specific features of children's homeostasis: body fluids compartments, electrolytes ... ·...
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Specific features of children's homeostasis:
body fluids compartments, electrolytes and
fluid balance, interpretation of acid-base
disturbances
Assoc.Prof. Virginija Zilinskaite,MD,PhD
Vilnius
2017
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Various conditions may cause fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
Most i ala es result fro a o ditio s that disrupts the ody’s regulatory mechanism or the treatment implemented to correct the condition
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Body fluids compartments
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Body fluids compartments
Premat.
newborn
Newb
orn
1 y. 3 y. Adult
Body weight (kg) 1,5 3 10 15 70
Body surface (m2) 0,15 0,2 0,5 0,6 1,7
Total body water (TBW %) 80 78 65 60 60
Extracellular fluid (ECV %) 50 45 25 20 20
Intracellular fluid (ICV %) 30 33 40 40 40
V.Žili skaitė, 7
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Fluid and electrolyte balance in children
• A proportionately greater amount of body water
• A proportionately greater extracellular fluid, labile water
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
• Compared to adults, children are at greater risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance – A proportionately greater amount of body water and a greater
body surface and a higher percentage of total body water
– Require more fluid intake and subsequently excrete more fluid
– A greater potential for fluid loss via the gastrointestinal tract and skin
– An increased incidence of fever, upper respiratory infections, gastroenteritis
– A greater metabolic rate
– Kidneys that have a decreased ability to concentrate urine
– Increased risk for development hypernatremia based on their inability to verbalize thirst
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Electrolytes
• Chemically, electrolytes are substances that become ions in
solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity
• Essential for normal function of the cells and organs
• Sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate
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Electrolytes • Sodium Na+
– 135 to 145 mEq/l (mmol/l)
– Major positive ion in fluid outside the cells
– Regulates the total amount of water in the body and the transmission of into
and out of cells
• Potassium (K+)
– 3,5 to 5,0 mEq/L (mmol/L)
– Major positive ion found inside the cells
– Regulation of the heartbeat and function of the muscles
• Chloride (Cl-)
– 98 to 108 mmol/L
– Major anion (negatively charged ion) found outside the cells and in the blood
– Helping the body maintain a normal balance of fluids
• Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
– 21 to 25 mmol/L
– Acts a buffer to maintain the normal level of pH in the blood and other fluids in the body
– Measured to monitor the acidity of the blood and body fluids
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Osmolality vs osmolarity
Normal value = 275-295 mOsm/L
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Measurement values • 1 mol = molecular weight in grams
• 1 mmol. = 1/1000 mol. (does not depend on valentia)
– glucose - m.w. 180, 180 mg = 1 mmol
• mosm. - does not depend on valentia or molecular weight , this is the
number of particles in the solution
• glucose, urea - 1 mmol = 1 mosm (does not dissociate)
– 1 mmol NaCl = 2 mosm
• mosm/l = mg/l : molecular weight x number of particles
• 9g NaCl/l = 9000mg/l : m.w.58,5 x 2 = 308 mosm/l
– 9g gluc/l = 9000mg/l : m.w.180 x 1 = 50 mosm/l
• mekv./l - depend on valentia
– Na+ - 1 mmol/l = 1 mekv/l = 1 mosm/l
– Mg++ - 1 mmol/l = 2 mekv/l = 1 mosm/l
V.Žili skaitė, 7
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Body fluid Osmolality
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Osmolality: clinical point
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ADH disturbances
• Syndrome of inappropriate ADH ( )
secretion
– Normovolemic hyponatremia with oliguria
– unproduction of ADH
– Normo or hypovolemic hypernatremia with
hypotonic polyuria
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Diabetes insipidus
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ECG changes
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Hyperkalemia
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Pediatric Clinical Dehydration Scale (CDS)
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Symptoms of water disorders in different
body water compartments
V.Žili skaitė, 7
Deficit
IVF Hypovolemia: tachycardia,
mental status, skin
perfusion, diuresis
IstF Impaired skin elasticity
and turgor
Thirst, CNS deterioration,
seizure, coma
Excess
IVF Hypervolemia: acute cardiac
failure, dyspnea, crackles in
lungs
IstF Edema
Headache, nausea,
vomiting, CNS
deterioration, seizure, coma
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Fluid and electrolytes imbalance
• Evaluate:
– Loss mechanism
– Signs of dehydration
– Laboratory tests (acid-base state, electrolytes)
• Choose correction:
– Oral rehydration
– IV rehydration
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Standard format of writing an ABG
pH < 7.35 – acidemia, pH > 7.45 - alkalemia
HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2
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A simple method for evaluating acid-base disorders
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Respiratory acidosis: Symptoms and causes
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Respiratory alkalosis: Symptoms and causes
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Metabolic acidosis: Symptoms and causes
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Metabolic alkalosis: Symptoms and causes
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Blood Gas Differentialiser
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Anion gap
• Cations = Na + unmeasured cations UC (Mg, Ca, K) 11 mekv/l
• Anions = Cl + HCO3 + unmeasured anions UA (SO4, PO4) 23 mekv/l
• Na + UC = Cl + HCO3 + UA
• Na - (Cl+HCO3) = UA - UC = 23mekv/l - 11mekv/l = 12 mekv/l anion gap
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