speech acts
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lezione 15 del corso teorie della comunicazione – Genova CP
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1. what are they?
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LOCUTIONARY ACT(act of saying)
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT(act we do in saying...)
[conventions]
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT(act we do by saying...)
[consequences]
phonetics (form)syntaxsemantics (content)
felicity conditions(illocutionary “force”)
context dependence
(2 examples Mario and
“her”)
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2. how to classify them?
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1) “explicit performatives” (Austin) (illocutionary clause (Searle))
2) different criteria (Searle):*Illocutionary point* (essential condition)– illocutionary force– direction of fit– sincerity conditions (psychological state)
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Ill. force direction of fit sincerity condition
Assertion worldwords believe in what you assert
Command wordsworld will of future action
Commitment wordsworld intention to fulfill the action
Expression possibility to express psic.states
Declaration words world will of future action
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1. Assertive: represents a state of affairs. E.g. stating, claiming, hypothesizing, describing, telling, insisting, suggesting, ...
2. Directive: getting the addressee to do something. E.g. ordering, commanding, daring, defying, challenging
3. Commissive: getting the speaker to do something. E.g. promising, threatening, intending, advising, warning, betting, vowing to do or to refrain from doing something ...
4. Expressive: expressing the mental state of the speaker about an event presumed to be true.. E.g. congratulating, thanking, deploring, condoling, welcoming, apologizing
5. Declaration: bringing into existence the state of affairs to which it refers. E.g. blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, ...
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3. when and how to use which speech acts?
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1) open the window!2) will you open the window, please?
1) what time is it?2) do you know the time?
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John Searle:preparatory condition
Robin Lakoff:following the rules of the “logic of
politeness”
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1. Don’t Impose
2. Give Options
3. Make your Receiver Feel Good
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is the speaker able to fulfill the sincerity conditions?
or better: can he realize the illocutionary point?
(felicity conditions in general include intentions, sentiments, psychological states, but also conventions, physical possibilities, practical possibilities...)
what does the choice of a particular kind of illocutionary act reveal of the speaker?