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Biologi - Achadiah Rachmawati

Classification 1

Classification

Achadiah Rachmawati2

•There are 13 billion known species oforganisms

•This is only 5% of all organisms thatever lived!!!!!

•New organisms are still being foundand identified

Species of Organisms

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What is Classification?

• Classification is the arrangement oforganisms into orderly groups basedon their similarities

• Classification is also known astaxonomy

• Taxonomists are scientists thatidentify & name organisms

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Benefits of Classifying

•Accurately & uniformly namesorganisms•Prevents misnomers such as starfish &jellyfish that aren't really fish•Uses same language (Latin or someGreek) for all names

Sea”horse”??


Classification 2

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Confusion in Using Different Languagesfor Names

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Latin Names are Understood by allTaxonomists

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Early Taxonomists• Greek philosopher &

biologist• First to classify organisms

based on their structuralsimilarities

• Divided organisms into 2groups: plants & animals

• Divided animals: w/ blood &bloodless

• Divided animals on how theymove: walk, fly, swim

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Early Taxonomists•John Ray, a

botanist, was thefirst to use Latin fornaming

•His names werevery longdescriptions tellingeverything aboutthe plant


Classification 3

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Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778

• Father of ModernTaxonomy

• Swedish scientist•Classified plants &

animals according tosimilarities in form

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Carolus Linnaeus

• 2 Kingdoms: Plant & Animal• Divided kingdoms into smaller groups: genera• Divided genus into smaller groups: species• Developed the modern system of naming

known as binomial nomenclature• Two-word name (Genus & species)

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Standardized Naming•Binomialnomenclature used•Genus species•Latin or Greek•Italicized in print• Capitalize genus, but

NOT species• Underline when

writing

Turdus migratorius

American Robin

Example

Cattle : Bos taurusPigs : Sus scrofaHorses : Equus caballusSheep : Ovis ariesGoat : Capra hircus

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Classification 4

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Binomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?14

Rules for Naming Organisms

•The International Code for BinomialNomenclature contains the rules fornaming organisms

•All names must be approved byInternational Naming Congresses(International Zoological Congress)

•This prevents duplicated names

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Classification Groups

•Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category intowhich related organisms are placed

•There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) frombroadest to most specific

•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,Family, Genus, species

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

DomainKingdom

Phylum (Division – used for plants)Class

OrderFamily

GenusSpecies

BROADEST TAXON

Most Specific


Classification 5

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DumbKing

Phillip

Came

Over

For

Gooseberry

Soup!

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19 20

•Broadest, most inclusive taxon•Three domains•Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular

prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)

•Eukarya are more complex and have anucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Domains


Classification 6

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ARCHAEA

•Probably the 1st cells to evolve•Live in HARSH environments•Found in:

–Sewage Treatment Plants–Thermal or Volcanic Vents–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)

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ARCHAEAN

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EUBACTERIA

•Some may cause DISEASE•Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones•Important decomposers for environment•Commercially important in making

cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

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Live in the intestines of animals


Classification 7

Three Domain System• Using a molecular clock, scientists group

organisms according to how long they havebeen evolving independently

• Now, we have another level added to Linnaeus’s7 level system, called Domains

• Today, we have 3 Domains• Bacteria = all bacteria in the

kingdom Eubacteria, unicellular,members are Prokaryotes

• Archaebacteria = includes thekingdom Archaebacteria

• Eukarya = protists, fungi, plants andanimals

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

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Domain BacteriaMembers of Kingdom Bacteria are ProkaryotesProkaryotes = lack a nucleus, no membrane-bound

organellesOrganelles = mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic

reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuole, ribosome

Bacteria on acontact lens

Bacteria on yourteeth

Some microbes live on our skin and protect us from many harmfulagents. The drier areas, like the back, have few microbes; moist areas,such as under the arm, have many more.

Lactobacillus bulgaricus helps turn milk into cheese, yogurt, and otherdairy products. Lactose intolerant anyone?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis

Staphylococcus (a.k.a. staph) can cause serious infections and is one of themost drug-resistant bacteria

Escherichia coli (a.k.a. E. coli) lives in the gut, where it helps digest food

Examples of Bacteria:

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Domain Archaea• Archaebacteria are CRAZY bacteria• Unicellular, Prokaryotic• Live in the most extreme environments, where only

crazy things live• Would you live in a swamp or marsh?• Or in the boiling water of a hot spring (over 163 oF)?• Or in a “black smoker” (deep sea air vents (very hot!))• Or in brine (water with 9X amount of salt as the ocean) and in

salt crust?• Or how about Mars?? Yes, Mars!

1. Methanogens (methane-producers)--responsible for swamp gas and farts.

2. Extreme Thermophiles--live in hot springsand black smokers.

3. Extreme Halophiles--live in saturatedbrine and salt crust.

YellowspringsYellowstone Park

Owen’s Lake, NV

Black Smoker

Martian

Archae- Bacteria,anyone?

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Domain Eukarya• All organisms whose cells have a nucleus• Everything that is NOT a bacteria- including YOU!• Now we get to the last 4 in Linnaeus’s 6 Kingdom

system

Eu = You, get it?

3. Protista – if it’s not a bacteria, plant, fungi or animal, it’s a protist,remember that! Live in moist places, like ponds

Keywords: eukaryote, lives in moist places, hard to classify

4. Fungi – heterotrophs that feed on dead or decayingorganic matter (organic = from living organisms), secreteenzymes that digest and then absorb (not eat) the smallerfood molecules

Keywords: heterotroph, feeds on dead ordecaying matter, secretes enzymes - absorbsfood

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Classification 8

Plantae and AnimaliaYou have so much food!

We have only crazybacteria on Mars!

5. Plantae – multicellular, photosyntheticautotrophs, that don’t move, have cell wallswith cellulose

Keywords: autotroph, photosynthesis, cellwalls and cellulose

6. Animalia – multicellular and heterotrophic,do not have cell walls, motile (can move), canlive almost everywhere

Keywords: multicellular, heterotrophic,motile, no cell walls

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Eukarya

Classification of Living Things

Key Characteristics of Kingdoms andDomains

KINGDOM

DOMAIN

CELL TYPE

CELLSTRUCTURES

NUMBER OFCELLS

MODE OFNUTRITION

EXAMPLES

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls withpeptidoglycan

Unicellular

Autotroph orheterotroph

Streptococcus,Escherichia coli

Archaea

Archaebacteria

Prokaryote

Cell walls withoutpeptidoglycan

Unicellular


Methanogens,halophiles

Protista

Eukaryote

May have cellwalls of cellulose

and/orchloroplasts

Most unicellular;some colonial; some

multicellular


Amoeba,Paramecium,slime molds,

giant kelp

Fungi

Eukaryote

Cell walls ofchitin

Someunicellular;

mostmulticellular

Heterotroph

Mushrooms,yeasts

Plantae

Eukaryote

Cell walls ofcellulose;

chloroplasts

Multicellular

Autotroph

Mosses, ferns,flowering plants

Animalia

Eukaryote

No cell walls orchloroplasts

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Sponges, worms,insects, fishes,

mammals

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Taxons

•Most genera contain a number of similarspecies

•The genus Homo is an exception (onlycontains modern humans)

•Classification is based on evolutionaryrelationships

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Classification 9

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Basis for Modern Taxonomy

•Homologous structures (samestructure, different function)

•Similar embryo development•Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or

amino acid sequence of Proteins

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities inmammals.

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Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos Bilateral Symmetry

Divided along sagittal plane into two mirror imagessagittal= divides bilateral organisms into right and left halves

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Classification 10

Bilateral SymmetryAnterior = head endPosterior = tail endDorsal = back sideVentral = belly side

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SymmetryMedian= sagittal

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CladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related based onshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, orscales

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PrimateCladogram


Classification 11

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Dichotomous Keying

•Used to identify organisms•Characteristics given in pairs•Read both characteristics and either

go to another set of characteristicsOR identify the organism

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Example of Dichotomous Key1a Tentacles present – Go to 21b Tentacles absent – Go to 32a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2b More than 8 tentacles – 33a Tentacles hang down – go to 43b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

Barnacles, Limpets and CrabsAppendages Conical Shells

Crab Barnacle Limpet

CLASSIFICATIONBASED ON VISIBLE

SIMILARITIES

Barnacles

Limpet

Crab


CLASSIFICATIONBASED ONANALYSIS

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Evolutionary Classification


CLADOGRAM

Crustaceans Gastropods

Moltedexoskeleton

Tiny free-swimming larva

Actually, crabs and barnacles are moreclosely related evolutionarily.

This branching shows that crabs andbarnacles share a more recent commonancestor.

Derived characteristics in crustaceans =-Segmented bodies-Hard external skeleton shed during growth

Barnacles

Limpet

Crab

Cladogram = shows the evolutionary relationships among a group oforganisms

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Classification 12

Similarities in DNA and RNA• Genes of many organisms share important similarities at the

molecular level• Similarities in DNA and RNA can help determine classification

and evolutionary relationships

African Vulture

American vultureStorks

Falcon45

Molecular Clocks• DNA comparisons can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary

time• Molecular Clock model uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of

time that 2 species have been evolving independently• Looks for mutations that separate 2 species• Other changes in DNA• Compares DNA sequences between species

Human: CCA TAG CAC CTAPig: CCA TGG AAA CGAChimpanzee: CCA TAA CAC CTACricket: CCT AAA GGG ACG

Which organisms are moreclosely related?

Why?

Only 1 mutation separates human andchimp in this portion of the gene

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Classification of Breeds

A breed of animals is defined as a group ofanimals with a common ancestry andcommon characteristics that breed true.

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Classification of Breeds

Breeding true means that the offspring willalmost always look like the parents

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Classification 13

Selective Breeding

Choosing the best and desired animals andusing those animals for breeding purposes.

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Purebreds

These are animals whose ancestors areof only one breed.

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Breed Associations

An organization that promotes a certainbreed of animal. They control theregistration process of purebred animals ofthat breed.

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Blood Typing

• Not only physical characteristics are usedin breed identification.

• Blood typing is analyzing and animalsblood to determine their history.

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Classification 14

Crossbreeding

Sometimes species can be successfullycrossed to produce new breeds.

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Example

One of the first successful breeds: SantaGertrudis, which a cross between Shorthornbreed of cattle with the Brahman breed ofcattle.

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Classification According to Use

Meat AnimalsWork Animals

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Classification of Horses

• Cutting horses: used to heard and workcattle

• Draft Breeds: used to pull wagons andheavy loads

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Classification 15

Classification of Horses

Harness Horses: used for pulling sulkies orlight carriages

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Dual-Purpose Animals

An animal that is raised for more than onepurpose.

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ExamplesCows and CalvesSheepCamels (in the desert of the Middle East)

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Bones or no bones

Animal Kingdom

Invertebrata(without backbone)

Vertebrata/Chordata(with backbone)

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Classification 16

Invertebrata

Echinodermata

Cnidaria/coelenterata

Platyhelminthes

Annelida

Nematoda

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Porifera

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Vertebrata

Fish

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves/Bird

Mammalia62

Vertebrates

Ectothermal (coldblooded)

Endothermal (warmblooded)

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3 MAMMALGROUPS

Placentals

MarsupialsMonotremes

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Classification 17

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