Union

The poorest part of the

EU is in Romania

One of Spatial planning main goals is the regional development.

Spatial Development DisparitiesSpatial Development Disparities

We can observe in all the countries economic We can observe in all the countries economic differences between its regions. differences between its regions.

- differences in the distribution of income;- differences in the distribution of income;

- differences in productivity levels;- differences in productivity levels;

- differences in access to the labour market;- differences in access to the labour market;

- differences in access to the essential - differences in access to the essential goods and services.goods and services.

These differences are regional disparities, they These differences are regional disparities, they are regional inequalities of welfare or are regional inequalities of welfare or

development between regions.development between regions.

central London is one of the richest

in EU

Spatial Planning andSpatial Planning andRegional DevelopmentRegional Development

EU shows serious EU shows serious economic economic

imbalances imbalances impeding the impeding the realisation of realisation of

sustainable spatial sustainable spatial development.development.

To measure regional To measure regional disparities we can disparities we can

use different use different indicators like:indicators like:

- GDP per capita, - GDP per capita,

- Unemployment - Unemployment rate,rate,

- Number of hospital - Number of hospital beds per 1000 beds per 1000 inhabitants,inhabitants,

- Alphabetization - Alphabetization raterate,,

- - Education degree, Education degree,

- Birth rate, - Birth rate,

- Mortality rate, - Mortality rate,

- Life expectancy,- Life expectancy,

- Pollution rate, - Pollution rate,

- Cost of living, etc.- Cost of living, etc.

In the map we can In the map we can see the differences see the differences

between E.U. between E.U. territories in territories in

relation to the GPD relation to the GPD per capitaper capita

At each level Governments adopt policies to reduce Regional Disparities.

At the regional level:

Incentives regarding location

Ways of providing a financial support to encourage the companies location in certain regions:

– Grants to enterprises; – Direct financial support indexed on precise objectives: training, research,

purchase of equipment, etc.. – Taxes reduction;– Measures to reduce the capital cost (loan guarantees, preferential

interest rates, etc.);– Reduction of some costs, such as electricity, postal tariffs and

infrastructures.

Regional and Local Development PoliciesRegional and Local Development Policies

Investments in public infrastructure and public facilities in disadvantaged areas

(tries to give the regions a stock of public capital to convince companies to settle there or to expand: industrial parks, hospitals, schools, research

centers, sanitation, infrastructure, electricity, water and telecommunications, among others )

Investments in transport and communication

(To remove the isolation of the less developed regions: roads, highways, railroads, high-speed lines, airports, ports )

Decentralization of government

(the goal is the redistributing regional employment)

Income inter-regional redistribution

(financial support to families and to local authorities)

Why do we need regional policy?

To reduce economic and social

disparities between EU regions.

The EU comprises 27 Member States and 493 million citizens.

The economic and social disparities among these

countries and their 268 regions are great.

The regional policy uses a variety of financing operations mainly

the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund.

The European Union’s Regional PolicyThe European Union’s Regional Policy

• For the period 2007-2013, the regional policy has a budget of €348 billion.

• EU Regional Policy has 3 three objectives for the 2007-2013 period:– Convergence; Regional Competitiveness and Employment; and

European Territorial Cooperation

• And uses the following 3funds:– The European

Fund for RegionalDevelopment (ERDF),

– The European SocialFund (ESF),

– The Cohesion Fund

Key ObjectivesKey Objectives

At the local level:

• To promote entrepreneurship

• To develop policies to support SMEs

• The support of Local authorities can play an important role in local development: – To reduce local taxes – Giving special conditions in local tariffs (water, electricity,…); – Creating benefits in the use of land or buildings (rent at low rates); – Construction of public infrastructures (roads, industrial parks,…).

• To encourage private and mixed networks of interaction

• To mobilize the endogenous development (local productions…)

The basis for the present spatial and urban planning policy was established in August 1998, with the approval by

Parliament, of Law 48/98.

This Law of the Parliament:

– defines the framework for the spatial and urban planning policy considering the European framework,

– defines a territorial management system,

– regulates the vertical and horizontal inter-relationships between the different levels and sectors of public administration,

– and calls for citizen, social and economic sectors participation.

Spatial and Urban Spatial and Urban Planning in PortugalPlanning in Portugal

Has three levels:

– the national

– the regional • Two autonomous regions – Azores and Madeira

• In the mainland there are no formal regions, but decentralized bodies of central administration

– the local • a total of 308 municipalities, of which 19 in Azores and 11 in

Madeira

The Portuguese Administrative StructureThe Portuguese Administrative Structure

• At the national level(in the central government):

– Ministry for Environment,Spatial planning and RegionalDevelopment (MAOTDR)

– The Directorate General forSpatial Planning and UrbanDevelopment (DGOTDU)

Its the department of central administration responsible for the preparation, implementation and assessment of the

spatial and urban planning policy.

Responsibility for the Spatial Planning PolicyResponsibility for the Spatial Planning Policy

• At regional levelAt regional level

– Administrative regionsAdministrative regions

►►Madeira - Madeira - the Regional the Regional Directorate for Spatial Directorate for Spatial

PlanningPlanning►►Azores - Azores - the Regional the Regional

Directorate for Spatial Directorate for Spatial Planning and Water ResourcesPlanning and Water Resources

– Regional Coordination and Regional Coordination and Development CommissionsDevelopment Commissions

(CCDR) (CCDR) - decentralized - decentralized bodies of central bodies of central

administration present on administration present on the other 5 NUTS II regionsthe other 5 NUTS II regions

• At local level

– City councils

• Spatial planning is a direct responsibility of the local authorities, they prepare, approve and implement spatial plans.

Lisbon city Lisbon city councilcouncil

Levels Instruments Functions

National

National spatial policy program (NSPP) Strategic

Sectorial policy planstransport, energy, communications, tourism, health care, environmental, commerce, industry, agriculture, forest, culture, etc.

Strategic

Special plansNature conservation classified areas plan Public reservoir plan Coastal zone plan Estuary plan

Regulatory

Regional Regional spatial planning plan (RSPP) Strategic

Local

Inter-municipal spatial planning plan (ISPP)Strategic

Municipal master plan (MMP) Regulatory

Urbanization plan (UP) Regulatory

Detail plan (DP)defining and detailing the design of land use and being the base for the projects of infrastructures, buildings, public spaces.

Regulatory

Territorial Management SystemTerritorial Management System

Two legal regimes play a decisive role in the preparation of Portuguese land-use plans:

– RAN (National Agricultural Reserve), imposes restrictions in land-use in agricultural areas classified by the Ministry of Agriculture.

– REN (National Ecological Reserve), imposes restrictions in land-use in ecosystems considered essential to the ecological balance of the municipality that were classified by municipal level.

Other Legal InstrumentsOther Legal Instruments

All the territorial All the territorial planning tools are planning tools are

mandatory for mandatory for public public

administration, administration,

but only the local but only the local and the special and the special

plans are for plans are for everyone (public everyone (public

and private).and private).

Relationships Relationships between the plans between the plans in the Portuguese in the Portuguese

territorial territorial management management

system (defined system (defined on law 48/98) on law 48/98)

Inter-Plans CoordinationInter-Plans Coordination

1-Insufficient valuing of 1-Insufficient valuing of natural resources and natural resources and inefficient risk inefficient risk managementmanagement

The biggest Spatial planning problems in PortugalThe biggest Spatial planning problems in Portugal

We can group them into 6 categories:We can group them into 6 categories:

FiresFires

FloodingsFloodings

2-Disordered urban expansion2-Disordered urban expansion

3-Economic and environmental 3-Economic and environmental inefficiency and inefficiency and unsustainability on transports unsustainability on transports and energy; and energy;

4-Insufficient systems to support the competitiveness, 4-Insufficient systems to support the competitiveness, connectivity and international projection of economyconnectivity and international projection of economy

5-Inadequate distribution of 5-Inadequate distribution of territorial collective territorial collective equipment and infrastructure; equipment and infrastructure;

6-Lack of a civic culture of spatial planning and 6-Lack of a civic culture of spatial planning and inefficiency of the information systems, planning inefficiency of the information systems, planning and territorial managementand territorial management

The National Spatial Policy Program (NSPP) for theperiod 2005-2025, has six major strategic goals:

1. To conserve and value the natural and cultural heritage, to use in a sustainable way the energy and geologic resources, and to prevent and minimize the risks.

2. To reinforce Portugal's territorial competitiveness and its integration in the Iberian, European, Atlantic and global spaces.

3. To promote the polycentric development and to reinforce support infrastructures.

4. To assure equity in the provision of collective equipment and infrastructure.

5. To expand networks and infrastructures of information and communication.

6. To reinforce the quality and the efficiency of the territorial management.

Portugal Today

Tourismsome conceptssome concepts

The Tourism Sector

• Accommodation• Transportation• Food and Beverage• Attractions• Cultural Activities• Other services and

facilities

• Tourists• Tourism Industry• Local community

Tourism Characteristics

• Tourism products/services intangibility (depending on “printed” descriptions).

• Big intensity of information worldwide (importance of communication).

• Tourists increasing standards for quality of services/products and information.

• Need for sustainable planning and development.

Sustainable Tourism Development

• The wise use of resources with a long term viewpoint.

• Change as a result of the development is almost always inevitable.

• Indeed, economic change at least is often a highly desired occurrence and often the basic reason for the development of tourism in the first place.

• Changes in the environmental and social/cultural realms are also highly likely, if not certain.

Tourism Development

Models and Issues

Butler’s Model

Gunn’s Models (A)

Gunn’s Models (B)

Gunn’s Models (C and D)

PortugalPortugalsome factssome facts

• An independent kingdom since 1143;

• Actual boundaries were established in 1297;

• Huge cultural heritage;• The 6th most common

spoken language in the World;

• Tourism represents 8% of Portugal’s GNP, and accounts for 10% of all jobs;

• Renowned for its reputation in hospitality and safety.

Portugal in Europe

Tourism Destination Areas

• The main tourism destination areas in Portugal are:– Algarve: 37%

– Lisbon: 25%

– Madeira island: 15%

Tourism in PortugalTourism in Portugal

the numbersthe numbers

UNWTO Ranking Evolution

The Latest Data

Numbers and Rankings

• In 2008 Portugal was the 19th world tourism destination, with over 12 million international tourist arrivals. Comparatively, the Czech Republic was ranked 33rd, with 6,6 million arrivals.

• Most tourists that visit Portugal come from Western Europe, particularly the EU. The USA are the most important source of tourists outside Europe.

• In 2007, the tourists origin was as follow: Spain (22%), United Kingdom (19%), France (15%), Germany (10%), The Netherlands (6%), Italy (4%), Switzerland (4%), Belgium (3%), Ireland (3%), and the USA (2%).

Main Countries of Origin

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500

Alemanha

Bélgica

Espanha

E.U.A.

França

Irlanda

Itália

Países Baixos

Reino Unido

Suíça

Outros

Unid: 103

2004

2005

2006

Main Motivationsfor Visiting Portugal

Visiting Friends and Relatives

10,4%

Professional and Business

12,1%

Other Motivations3,7%

Leisure and Recreation

73,8%

Tourism Products - Traditional

• Sun and Sea

• Golf

• City / Short Breaks

• Meetings Industry

• Touring

Tourism Products - New

• Wine and Gastronomy

• Residential

• Nautical

• Health and Well-being

• Nature

Tourism Development Tourism Development in Portugalin Portugal

some casessome cases

Troia

• Started in the late 1960s

• Sun and sea

• Major environmental impacts

• Ended in the early 1980s

• New project in 2006:– http://www.arqui300.com/movies/flash/flvsonae.swf

Algarve

• Started in the early 1970s

• Sun and sea

• Several problems since the 1980s

• New planning philosophy and public intervention since the late 1990s

Alqueva

• Started in 2005

• Controlled planning and development

• Major investments to occur until 2012

• Alternative and sustainable tourism forms

Alqueva

And in the Czech Republic?And in the Czech Republic?

Thank you very much!Thank you very much! Děkuji! Děkuji!

Sandra BailoaSandra Bailoasandra.bailoa@ipbeja.ptsandra.bailoa@ipbeja.pt

Pedro CravoPedro Cravopedro.cravo@ipbeja.ptpedro.cravo@ipbeja.pt