「spiceの活用方法」セミナー資料(28jan2011) ppt
DESCRIPTION
2011年1月28日に発表しました「SPICEの活用方法」の資料です。このデータは、パワー・ポイント版になります。お問い合わせは、ビー・テクノロジーまで。[email protected]TRANSCRIPT
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 1
SPICE の活用方法
株式会社ビー・テクノロジーhttp://www.bee-tech.com/[email protected]
2011 年 1 月 28 日 ( 金曜日 )
1.PWM Buck Converter Average Model←[DEMO] フィードバック制御におけるアベレージモデルを活用した 位相余裕度のシミュレーションの活用方法を解説していきます。
2. ステッピングモータのコンセプトキット [ 事例紹介 ]2.1 ユニポーラ・ステッピングモーター制御回路2.2 バイポーラ・ステッピングモーター制御回路
「コンセプトキット」でパラメータベース・シミュレーション
コンセプトキットの位置付け
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 2
回路解析シミュレータSpice 系回路解析シミュレータ
PSpice,LTspice,MultiSim,MicroCap,HSPICE,SmartSPICE,Simplorer, and so on
[ デザインキット ] 回路方式のテンプレートコンセプトキット (NEW)←(概念設計のテンプレート )
デザインキット ( 各回路方式のテンプレート )
[ スパイスモデル ]デバイスモデリングサービス (58 種類のデバイスモデリング )
スパイス・パーク www.spicepark.comシンプルモデル (NEW)← ブロックベースのスパイスモデル
コンセプトキットとは
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製品 価格 ( 円 ) PSpice 版 LTspice 版ユニポーラステッピングモータ制御回路
42,000 2011 年 2 月初旬 2011 年 2 月中旬
バイポーラステッピングモータ制御回路
42,000 2011 年 2 月初旬 2011 年 2 月中旬
アベレージモデルの降圧コンバータ 84,000 2011 年 2 月中旬 2011 年 2 月下旬
過渡解析モデルの降圧コンバータ 未定 2011 年 2 月中旬 2011 年 2 月下旬
コンセプトキット
[ 概念設計 ]
デザインキット[ 具体化設計 ] 実設計
デザインキット
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要望が多いインバータ回路方式を中心に 20 種類の新製品を開発中。
製品 分野FCC 回路 電源回路RCC 回路 電源回路低損失リニアレギュレータ 電源回路高精度リニアレギュレータ 電源回路D 級アンプ アンプ回路擬似共振電源回路 電源回路マイクロコントローラ 電源回路ステッピングモータドライブ回路 モーター制御回路PWM IC による電源回路 電源回路バッテリー回路 ( リチウムイオン電池 ) バッテリーアプリケーション回路バッテリー回路 ( ニッケル水素電池 ) バッテリーアプリケーション回路バッテリー回路 ( 鉛蓄電池 ) バッテリーアプリケーション回路DCDC コンバータ 電源回路DC モータ制御回路 モーター制御回路
Concept Kit:PWM Buck Converter Average Model
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 5
Power Switches Filter & LoadPWM Controller (Voltage Mode Control)
VREF
VOUT
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U ?P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
D
U ?B U C K _ S W
L1 2
C
R lo a d
V o
E S R
Contents
• Concept of Simulation• Buck Converter Circuit• Averaged Buck Switch Model• Buck Regulator Design Workflow
1. Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters.
2. Programming Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower
3. Inductor Selection: L
4. Capacitor Selection: C, ESR
5. Stabilizing the Converter (Example)
• Load Transient Response Simulation (Example)Appendix
A. Type 2 Compensation Calculation using Excel
B. Feedback Loop Compensators
C. Simulation Index
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 6
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 7
Power Switches
Averaged Buck Switch Model
Filter & Load
Parameter:• L• C• ESR• Rload
PWM Controller (Voltage Mode Control)
Parameter:• VP
• VREF
Models:
Block Diagram:
Concept of Simulation
VREF
VOUT
D
U ?B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U ?P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
L1 2
C
R lo a d
V o
E S R
L1 2
C
R lo a d
0
C o m p
C 2
R 2 C 1
F B
Type 2 Compensator
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
V inD
U 2B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
V o
E S R
Buck Converter Circuit
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 8
Filter & Load
PWM Controller
Power Switches
Averaged Buck Switch Model
• The Averaged Buck Switch Model represents relation between input and output of the switch that is controlled by duty cycle – d (value between 0 and 1).
• Transfer function of the model is
vout = d vin
• The current flow into the switch is
iin = d iout
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 9
D
U 2B U C K _ S W
vin
+
-
vout
+
-D
iin iout
Buck Regulator Design Workflow
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 10
Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters: VREF, VP1
Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower2
Inductor Selection: L3
Capacitor Selection: C, ESR4
Stabilizing the Converter: R2, C1, C2
• Step1: Open the loop with LoL=1kH and CoL=1kF then inject an AC signal to generate Bode plot. (always default)
• Step2: Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, (always keep the default value) and R2= calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values.
• Step3: Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4). Then complete the table.
• Step4: Read the Gain and Phase value at the crossover frequency (10kHz) from the Bode plot, Then put the values to the table
• Step5: Select the phase margin at the fc ( > 45 ). Then change the K value until it gives the satisfied phase margin, for this example K=6 is chosen for Phase margin = 46.
• Remark: If K-factor fail to gives the satisfied phase margin, Increase the output capacitor C then try Step1 to Step5 again.
Load Transient Response Simulation
5
6
Buck Regulator Design Workflow
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 11
1
2
3
4
5
L1 2
C
R lo a d
0
C o m p
C 2
R 2 C 1
F B
Type 2 Compensator
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
V inD
U 2B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
V o
E S R
• VREF, feedback reference voltage, value is given by the datasheet
• VP = (Error Amp. Gain vFB ) / d• vFB = vFBH – vFBL
• d = dMAX – dMIN
• Error Amp. Gain is 100 (approximated)
where
VP is the sawtooth peak voltage.
vFBH is maximum FB voltage where d = 0
vFBL is minimum FB voltage where d =1(100%)
dMAX is maximum duty cycle, e.g. d = 0(0%)
dMIN is minimum duty cycle, e.g. d =1(100%)
Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 12
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U ?P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
vcomp
d
Error Amp.
FB
The PWM block is used to transfer the error voltage (between FB and REF) to be the duty cycle.
If vFBH and vFBL are not provided, the default value, VP=2.5 could be used.
1
TimeV(PWM)
V(osc) V(comp)0V
2.0V
3.0V
SEL>> VP
Duty cycle (d) is a value from 0 to 1
from
VP = (Error Amp. Gain vFB )/d
•Error Amp. Gain = 100 (approximated)
•from the graph on the left, vFB = 25mV (15m - (-10m))•d = 1 – 0 = 1
VP ≈ ( 100 25mV )/1
≈ 2.5V
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 13
If the VP ( sawtooth signal amplitude ) does not informed by the datasheet, It can be approximated from the characteristics below.
LM2575: Feedback Voltage vs. Duty Cycle
Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters (Example)
vFB = 25mV
d = 1 (100%)
dMIN dMAX
vFBH
vFBL
1
If vFBH and vFBL are not provided, the default value, VP=2.5 could be used.
• Use the following formula to select the resistor values.
• Rlower can be between 1k and 5k.
Example
Given: VOUT = 5V
VREF = 1.23
Rlower = 1k
then: Rupper = 3.065k
C o m p
C 2
R 2 C 1
Type 2 Compensator
F B
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
Error Amp.
Vo
Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 14
lower
upperREFOUT
R
RVV 1
2
Inductor Selection: L
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 15
Inductor Value• The output inductor value is selected to set the
converter to work in CCM (Continuous Current Mode) or DCM (Discontinuous Current Mode).
• Calculated by
Where
• LCCM is the inductor that make the converter to work in CCM.
• VI,max is input maximum voltage
• RL,min is load resistance at the minimum output current ( IOUT,min )
• fosc is switching frequency
L1 2
C
R lo a d
V o
E S R
max,
min,max,
2 Iosc
LOUTICCM
Vf
RVVL
3
Inductor Selection: L (Example)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 16
Inductor Value
from
Given:
• VI,max = 40V, VOUT = 5V
• IOUT,min = 0.2A
• RL,min = (VOUT / IOUT,min ) = 25
• fosc = 52kHz
Then:
• LCCM 210(uH),
• L = 330(uH) is selected
L1 2
C
R lo a d
V o
E S R
max,
min,max,
2 Iosc
LOUTICCM
Vf
RVVL
3
Capacitor Selection: C, ESR
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Capacitor Value• The minimum allowable output capacitor value should
be determined by
Where
• VI, max is the maximum input voltage.
• L (H) is the inductance calculated from previous step ( ).
• In addition, the output ripple voltage due to the capacitor ESR must be considered as the following equation.
L1 2
C
R lo a d
V o
E S R
F)H(
785,7max,
LV
VC
OUT
I
RIPPLEL
RIPPLEO
I
VESR
,
,
4
3
Capacitor Selection: C, ESR (Example)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 18
Capacitor ValueFrom
and
Given:
• VI, max = 40 V
• VOUT = 5 V
• L (H) = 330
Then:• C 188 (F)
In addition:• ESR 100m
L1 2
C
R lo a d
V o
E S R
RIPPLEL
RIPPLEO
I
VESR
,
,
4
F)H(
785,7max,
LV
VC
OUT
I
• Loop gain for this configuration is
L1 2
R lo a d
C
0
C o m p
C 2
R 2 C 1
Type 2 Compensator
F B
R u p p e r3 . 0 6 6 k
R lo we r1 . 0 k
0
d
V in1 2 V d c
D
U 2B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
V o
E S R
• The purpose of the compensator G(s) is to tailor the converter loop gain (frequency response) to make it stable when operated in closed-loop conditions.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 19
PWMGsGsHsT )()()( GPWM
G(s)
H(s)
Stabilizing the Converter5
Stabilizing the Converter (Example)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 20
Specification:VOUT = 5VVIN = 7 ~ 40VILOAD = 0.2 ~ 1A
PWM Controller:VREF = 1.23VVP = 2.5VfOSC = 52kHz
Rlower = 1k,Rupper = 3.1k,L = 330uH, C = 330uF (ESR = 100m)
Task: • to find out the element of the
Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 )
L3 3 0 u H
1 2
C3 3 0 u F
R lo a d5
0
0
C O L1 k F
L O L
1 k H
C 2
R 2 C 1
F B
R u p p e r3 . 1 k
Type 2 Compensator
R lo we r1 . 0 k
0
d
V 31 V a c0 V d c
V in1 2 V d c
D
U 2B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
V o
E S R1 0 0 m
G(s)
e.g. Given values from National Semiconductor Corp. IC: LM2575
5
1
34
2
L3 3 0 u H
1 2
C3 3 0 u F
R lo a d5
0
0
C O L1 k F
L O L
1 k H
R 20 . 7 5 6 k
F B
R u p p e r3 . 1 k
Type 2 Compensator
R lo we r1 k
0
d
V 31 V a c0 V d c
V in1 2 V d c
D
U 2B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
V o
E S R1 0 0 m
C 21 f
C 11 k
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 21
Step2 Set C1=1kF, C2=1fF, and R2=calculated value (Rupper//Rlower) as the initial values.
Step1 Open the loop with LoL=1kH and CoL=1kF then inject an AC signal to generate Bode plot.
The element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 ), that stabilize the converter, can be extracted by using Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet) and open-loop simulation with the Average Switch Models (ac models).
Stabilizing the Converter (Example)5
C1=1kF is AC shorted, and C2 1fF is AC opened (or Error-Amp without compensator).
Stabilizing the Converter (Example)
Type 2 Compensator Calculator
Switching frequency, fosc : 52.00 kHzCross-over frequency, fc (<fosc/4) : 10.00 kHzRupper : 3.1 kOhmRlower : 1 kOhmR2 (Rupper//Rlower) : 0.756 kOhm (automatically calculated)
PWMVref : 1.230 VVp (Approximate) : 2.5 V
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 22
Step3 Select a crossover frequency (about 10kHz or fc < fosc/4 ), for this example, 10kHz is selected. Then complete the table.
Calculated value of the Rupper//Rlower
values from 2
values from 1
5
Parameter extracted from simulationSet: R2=R1, C1=1k, C2=1fGain (PWM) at foc ( - or + ) : -44.211Phase (PWM) at foc : 65.068
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 23
Frequency
100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHzP(v(d))
0d
90d
180d
SEL>>
(10.000K,65.068)
DB(v(d))
-80
-40
0
40
80
(10.000K,-44.211)
Step4 Read the Gain and Phase value at the crossover frequency (10kHz) from the Bode plot, Then put the values to the table.
Stabilizing the Converter (Example)
Tip: To bring cursor to the fc = 10kHz type “ sfxv(10k) ” in Search Command.
Cursor Search
Gain: T(s) = H(s)GPWM
Phase at fc
5
K-factor (Choose K and from the table)K 6q -199 ° (automatically calculated)
Phase margin : 46 (automatically calculated)
R2 : 122.780 kOhm (automatically calculated)C1 : 0.778 nF (automatically calculated)C2 : 21.600 pF (automatically calculated)
Stabilizing the Converter (Example)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 24
Step5 Select the phase margin at fc (> 45 ). Then change the K value (start from K=2) until it gives the satisfied phase margin, for this example K=6 is chosen for Phase margin = 46.
As the result; R2, C1, and C2 are calculated.
K Factor enable the circuit designer to choose a loop cross-over frequency and phase margin, and then determine the necessary component values to achieve these results. A very big K value (e.g. K > 100) acts like no compensator (C1 is shorted and C2 is opened).
5
Remark: If K-factor fail to gives the satisfied phase margin, Increase the output capacitor C then try Step1 to Step5 again.
R 21 2 2 . 7 8 0 k
Type 2 Compensator
C 22 1 . 6 p
C 10 . 7 7 8 n
L3 3 0 u H
1 2
C3 3 0 u F
R lo a d5
0
0
C O L1 k F
L O L
1 k H
F B
R u p p e r3 . 1 k
R lo we r1 k
0
d
V 31 V a c0 V d c
V in1 2 V d c
D
U 2B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
V o
E S R1 0 0 m
Stabilizing the Converter (Example)
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The element of the Type 2 compensator ( R2, C1, and C2 ) extraction can be completed by Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet) with the converter average models (ac models) and open-loop simulation.
The calculated values of the type 2 elements are, R2=122.780k, C1=0.778nF, and C2=21.6pF.
*Analysis directives: .AC DEC 100 0.1 10MEG
5
Frequency
100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHzP(v(d))
0d
90d
180d
(9.778K,45.930)
DB(v(d))
-40
0
40
80
-100SEL>>
(9.778K,0.000)
• Phase margin = 45.930 at the cross-over frequency - fc = 9.778kHz.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 26
Stabilizing the Converter (Example)
Tip: To bring cursor to the cross-over point (gain = 0dB) type “ sfle(0) ” in Search Command.
Cursor Search
Gain: T(s) = H(s) G(s)GPWM
Phase at fc
5
Gain and Phase responses after stabilizing
Load Transient Response Simulation (Example)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 27
R 21 2 2 . 7 8 0 k
C 22 1 . 6 p
Type 2 Compensator
C 10 . 7 7 8 n
L o a d
V o
I 1
TD = 1 0 mTF = 2 5 u
P W = 0 . 4 3 mP E R = 1
I 1 = 0I 2 = 0 . 8
TR = 2 0 u
R lo a d2 5
0
F B
R u p p e r3 . 1 k
R lo we r1 k
0
d
V in2 0 V d c
D
U 2B U C K _ S W
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
U 3P W M _ C TR L
V P = 2 . 5V R E F = 1 . 2 3
L3 3 0 u H
1 2
C3 3 0 u F
E S R1 0 0 m
The converter, that have been stabilized, are connected with step-load to perform load transient response simulation.
5V/2.5 = 0.2A step to 0.2+0.8=1.0A load
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 20ms 0 1u
Simulation Measurement
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 28
Output Voltage Change
Load Current
• The simulation results are compared with the measurement data (National Semiconductor Corp. IC LM2575 datasheet).
Time
9.9ms 10.1ms 10.3ms 10.5ms 10.7ms 10.9ms1 V(vo) 2 I(load)
4.4V
4.5V
4.6V
4.7V
4.8V
4.9V
5.0V
5.1V
5.2V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A
1.5A
2.0A
2.5A
3.0A
3.5A
4.0A2
>>
Load Transient Response Simulation (Example)
A. Type 2 Compensation Calculation using Excel
Switching frequency, fosc : 52.00 kHz Given spec, datasheetCross-over frequency, fc (<fosc/4) : 10.00 kHz Input the chosen value ( about 10kHz or < fosc/4 )Rupper : 3.1 kOhm Given spec, datasheet, or calculated Rlower : 1 kOhm Given spec, datasheet, or value: 1k-10k OhmR2 (Rupper//Rlower) : 0.756 kOhm (automatically calculated)
PWMVref : 1.230 V Given spec, datasheetVp (Approximate) : 2.5 V Given spec, or calculated, (or leave default 2.5V)
Parameter extracted from simulationSet: R2=R2, C1=1k, C2=1fGain (PWM) at foc ( - or + ) : -44.211 dB Read from simulation resultPhase (PWM) at foc : 65.068 ° Read from simulation result
K-factor (Choos K and q from the table)K 6 Input the chosen value (start from k=2)q -199 ° (automatically calculated)
Phase margin : 46 (automatically calculated) Target value > 45
R2 : 122.780 kOhm (automatically calculated)C1 : 0.778 nF (automatically calculated)C2 : 21.60 pF (automatically calculated)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 29
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 30
B. Feedback Loop Compensators
Type 1 Compensator
C 1
V O U T
F B
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
P W M _ C TR L
Type1 Compensator Type2 Compensator Type2a Compensator
Type2b Compensator Type3 Compensator
Type2b Compensator
C 1
V O U T
F B
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
P W M _ C TR L
R 2
Type2a Compensator
C 1
V O U T
F B
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
P W M _ C TR L
R 2
Type3 Compensator
C 1
F B
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
P W M _ C TR L
C 2
R 2
C 3
R 3
V O U T
Type2 Compensator
C 1
F B
R u p p e r
R lo we r
0
d
REF
PWM
1 / V p
-
+
P W M _ C TR L
C 2
R 2
V O U T
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Simulations Folder name
1. Stabilizing the
Converter....................................................
2. Load Transient Response..................................................
ac
stepload
Libraries :1. ..\bucksw.lib2. ..\pwm_ctr.lib
Tool :• Type 2 Compensator Calculator (Excel sheet)
C. Simulation Index
Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
Contents1. Concept of Simulation
2. Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
3. Unipolar Stepping Motor
4. Switches
5. Signal Generator
6. Hysteresis-Based Current Controller
7. Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit (Example)7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
7.2 Two-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
7.3 Half-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
8. Drive Circuit Efficiency
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 32
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 33
Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U ?U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 34
Driver Unit:(e.g. Hysteresis-Based Controller)
Parameter:• I_SET• HYS
Switches(e.g. FET, Diode)
Parameter:• Ron
Stepping Motor
Parameter:• L• R
Control Unit (e.g. Microcontroller)
Sequence:• One-Phase• Two-Phase• Half-Step
U ?1 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?2 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?H A L F -S TE PP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U ?U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
Models:
Block Diagram:
D I O D ED 1
0
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = 1 0 m
V C C
C t rl_ A A
1.Concept of Simulation
U 2
A N D
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
C t r l_ AF A
2.Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 35
Signal generator Hysteresis Based Current Controller
Switches Unipolar Stepping Motor Supply Voltage
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U 1U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
U 8
A N D
U 9
A N D
R 11 k
0
F B
D I O D ED 1
D I O D ED 2
D I O D ED 3
D I O D ED 4
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
B
0
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
0
U 1 01 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
0
0
U 6
A N D
F A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 2
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F A
/ F B
V C C
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 4
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ B
/ A
+
-
+
-
S 4
SR O N = {R O N }
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 5
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
C L K
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 2
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 3
SR O N = {R O N }
V C C
V C C V C C
0
V C C
V c c1 2
V C C
V C C
U 7
A N D
3.Unipolar Stepping Motor
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 36
• The electrical equivalent circuit of each phase consists of an inductance of the phase winding series with resistance.
• The inductance is ideal (without saturation characteristics and the mutual inductance between phases)
• The motor back EMF is set as zero to simplified the model parameters extraction.
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U 1U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
Input the inductance and resistance values (parameter: L, R) of the stepping motor, that are usually provided by the manufacturer datasheet, to generally model the phase winding.
4.Switches
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 37
• A near-ideal DIODE can be modeled by using spice primitive model (D), which parameter: N=0.01 RS=0.
• A near-ideal MOSFET can be modeled by using PSpice VSWITCH that is voltage controlled switch.
D I O D ED 1
0
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = 1 0 m
V C C
C t rl_ A A
The parameter RON represents Rds(on) characteristics of MOSFET, that are usually provide by the manufacturer datasheet. The value could be about 10m to 10 ohm.
5.Signal Generator
The signal generators are used as a microcontroller capable of generating step pulses and direction signals for the driver.
There are 3 useful stepping sequences to control unipolar stepping motor
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 38
One-Phase (Wave Drive)• Consumes the least power. • Assures the accuracy regardless of the winding imbalance.
Two-Phase (Hi-Torque)• Energizes 2 phases at the same time. • Offers an improved torque-speed result and greater holding
torque.
U ?1 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?2 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?H A L F -S TE PP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
Half-Step• Doubles the stepping resolution of the motor. • Reduces motor resonance which could cause a motor to stall at a resonant frequency. • Please note that this sequence is 8 steps.
Input PPS (Pulse Per Second) as a clock pulse speed(frequency).
5.1 One-Phase Sequence
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 39
Time
0s 40ms 80msV(/FB)
0V
5.0V
SEL>>
V(FB)0V
2.5V
5.0VV(/FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(CLK)
0V
2.5V
5.0V
ON
ON
ON
ON
Clock
Phase A
Phase /A
Phase B
Phase /B
1 Sequence
Time
0s 40ms 80msV(/FB)
0V
5.0V
SEL>>
V(FB)0V
2.5V
5.0VV(/FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(CLK)
0V
2.5V
5.0V
5.2 Two-Phase Sequence
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 40
ON
ON
ON
ON
1 Sequence
Clock
Phase A
Phase /A
Phase B
Phase /BON
Time
0s 80ms 160msV(/FB)
0V
5.0V
SEL>>
V(FB)0V
2.5V
5.0VV(/FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(CLK)
0V
2.0V
4.0V
5.3 Half-Step Sequence
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 41
ON
ON
ON
1 Sequence
Clock
Phase A
Phase /A
Phase B
Phase /BON
6.Hysteresis-Based Current Controller
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 42
• Controlled by the signal from the microcontroller.
• Generate the switch (MOSFET) drive signal by comparing the measured phase current with their references.
Input the reference value at the I_SET (e.g. I_SET=0.5A) to set the regulated current level. The hysteresis current value is set at the VHYS (e.g. VHYS=0.1A).
U 2
A N D
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = 0 . 5V H Y S = 0 . 1
C t r l_ AF A
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U 1U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
U 8
A N D
U 9
A N D
R 11 k
0
F B
D I O D ED 1
D I O D ED 2
D I O D ED 3
D I O D ED 4
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
B
0
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
0
U 1 01 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
0
0
U 6
A N D
F A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 2
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F A
/ F B
V C C
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 4
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ B
/ A
+
-
+
-
S 4
SR O N = {R O N }
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 5
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
C L K
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 2
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 3
SR O N = {R O N }
V C C
V C C V C C
0
V C C
V c c1 2
V C C
V C C
U 7
A N D
7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 43
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 40ms 0 10u
One-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms1 V(/FB) 2 -I(U1:/B)
0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
SEL>>SEL>>
1 V(FB) 2 -I(U1:B)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
1 V(/FA) 2 -I(U1:/A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
1 V(FA) 2 -I(U1:A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
V(CLK)0V
2.5V
5.0V
7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 44
Clock
Phase A Current
I_SET=0.5A
I_HYS=0.1A
Phase /A Current
Phase B Current
Phase /B Current
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U 1U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
U 8
A N D
U 9
A N D
R 11 k
0
F B
D I O D ED 1
D I O D ED 2
D I O D ED 3
D I O D ED 4
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
B
0
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
0
0
0
U 6
A N D
F A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 2
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F A
/ F B
V C C
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 4
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ B
/ A
+
-
+
-
S 4
SR O N = {R O N }
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 5
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
C L K
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 2
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 3
SR O N = {R O N }
V C C
V C C V C C
0
V C C
V c c1 2
V C C
V C C
U 7
A N D
U 1 02 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
7.2 Two-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 45
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 40ms 0 10u SKIPBP .OPTIONS ITL4= 40
Two-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms1 V(/FB) 2 -I(U1:/B)
0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
SEL>>SEL>>
1 V(FB) 2 -I(U1:B)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
1 V(/FA) 2 -I(U1:/A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
1 V(FA) 2 -I(U1:A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
V(CLK)0V
2.5V
5.0V
7.2 Two-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 46
Clock
Phase A Current
I_SET=0.5A
I_HYS=0.1A
Phase /A Current
Phase B Current
Phase /B Current
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U 1U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
U 8
A N D
U 9
A N D
R 11 k
0
F B
D I O D ED 1
D I O D ED 2
D I O D ED 3
D I O D ED 4
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
B
0
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
0
0
0
U 6
A N D
F A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 2
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F A
/ F B
V C C
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 4
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ B
/ A
+
-
+
-
S 4
SR O N = {R O N }
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 5
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
C L K
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 2
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 3
SR O N = {R O N }
V C C
V C C V C C
0
V C C
V c c1 2
V C C
V C C
U 7
A N D
U 1 0H A L F -S TE PP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
7.3 Half-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 47
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 80ms 0 10u SKIPBP .OPTIONS ITL4= 40
Half-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms1 V(/FB) 2 -I(U1:/B)
0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
SEL>>SEL>>
1 V(FB) 2 -I(U1:B)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
1 V(/FA) 2 -I(U1:/A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
1 V(FA) 2 -I(U1:A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
0.5A
1.0A2
>>
V(CLK)0V
2.5V
5.0V
7.3 Half-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 48
Clock
Phase A Current
I_SET=0.5A
I_HYS=0.1A
Phase /A Current
Phase B Current
Phase /B Current
B
Bc om
A
/B
A c om
/A
U 1U N I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 2 . 5 MR = 4 . 2
U 8
A N D
U 9
A N D
R 11 k
0
F B
D I O D ED 1
D I O D ED 2
D I O D ED 3
D I O D ED 4
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
B
0
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
0
U 1 01 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
0
0
U 6
A N D
F A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 2
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F A
/ F B
V C C
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 4
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ B
/ A
+
-
+
-
S 4
SR O N = {R O N }
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 5
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
C L K
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 2
SR O N = {R O N }
+
-
+
-
S 3
SR O N = {R O N }
V C C
V C C V C C
0
V C C
V c c1 2
V C C
V C C
U 7
A N D
W
W
8.Drive Circuit Efficiency (%)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 49
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 40ms 0ms 10u SKIPBP .STEP PARAM RON LIST 10m, 100m, 1 .OPTIONS ITL4= 40
Half-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms100* AVG(W(U1))/(-AVG(W(Vcc)))
94
96
98
100
8.Drive Circuit Efficiency (%)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 50
at switches Ron = 10m, (99.6%)
at switches Ron = 100m, (99.3%)
at switches Ron = 1, (95.9%)
Note: Add trace 100*AVG(W(U1))/(-AVG(W(Vcc))) for the Efficiency.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 51
Bipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
A
/A
B/B
U ?B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
Bipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
Contents1. Concept of Simulation
2. Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
3. Unipolar Stepping Motor
4. Switches
5. Signal Generator
6. Hysteresis-Based Current Controller
7. Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit (Example)7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
7.2 Two-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
7.3 Half-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
8. Drive Circuit Efficiency
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 52
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 53
Driver Unit:(e.g. Hysteresis-Based Controller)
Parameter:• I_SET• HYS
Switches(e.g. FET, Diode)
Parameter:• Ron
Stepping Motor
Parameter:• L• R
Control Unit (e.g. Microcontroller)
Sequence:• One-Phase• Two-Phase• Half-Step
U ?1 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?2 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?H A L F -S TE PP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
Models:
Block Diagram:
D I O D ED 1
0
+
-
+
-
S 1
SR O N = 1 0 m
V C C
C t rl_ A A
1.Concept of Simulation
U 2
A N D
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
C t r l_ AF A A
/A
B/B
U ?B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
Signal generator Hysteresis Based Current Controller V C C
0
V c c1 2
A
/A
B/B
U 1B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
OU
I
O L
U 2
G D R V
+
-
+
-
S 7S
V C C
0D I O D ED 7
/ B U
+
-
+
-
S 8
SD I O D ED 8
/ B L
0
OU
I
O L
U 3
G D R V
OU
I
O L
U 5
G D R V
B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 7
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
F A
+
-
+
-
S 5
S
V C C
0D I O D ED 5
B U
+
-
+
-
S 6
SD I O D ED 6
B L
0
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
+
-
+
-
S 1
S
V C C
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
0
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
D I O D ED 1
A U
+
-
+
-
S 2
SD I O D ED 2
A L
A
0
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 9
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
+
-
S 3S
V C C
0D I O D ED 3
/ A U
+
-
+
-
S 4
SD I O D ED 4
/ A L
0
U 8
A N D
U 1 0
A N D
U 1 2
A N D
U 1 4
A N D
/ F A
R 11 k
F B
C L K
0
OU
I
O L
U 4
G D R V
/ A
/ B
U 1 51 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
2.Unipolar Stepping Motor Drive Circuit
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 54
Bipolar Stepping Motor Supply VoltageH-Bridge Switches (Driver)
3.Bipolar Stepping Motor
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 55
• The electrical equivalent circuit of each phase consists of an inductance of the phase winding series with resistance.
• The inductance is ideal (without saturation characteristics and the mutual inductance between phases)
• The motor back EMF is set as zero to simplified the model parameters extraction.
Input the inductance and resistance values (parameter: L, R) of the stepping motor, that are usually provided by the manufacturer datasheet, to generally model the phase winding.
A
/A
B/B
U ?B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
4.Switches
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 56
• A near-ideal DIODE can be modeled by using spice primitive model (D), which parameter: N=0.01 RS=0.
• A near-ideal MOSFET can be modeled by using PSpice VSWITCH that is voltage controlled switch.
• MOSFETs are used as a H-Bridge.
The parameter RON represents Rds(on) characteristics of MOSFET, that are usually provide by the manufacturer datasheet. The value could be about 10m to 10 ohm.
OU
I
O L
U 2
G D R V
OU
I
O L
U 3
G D R V
+
-
+
-
S 1
S0
V C C
D I O D ED 1
A U
+
-
+
-
S 2
S
R O N = 1 0 m
D I O D ED 2
A L
0
+
-
+
-
S 3S
V C C
0D I O D ED 3
/ A U
+
-
+
-
S 4
SD I O D ED 4
/ A L
0
C t rl_ A
C t r l_ / A
A
/ A
5.Signal Generator
The signal generators are used as a microcontroller capable of generating step pulses and direction signals for the driver.
There are 3 useful stepping sequences to control unipolar stepping motor
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 57
One-Phase (Wave Drive)• Consumes the least power. • Assures the accuracy regardless of the winding imbalance.
Two-Phase (Hi-Torque)• Energizes 2 phases at the same time. • Offers an improved torque-speed result and greater holding
torque.
U ?1 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?2 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
U ?H A L F -S TE PP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
Half-Step• Doubles the stepping resolution of the motor. • Reduces motor resonance which could cause a motor to stall at a resonant frequency. • Please note that this sequence is 8 steps.
Input PPS (Pulse Per Second) as a clock pulse speed(frequency).
5.1 One-Phase Sequence
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 58
Time
0s 40ms 80msV(/FB)
0V
5.0V
SEL>>
V(FB)0V
2.5V
5.0VV(/FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(CLK)
0V
2.5V
5.0V
ON
ON
ON
ON
Clock
Phase A
Phase /A
Phase B
Phase /B
1 Sequence
Time
0s 40ms 80msV(/FB)
0V
5.0V
SEL>>
V(FB)0V
2.5V
5.0VV(/FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(CLK)
0V
2.5V
5.0V
5.2 Two-Phase Sequence
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 59
ON
ON
ON
ON
1 Sequence
Clock
Phase A
Phase /A
Phase B
Phase /BON
Time
0s 80ms 160msV(/FB)
0V
5.0V
SEL>>
V(FB)0V
2.5V
5.0VV(/FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(FA)
0V
2.5V
5.0VV(CLK)
0V
2.0V
4.0V
5.3 Half-Step Sequence
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 60
ON
ON
ON
1 Sequence
Clock
Phase A
Phase /A
Phase B
Phase /BON
6.Hysteresis-Based Current Controller
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 61
• Controlled by the signal from the microcontroller.
• Generate the switch (MOSFET) drive signal by comparing the measured phase current with their references.
Input the reference value at the I_SET (e.g. I_SET=0.5A) to set the regulated current level. The hysteresis current value is set at the VHYS (e.g. VHYS=0.1A).
U 2
A N D
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = 0 . 5V H Y S = 0 . 1
C t r l_ AF A
V C C
0
V c c1 2
A
/A
B/B
U 1B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
OU
I
O L
U 2
G D R V
+
-
+
-
S 7S
V C C
0D I O D ED 7
/ B U
+
-
+
-
S 8
SD I O D ED 8
/ B L
0
OU
I
O L
U 3
G D R V
OU
I
O L
U 5
G D R V
B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 7
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
F A
+
-
+
-
S 5
S
V C C
0D I O D ED 5
B U
+
-
+
-
S 6
SD I O D ED 6
0
B L
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
+
-
+
-
S 1
S0
V C C
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
D I O D ED 1
A U
+
-
+
-
S 2
SD I O D ED 2
A L
0
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 9
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
+
-
S 3S
V C C
0D I O D ED 3
/ A U
+
-
+
-
S 4
SD I O D ED 4
/ A L
0
U 8
A N D
U 1 0
A N D
U 1 2
A N D
U 1 4
A N D
/ F A
R 11 k
C L K
0
F B
OU
I
O L
U 4
G D R V
/ A
/ B
U 1 51 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 62
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 80ms 0 10u SKIPBP .OPTIONS ITL4= 40
One-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms1 V(/FB) 2 I(U1:/B)
0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
SEL>>SEL>>
1 V(FB) 2 I(U1:B)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
1 V(/FA) 2 I(U1:/A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
1 V(FA) 2 I(U1:A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
V(CLK)0V
2.5V
5.0V
7.1 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 63
Clock
Phase A Current
I_SET=0.5A
I_HYS=0.1A
Phase /A Current
Phase B Current
Phase /B Current
7.2 Two-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 64
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 80ms 0 10u SKIPBP .OPTIONS ITL4= 40
V C C
0
V c c1 2
A
/A
B/B
U 1B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
OU
I
O L
U 2
G D R V
+
-
+
-
S 7S
V C C
0D I O D ED 7
/ B U
+
-
+
-
S 8
SD I O D ED 8
/ B L
0
OU
I
O L
U 3
G D R V
OU
I
O L
U 5
G D R V
B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 7
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
F A
+
-
+
-
S 5
S
V C C
0D I O D ED 5
B U
+
-
+
-
S 6
SD I O D ED 6
0
B L
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
+
-
+
-
S 1
S0
V C C
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
D I O D ED 1
A U
+
-
+
-
S 2
SD I O D ED 2
A L
0
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 9
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
+
-
S 3S
V C C
0D I O D ED 3
/ A U
+
-
+
-
S 4
SD I O D ED 4
/ A L
0
U 8
A N D
U 1 0
A N D
U 1 2
A N D
U 1 4
A N D
/ F A
R 11 k
C L K
0
F B
OU
I
O L
U 4
G D R V
/ A
/ B
U 1 52 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
One-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms1 V(/FB) 2 I(U1:/B)
0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
SEL>>SEL>>
1 V(FB) 2 I(U1:B)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
1 V(/FA) 2 I(U1:/A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
1 V(FA) 2 I(U1:A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
V(CLK)0V
2.5V
5.0V
7.2 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 65
Clock
Phase A Current
I_SET=0.5A
I_HYS=0.1A
Phase /A Current
Phase B Current
Phase /B Current
V C C
0
V c c1 2
A
/A
B/B
U 1B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
OU
I
O L
U 2
G D R V
+
-
+
-
S 7S
V C C
0D I O D ED 7
U 1 5H A L F -S TE PP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
/ B U
+
-
+
-
S 8
SD I O D ED 8
/ B L
0
OU
I
O L
U 3
G D R V
OU
I
O L
U 5
G D R V
B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 7
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
F A
+
-
+
-
S 5
S
V C C
0D I O D ED 5
B U
+
-
+
-
S 6
SD I O D ED 6
0
B L
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
+
-
+
-
S 1
S0
V C C
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
D I O D ED 1
A U
+
-
+
-
S 2
SD I O D ED 2
A L
0
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 9
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
+
-
S 3S
V C C
0D I O D ED 3
/ A U
+
-
+
-
S 4
SD I O D ED 4
/ A L
0
U 8
A N D
U 1 0
A N D
U 1 2
A N D
U 1 4
A N D
/ F A
R 11 k
C L K
0
F B
OU
I
O L
U 4
G D R V
/ A
/ B
7.3 Half-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 66
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 160ms 0 10u SKIPBP .OPTIONS ITL4= 40
One-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
0s 40ms 80ms 120ms 160ms1 V(/FB) 2 I(U1:/B)
0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
SEL>>SEL>>
1 V(FB) 2 I(U1:B)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
1 V(/FA) 2 I(U1:/A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
1 V(FA) 2 I(U1:A)0V
2.5V
5.0V1
0A
500mA2
>>
V(CLK)0V
2.5V
5.0V
7.3 One-Phase Sequence Drive, IPHASE=0.5A, IRIPPLE=0.1A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 67
Clock
Phase A Current
I_SET=0.5A
I_HYS=0.1A
Phase /A Current
Phase B Current
Phase /B Current
V C C
0
V c c1 2
A
/A
B/B
U 1B I -P O L A R _ S TE P _ M O TRL = 1 0 mR = 8 . 4
OU
I
O L
U 2
G D R V
+
-
+
-
S 7S
V C C
0D I O D ED 7
/ B U
+
-
+
-
S 8
SD I O D ED 8
/ B L
0
OU
I
O L
U 3
G D R V
OU
I
O L
U 5
G D R V
B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 1
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
/ F B
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 7
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
F A
+
-
+
-
S 5
S
V C C
0D I O D ED 5
B U
+
-
+
-
S 6
SD I O D ED 6
0
B L
PARAMETERS:R O N = 1 0 m
+
-
+
-
S 1
S0
V C C
PARAMETERS:I _ S E T = 0 . 5
V H Y S = 0 . 1
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 1 3
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
D I O D ED 1
A U
+
-
+
-
S 2
SD I O D ED 2
A L
0
A
+
-
REF
-+
FB.
U 9
H Y S _ I -C TR L
I _ S E T = {I _ S E T}V H Y S = {V H Y S }
+
-
+
-
S 3S
V C C
0D I O D ED 3
/ A U
+
-
+
-
S 4
SD I O D ED 4
/ A L
0
U 8
A N D
U 1 0
A N D
U 1 2
A N D
U 1 4
A N D
/ F A
R 11 k
C L K
0
F B
OU
I
O L
U 4
G D R V
/ A
/ B
U 1 52 -P H A S EP P S = 1 0 0
C L KF A
/ F A
F B
/ F B
8.Drive Circuit Efficiency (%)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 68
*Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 80ms 0 10u SKIPBP .STEP PARAM RON LIST 10m, 100m, 1 .OPTIONS ITL4= 40
One-Phase Step Sequence Generator (100 pps)
Time
10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms100*AVG(W(U1))/(-AVG(W(Vcc)))
85
90
95
100
8.Drive Circuit Efficiency (%)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011 69
at switches Ron = 10m, (99.7%)
at switches Ron = 100m, (99.8%)
at switches Ron = 1, (86%)
Note: Add trace 100*AVG(W(U1))/(-AVG(W(Vcc))) for the Efficiency.
Bee Technologies Group
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デバイスモデリングスパイス・パーク ( スパイスモデル・ライブラリー ) シンプルモデル ( 準備中 )デザインキットコンセプトキット ( 準備中 )デバイスモデリング教材
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70Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2011