species,(populaons,( communies€¦ · ourjob:(provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((•...

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Species, Popula.ons, Communi.es Interac.ons in Water Ecosystems

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Page 1: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Species,  Popula.ons,  Communi.es  

Interac.ons  in  Water  Ecosystems  

Page 2: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

We  are  being  hired  to:  •  Research   for  writers  of  a  science  fic.on  book  and  screenplay.  

•  The  writers  want  to  create  a  doomsday  scenario  in  a  scien.fic,  research-­‐based  context  

Page 3: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Our  job:  

Provide  comprehensive  input  about:    •  Physical,  chemical,  and  biological  proper.es  of  water  environments    

•  Species  interac.ons  •  Popula.on  dynamics  •  Human  impacts  

Page 4: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

water  ecosystems  

•  Marine  (Ocean)  /  Reefs  •  Mangroves  /  swamps  •  Estuaries  /  Wetlands  /  Lagoons  •  River  /  Riparian  •  Lake  •  Ice  /  Glaciers  

Page 5: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Physical,  Chemical  

•  Geographic  loca3on  or  loca3on  type  •  Zones  •  Light  •  Temperatures  •  Presence  of  oxygen,  nutrients,  salt  •  Geological  factors  –  rock,  soil  •  Chemical  factors  –  inorganic  reac3ons  

Page 6: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Biological  

•  Species  and  Niche  •  Community  Proper.es  •  Environmental  Pressures    •  Popula.on  Dynamics  

Page 7: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Proper.es  of  Water  •  Makes  up  70%  of  Earth’s  surface  •  97%  is  salt,  2%  is  frozen,  1%  is  fresh  •  Greatest  density  at  4°  C.  •  Due  molecular  polarity,  it  has  high  adhesion  •  High  Specific  heat  -­‐  can  absorb  energy  without  rapid  temperature  increase  

•  Ice  (solid)  is  less  dense  than  liquid  form  •  The  most  common  solvent  –  ionic  compounds  dissolve  readily  

•  Acid,  base,  neutral  pH  depending  on  solutes  •  Conducts  electricity  if  salts  are  dissolved  

Page 8: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Geographic  Loca3on  or  type  

Mangroves  occur  along  coastlines  in  tropical  climates  

Page 9: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Geographic  Loca3on  or  type  

Wetlands  occur  at  different  la3tudes  

Page 10: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Zones  -­‐  ocean  

•  Different  depths  have  different  characteris3cs  

•  Ocean  depths  range  to  5  miles  

•  Energy  sources  range  from  solar  to  volcanic  

Page 11: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Zones  -­‐  Lake  Different  depths  have  different  characteris3cs.      Light,  oxygen  levels,  and  temperature  all  determine  plant,  animal,  decomposer  communi3es  

Page 12: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Light  

While  water  depth  determines  how  much  light  gets  through,  turbidity  is  also  a  huge  factor.    Turbidity  of  a  water  body  can  be  impacted  by  natural  and  human  ac.vity,  and  turbidity  impacts  water  ecosystems.  

Page 13: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Temperatures  change  seasonally,  changing  water  density  

Page 14: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Ocean  temperatures:    la3tude  and  currents  

Arrows  show  the  direc.on  of  water  flow.  The  white  current  is  the  Gulf  Stream,  which  flows  along  the  East  Coast  of  NA,  across  the  Atlan.c  Ocean,  and  warms  Western  Europe.  

Page 15: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Presence  of  oxygen,  nutrients,  salt  

Page 16: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Geological  factors  –  rock,  soil  

Rare  Earth  metal  deposits  

Sea  sediment  Jasper  

Page 17: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Human  Impact  •  Chemicals  –    –  Fossil  fuel  combus.on  biproducts  – Manufacturing  effluent  – N2  and  PO4  Fer.lizersà  eutrophism,  algal  blooms  – Herbicides,  pes.cides,  pH  

•  Sediment  –  Land  management  –  Forest  management  (or  mismanagement)  

•  Fecal  mader  –  human  and  animal  waste  •  Garbage  •  Temperature    – Manufacturing  effluent  – Global  warming  

Page 18: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Biosphere  

•  Tolerance  for  environmental  condi.ons  •  Limi.ng  factors  –  temperature,  nutrients,  space,  oxygen  

Page 19: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Community  proper.es  

•  Primary  produc.vity  •  Biodiversity  –  species  richness  •  Abundance  –  #  of  organisms  of  a  species  •  Complexity  –  #  of  species  at  each  trophic  level  – The  more  complex  the  food  web,    the  more  resistant  it  is  to  disturbance  

Page 20: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Communi.es  in  Transi.on  

Primary  Succession  –  life  has  never  been  there  and  it  starts      Secondary  Succession  –  life  was  destroyed  and  returns  Climax  Community  –  life  has  developed  complexity,  abundance,  and  can  develop  no  further    

Page 21: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Species  and  Niche  

Indicator  species  -­‐    reflect  living  condi.ons  

Keystone  species  –  play  a  significant  role;  other  species  depend  on  them  

Exo.c  species  –  compete  with  na.ves  

NICHE  –  an  organism’s  role  in  the  community  Generalists  –  can  survive  in  a  wide  range  of  habitats  Specialists  –  survive  in  only  a  narrow  range  of  habitats  

Page 22: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

LAW  OF  COMPETITIVE  EXCLUSION  

No  two  species  can  occupy  the  same  niche  and  compete  for  the  same  resources.  

This  will  lead  to  either:  –  Ex.nc.on  of  one  species  –  Behavior  change  •  Temporal  isola.on  •  Geographic  isola.on  •  Symbio.c  coopera.on  

–  Gene.c  change:  Adapta.on  

 

Page 23: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Adapta.on  -­‐  Natural  Selec.on  

•  Gene.c  traits  that  survive  in  harsh  condi.ons  are  passed  onto  offspring  

•  When  members  of  a  popula.on  are  isolated  by  (ecologic  or  geographic)  barriers,  they  can  change  enough  to  become  a  separate  species  

Page 24: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Popula.on  Change  

•  J-­‐curve  -­‐  exponen.al  growth  without  limit  •  S-­‐curve  -­‐  growth  that  responds  to  limits  •  Doubling  .me  –  70  /  rate  of  growth  •  Oscilla.on  –  cycles  of  growth  and  decline  •  Species  Type  –  r-­‐adapted:  high  reproduc.on,  high  mortality  – K-­‐adapted:  few  offspring,  larger,  live  longer  

Page 25: Species,(Populaons,( Communies€¦ · Ourjob:(Provide(comprehensive(inputabout:((• Physical,(chemical,(and(biological(proper.es(of(water(environments((• Species(interac.ons

Factors  that  impact  popula.ons  

•  Fer.lity  •  Mortality  •  Life  expectancy  •  Emigra.on  •  Abio.c  factors    – human  impact  on  Earth  Systems  – natural  disasters  

•  Stress  and  crowding  •  Conserva.on  /  Restora.on  efforts