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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: North Africa

Section 2: Southwest Asia

Section 3: Central Asia

Visual Summary

Chapter Intro 1

Regions Many countries in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia are rich in oil and natural gas resources. They supply much of the energy for economies around the world. Political unrest and wars, however, have troubled this area for decades. What effects can conflict have on a region?

Chapter Intro 2

Section 1: North Africa

Changes occur in the use and importance of natural resources. While some North African countries are enjoying income from oil resources, others still have struggling economies.

Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: Southwest Asia

Cooperation and conflict among people have an impact on the Earth’s surface. Religious and ethnic conflicts in Southwest Asia affect other parts of the world because of the area’s oil and gas resources.

Chapter Intro 2

Section 3: Central Asia

Places reflect the relationship between humans and the physical environment. Valuable natural resources are helping the people of Central Asia overcome the limitations of the area’s harsh environment.

Chapter Intro-End

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Section 1-Main Idea

Changes occur in the use and importance of natural resources.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• fellahin

• phosphate

• dictatorship

• trade sanction

• casbah

• civil war

• constitutional monarchy

Academic Vocabulary

• infrastructure • policy


Section 1-Key Terms

The flavors of these spices are as rich as their colors. Moroccan cooking is known for its use of spices. A home-cooked meal may include the familiar tastes of cinnamon and black pepper as well as cumin, turmeric, and anise seed. To learn more about countries in North Africa today, read Section 1.


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1-Polling Question

Do you think refusing to trade with a country is an effective means of negotiation?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Sometimes

0% 0%0%


Section 1

Because Friday is Islam’s holy day, the fundamentalist Muslim government of Algeria, in 1976, changed the days of the weekend from the worldwide, traditional Saturday and Sunday to Thursday and Friday. Businesspeople who are trying to change this policy protest that it leaves only three days to do business.


Section 1

Egypt

Egypt is an important and powerful country in the region, but it faces serious challenges.


Section 1

Egypt (cont.)

• Egypt has a developing economy with about a third of its people—many are peasant farmers called the fellahin—working in agriculture in the fertile Nile Valley.


Section 1

Egypt (cont.)

• Egypt’s main energy resource is oil, and petroleum products and phosphates, which are minerals used in fertilizers, are Egypt’s major exports.

• Egyptian workers also make food products, textiles, and other consumer goods.


Section 1

Egypt (cont.)

• Egypt’s industries have drawn millions of people to Cairo and Alexandria, but the cities cannot provide enough houses, schools, and hospitals.

• The result is poverty, heavy traffic, and pollution.


Section 1

Egypt (cont.)

• From about 300 B.C. to A.D. 300, Egypt was dominated politically by Greece and Rome, but in A.D. 641, Arabs from Southwest Asia took control of the country.

• Most of Egypt’s people began to speak the Arabic language and became Muslims.


Section 1

Egypt (cont.)

• In the 1800s, Europeans and Egyptians together built the Suez Canal, one of the world’s most important waterways, which eventually came under British control.

• In 1952, army officers overthrew the British-supported king, and Egypt became fully independent.

• Today Egypt is a republic with one political party controlling the government.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What is Egypt’s major export?

A. Hydroelectric power

B. Textiles

C. Phosphates

D. Food products


Section 1

Libya and Laghreb

Oil-rich Libya is improving ties with the outside world, while Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco face political unrest and economic uncertainty.


Section 1

Libya and Laghreb (cont.)

• As well as being part of North Africa, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco also form a smaller region known as the Maghreb.


Section 1


• Much of Libya is desert, but aquifers lie beneath the sands.

• New pipelines carry the water from the desert to Libya’s growing population in the modern cities of Tripoli and Benghazi.


Section 1


• In recent decades, oil has brought Libya great wealth, which has helped to build schools and hospitals and to improve the country’s infrastructure—or roads, ports, and water and electric systems.


Section 1


• Almost all of Libya’s people have a mixed Arab and Berber ethnic background.

• Berbers are a group that settled North Africa before the arrival of the Muslim Arabs in the A.D. 600s.

• From that point, Libya has been a Muslim and Arabic-speaking country.


Section 1


• Libya became independent in 1951, but soon Muammar al-Qaddafi set up a dictatorship, or a government under the rule of one all-powerful leader.

• From the 1970s to the 1990s, Qaddafi supported terrorism and sought to acquire nuclear weapons.


Section 1


• The United States and the United Nations forced Qaddafi to chance his policy, or plan of action, by punishing Libya through trade barriers called trade sanctions.


Section 1


• Tunisia is North Africa’s smallest country, and most of its people are of mixed Arab and Berber ancestry, speak Arabic, and practice Islam.

• Tunis is the country’s capital and largest urban area.


Section 1


• Tunisia gained independence from France in 1956 and today has one of the lowest rates of poverty in Africa as well as many rights for women not found in other Arab nations.


Section 1


• Algeria is North Africa’s largest country, and its Muslim people are of Arab and Berber heritage.

• Algiers, the modern capital city and major Mediterranean port, is still known for its casbahs, or older sections with narrow streets and bazaars.


Section 1


• In spite of industrial growth from Algeria’s oil and natural gas deposits, widespread poverty remains, and many Algerians have moved to Europe to find work.


Section 1


• Beginning in 1954, Algerian Arabs fought the French, who had ruled the country since 1830.

• This conflict between different groups inside a country is called a civil war.

• Algeria won independence in 1962 and is now a republic with a strong president and a legislature.


Section 1


• In the early 1990s, though, another civil war occurred between Muslim political factions.

• Although it ended in 1999, Algeria’s government is still trying to bring order to the country.


Section 1


• Morocco has an Arab and Berber heritage and was for many years a Muslim kingdom.

• In the early 1900s, Europeans gained control, but in 1956 Morocco became independent once again.


Section 1


• Today Morocco is a constitutional monarchy, where a king or queen is head of state but elected officials run the government.

• Morocco seized Western Sahara in 1975, and since then, groups of Western Saharans have fought for independence.


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1

Which country has one of the lowest rates of poverty in Africa?

A. Libya

B. Tunisia

C. Algeria

0% 0%0%


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

Cooperation and conflict among people have an impact on the Earth’s surface.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• secular

• bedouin

• kibbutz

• moshav

• clan

• alluvial plain

• embargo

Academic Vocabulary

• regime • sole


Section 2-Picture This

Dubai is one of the seven states that form the United Arab Emirates. Dubai’s business leaders are building the world in the Persian Gulf––the World Islands, that is. More than 300 artificial islands will be created to look, from above, like a map of the world, as seen in this computer-generated model. The islands will contain private homes, resorts, and businesses. Dubai is trying to expand its economy by relying more on tourism and less on oil production. To learn more about the diverse countries in Southwest Asia today, read Section 2.


A. A

B. B


Do you believe religion should play a role in politics?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 2

The small nation of Yemen has become a welcoming, open, and affordable tourist destination for many of its neighbors. Many of Yemen’s new vacationers come from countries with strict governmental and religious codes. Yemen gives vacationers a nearby holiday of fun and relaxation unavailable in their own countries.


Section 2

The Eastern Mediterranean

The countries in the eastern Mediterranean have faced many conflicts and are struggling to achieve peace.


Section 2

The Eastern Mediterranean (cont.)

• Turkey bridges the continents of Asia and Europe.

• The country’s mild Mediterranean climate allows farmers to grow food for local use and cotton and tobacco for export.

• Turkey also produces textiles, steel, and cars.


Section 2


• Most of Turkey’s people live in cities or towns such as Istanbul and Ankara.

• Most are Muslims, and Turkish is the official language.


Section 2


• Turkey became a republic in 1923.

• Muslim political groups have gained support since the 1990s, but many Turks prefer a secular, or nonreligious, society.

• Turkey has not allowed the Kurdish minority group to break away and form its own county but has promised to respect the right of Kurds and other non-Turkish groups.


Section 2


• Most of Syria’s people live in rural areas, where they grow cotton, wheat, and fruit.

• Dams on the Euphrates River provide water for irrigation and electric power.

• Damascus is the capital.

• Syria became an independent country in 1946, but since the 1960s, one very strict regime, or government, has controlled the country.


Section 2


• Lebanon, independent since 1943, produces citrus fruits, vegetables, grains, olives, and grapes.

• Most Lebanese live in or near Beirut, the capital and major port, and work in banking, insurance, and tourism.

• Most speak Arabic, but their culture blends Arab, Turkish, and French influences.


Section 2


• Religious conflict has been a problem for years, including the 2006 clash between the Muslim group Hezbollah and Israel.


Section 2


• Jordanian farmers rely on irrigation to grow wheat, fruits, and vegetables.

• Jordan’s people are mostly Arab Muslims who live in urban areas such as Amman, the capital, and work in service and manufacturing industries.


Section 2


• Jordan’s desert is home to tent-dwelling bedouin, or nomads who traditionally raise livestock.

• In 1946 Jordan gained independence as a constitutional monarchy.


Section 2


• In 1947, the United Nations gave the Jews control of land where their Israelite ancestors had lived about 3,000 years ago.

• Israel was proclaimed an independent Jewish republic in 1948.


Section 2


• Palestinian Arabs who lived in the region believed that Israel was founded on land that belonged to them.

• Arab/Israeli conflict has taken place ever since and has claimed thousands of lives.


Section 2


• About 76 percent of Israel’s people are Jews.

• The rest are Palestinian Arabs and include both Muslims and Christians.


Section 2


• Israel has a developed industrial economy and produces high-technology equipment, clothing, chemicals, and machinery.

• Advanced irrigation systems allow citrus fruits, vegetables, and cotton to be grown.


Section 2


• In an Israeli kibbutz, farmers share all of the work and property.

• In a moshav, members share in the work, but each can also own some private property.


Section 2


• In 1993 Israel agreed to give self-rule to the Palestinian Arabs living in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in return for their government’s recognizing Israel’s right to exist.

• Some Palestinians continue to carry out bombing attacks on Israelis, causing Israeli forces to enter the area to hunt down attackers.


Section 2


• In 2006 the Islamic group Hamas won legislative elections in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

• That group opposes Israel and supports armed attacks on Israeli territory.

Israel and Palestinian Territories


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which country is home to the bedouins?

A. Lebanon

B. Jordan

C. Israel

D. Palestinian territories


Section 2

The Arabian Peninsula

Oil exports support economies in the Arabian Peninsula.


Section 2

The Arabian Peninsula (cont.)

• Saudi Arabia is the largest country in Southwest Asia, with vast deserts, highlands, and valleys with rainfall for crops.

• Most of Saudi Arabia’s people live along the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coasts, the country’s oil region, or around desert oases.

• The capital and largest city, Riyadh, sits amid a large oasis in central Saudi Arabia.


Section 2


• Saudi Arabia has existed as a country since 1932 when the Saud family established a monarchy that united the country’s many clans, or groups of families related by blood or marriage.


Section 2


• Under Saud rule, Islam has maintained a strong influence.

• All aspects of life are organized to allow the required daily prayers and celebration of holy days.


Section 2


• The government helps prepare the holy cities of Makkah and Medinah for millions of Muslims who visit each year.

• The role of women in public life is stricter than in other Muslim countries.


Section 2


• The oil profits of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates have built prosperous economies, but each country is also planning for when the oil runs out.

• Qatar has developed its natural gas industry, and Bahrain is now a banking center.

• Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates, is a large port, financial center, and tourist resort.


Section 2


• Recently some of the Persian Gulf countries have moved away from monarchies toward democracies.

• Legislatures elected by voters now hold some of the power in Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait.

• Women in these nations also have voting rights.


Section 2


• Oman has used its wealth to build its tourist industry and to build ports for oil tankers.

• Oman is important to world oil markets because of its strategic Strait of Hormuz.

• Tankers must go through this narrow waterway to pass from the Persian Gulf into the Arabian Sea.


Section 2


• Yemen has little oil.

• Most of its people are farmers or sheep and cattle herders who live in the high fertile interior where Sanaa, the capital, is located.

• Farther south lies Aden, a major port for ships traveling between the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which country is NOT located along the Persian Gulf?

A. Kuwait

B. Bahrain

C. Qatar

D. Oman


Section 2

Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan

Recent wars have changed the governments of Iraq and Afghanistan.


Section 2

Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan (cont.)

• Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq is an area built up by rich soil left by river floods, called an alluvial plain.

• Farmers grow wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, and cotton.

• Factories process foods and make textiles, chemicals, and building materials.

• Oil is Iraq’s major export.


Section 2


• Most Iraqis live in urban areas such as Baghdad, the capital.

• Muslim Arabs—the Shia, the Sunnis, and the Kurds—make the three largest groups in Iraq’s population.

Iraq’s Religiousand Ethnic Groups


Section 2


• Modern Iraq gained its independence in 1932 and in 1958 the last king was overthrown.

• During the rest of the 1900s, Iraq was governed by dictators, including Saddam Hussein, who ruled from 1979 to 2003.


Section 2


• After Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait, the United States led the Persian Gulf War in 1991.

• Following Iraq’s defeat, the United Nations put an embargo on the country.

• An embargo is an order that restricts trade with another country.


Section 2


• This embargo severely damaged Iraq’s economy.

• Then, fearing that Iraq owned biological weapons, in 2003 American and British forces invaded and overthrew Saddam Hussein.


Section 2


• With the goal of building a democratic Iraq, in June 2004, American forces transferred power to a temporary Iraqi government.

• Elections in December 2005 had a high turnout of both Shia and Sunni voters.


Section 2


• Nearly 90 percent of Iran’s population is Shia Muslim, but most Iranians are not Arab.

• Three-fourths of Iran’s people are Persians or Azeri.

• Most Iranians live in cities, such as the capital, Tehran.


Section 2


• In 1979 religious leaders overthrew the monarchy making Iran an Islamic republic, or a government run by Muslim religious leaders and based on Islamic teachings.


Section 2


• Iran is an oil-rich nation, but it is building other industries, such as textiles, metal goods, and building materials, to be less dependent on oil income.

• Farmers grow wheat, rice, sugar beets, nuts, and cotton.


Section 2


• Since 1995, the United States and other western leaders have accused Iran of attempting to develop nuclear weapons, but Iran claims it wants nuclear energy only to produce electrical power.


Section 2


• Afghanistan, whose capital is Kabul, is covered by the Hindu Kush range.

• Its Khyber Pass has been a trade route through the mountains for centuries.

• Major ethnic groups are the Pashtuns and the Tajiks.


Section 2


• Most of the people herd livestock or grow crops such as wheat, fruits, and nuts.

• Export products include wool and handwoven carpets.


Section 2


• Responding to the September 2001 attacks, the United States invaded and overthrew Afghanistan’s terrorist-supporting Taliban government.

• With American help, Afghanistan began to build a democracy and by 2006, the country had held elections for a president and parliament.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What sparked the Persian Gulf War?

A. The United Nations placing anembargo on Iraq

B. Iraq invading Kuwait

C. The Taliban’s attack of the United States

D. Iran’s attempt to develop nuclear weapons


Section 2-End


Section 3-Main Idea

Places reflect the relationship between humans and the physical environment.


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• cash crop

• fault

• genocide

• enclave

Academic Vocabulary

• emphasis • output


Section 3-Picture This

3 . . . 2 . . . 1 . . . The Soyuz-U rocket lifts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The aerospace center in Kazakhstan was formerly a secret launch site for the Soviet Union’s space program. Today, Russia leases the base from Kazakhstan and launches satellites along with cargo ships that take supplies to the astronauts living in the International Space Station. Read this section to learn more about Central Asia today.


A. A

B. B

C. C


Do you think ethnic diversity helps or prevents a country from developing?

A. Helps development

B. Prevents development

C. A little of both

0% 0%0%


Section 3

In the Central Asian country of Azerbaijan, bread is considered sacred, and it is a serious social error to make negative remarks about it. It is also unacceptable to speak outright about death. Instead, Azeris soften the topic with gentler phrases such as “May his grave be filled with light” and “He changed his world.”


Section 3

The Central Asian Republics

The Central Asian Republics are working to improve their economies after years of Communist rule.


Section 3

The Central Asian Republics (cont.)

• Dry, treeless plains cover much of Kazakhstan’s landscape.

• Farming is limited, but raising livestock has become an important industry.

• The country is rich in minerals such as copper and petroleum.

• Kazakhstan’s people are mostly ethnic Kazakhs and Russians.


Section 3


• After the Soviet collapse in 1991, Kazakhstan became independent but did not adopt democracy.


Section 3


• Although Kazakhstan’s leaders keep a tight grip on citizens and deny rights to their political opponents, there is a free market economy, and many government-run industries have been sold to individual buyers.

• Foreign businesspeople are investing in industries in the country, boosting the economy.


Section 3


• Most of Uzbekistan’s people are Uzbeks who live in fertile valleys and oases.

• Tashkent, the capital, is Central Asia’s largest city and industrial center.

• About 2,000 years ago, the oases of Tashkent, Bukhara, and Samarqand were part of the busy trade route called the Silk Road that linked China and Europe.


Section 3


• Uzbekistan relies on agriculture, with an emphasis on cotton, the country’s major cash crop, or farm product grown for sale as an export. Uzbek leaders are trying to vary the economy by drawing on newly discovered deposits of oil, gas, and gold.


Section 3


• Most of Turkmenistan is part of a huge desert called the Kara-Kum.

• Turkmenistan has a largely ethnic Turkmen population, and most people live in oases, where they grow cotton and raise livestock.

• Turkmenistan contains abundant amounts of petroleum and natural gas, and the government hopes to increase oil and natural gas output to boost the economy.


Section 3


• Turkmenistan’s capital and major city is Ashkhabad.

• A powerful president runs the country from this city, keeping strict control over education, religion, and printed materials.


Section 3


• Kyrgyzstan is largely mountainous, but farmers raise cotton, vegetables, and fruit in valleys and plains.

• Kyrgyzstan has valuable mercury and gold deposits but little industry.

• The government has sought foreign investment in an attempt to help small businesses grow.


Section 3


• Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan are the Kyrgyzs, Russians, Uzbeks, and Ukrainians.

• In 2005 the government was overthrown during a revolt, but Kyrgyzstan’s new leaders have promised democratic reforms.


Section 3


• Tajikistan has fertile mountain valleys in which farmers grow cotton, grapes, grain, and vegetables.

• Factory workers in urban areas produce aluminum, vegetable oils, and textiles.

• The largest city and industrial center is Dushanbe, the capital.

• Most of Tajikistan’s people are ethnic Tajiks or ethnic Uzbeks.


Section 3


• In the 1990s, a civil war between the government and certain Muslim political groups killed many people and damaged the economy.

• Since the fighting ended in 1997, recovery has been slow, and political tensions remain high.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

In which country can the majority of the Kara-Kum be found?

A. Tajikistan

B. Kyrgyzstan

C. Kazakhstan

D. Turkmenistan


Section 3

The Caucasus Republics

The Caucasus countries are new nations with diverse ethnic groups that often find themselves in conflict with each other.


Section 3

The Caucasus Republics (cont.)

• The Caucasus Mountains extend across Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, giving these countries the name the Caucasus Republics.

• They were once part of the Soviet Union.


Section 3


• The Caucasus Republics generally have mild climates that support commercial farming of tea, citrus fruits, wine grapes, and vegetables.


Section 3


• The northernmost Caucasus Republic is Georgia, a country bordering the Black Sea.

• Georgia’s mountains contain many mineral resources, such as copper, coal, manganese, and oil.


Section 3


• Swift rivers provide hydroelectric power for Georgia’s industries. Tbilisi, Georgia’s capital, lies near the Caucasus Mountains.

• Because the city is located in an area where tectonic plates collide, it has warm mineral springs heated by high temperatures inside the Earth.


Section 3


• Most of Georgia’s people are ethnic Georgians who are proud of their unique language, culture, and Christian heritage.

• Georgia became independent after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

• Since then, conflict has taken place between Georgians and other ethnic groups in the country who want independence.


Section 3


• Landlocked Armenia sits on top of many cracks in the Earth’s crust, called faults, caused by colliding tectonic plates.

• As a result, the country suffers frequent, serious earthquakes.


Section 3


• Armenia’s people are mostly ethnic Armenians who share a unique language and ancient culture.

• Yerevan, the capital, is one of the world’s oldest cities.

• During World War I, the Ottoman Turks killed hundreds of thousands of Armenians in a terrible genocide, or the deliberate killing of an ethnic group.


Section 3


• In 1991 Armenia became an independent republic.

• Shortly afterward, the country sent its army to protect ethnic Armenians living in a small enclave surrounded and ruled by neighboring Azerbaijan.

• An enclave is a small territory surrounded by a larger territory.


Section 3


• Fighting over this land hurt the economies of both countries, and the dispute remains unsettled today.


Section 3


• Azerbaijan is a developing economy on the eastern edge of the Caucasus region.

• Most of its people are Azeris and practice Shia Islam.

• The largest city is the capital, Baku, a port on the Caspian Sea.


Section 3


• Farmers use irrigation to grow grains, cotton, and wine grapes.

• Oil and natural gas deposits under the Caspian Sea promise a bright future for Azerbaijan.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which country made Christianity its official religion—the first country in the world to do so?

A. Azerbaijan

B. Georgia

C. Armenia

D. Uzbekistan


Section 3-End


VS 1

North Africa

• Most of Egypt’s people live in the Nile River valley.

• Many Egyptians are farmers, although industries have grown in recent years.

• The landscape of Libya and the Maghreb is mostly desert and mountains.

• Most people in North Africa are Muslims and speak Arabic.


VS 2

Eastern Mediterranean

• Turkey lies in both Europe and Asia.

• Damascus, Syria’s capital, is one of the world’s oldest cities.

• Farmers grow fruits and vegetables on fertile coastal land.

• Israel was founded in 1948 as an independent Jewish republic.

• Religious and political conflicts continue in the area.


VS 3

The Arabian Peninsula

• Saudi Arabia is the world’s leading oil producer.

• The holy cities of Makkah and Madinah make Saudi Arabia an important Islamic center.

• Some Persian Gulf states have recently adopted democratic reforms.


VS 4

Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan

• In 2003 U.S.-led forces overthrew Iraq’s dictator. Despite turmoil, Iraq is trying to build a democracy.

• Most Iranians are Shia Muslims. Since 1979, Iran has been an Islamic republic.

• Mountainous Afghanistan has many different ethnic groups.


VS 4

Central Asia and the Caucasus

• The Central Asian Republics and Azerbaijan are mostly Muslim. Armenia and Georgia are mostly Christian.

• Central Asia and the Caucasus Republics have been using natural resources to rebuild their economies since the Soviet collapse.

• The Caucasus Republics have faced ethnic conflicts in recent years.


VS-End


Figure 1

Figure 2

PP Trans

DFS Trans 1

DFS Trans 2

DFS Trans 3

Vocab1

fellahin

peasant farmers of Egypt who rent small plots of land

Vocab2

phosphate

chemical salt used to make fertilizer

Vocab3

dictatorship

form of government in which a leader rules by force and typically limits citizens’ freedoms

Vocab4

trade sanction

step taken to cut off trade with a country to show opposition to its government’s actions

Vocab5

casbah

older section of Algerian cities

Vocab6

civil war

fight between opposing groups for control of a country’s government

Vocab7

constitutional monarchy

form of government in which a monarch is the head of state but elected officials run the government

Vocab8

infrastructure

system of roads and railroads that allows the transport of materials

Vocab9

policy

a plan or course of action

Vocab10

secular

nonreligious

Vocab11

bedouin

nomadic desert people of Southwest Asia who follow a traditional way of life

Vocab12

kibbutz

settlement in Israel where settlers share all their property and make goods as well as carry out farming

Vocab13

moshav

settlement in Israel in which people share in farming, production, and selling, but each person is allowed to own some private property as well

Vocab14

clan

large group of people who have a common ancestor in the far past

Vocab15

alluvial plain

area built up by rich fertile soil left by river floods

Vocab16

embargo

ban on trade with a particular country

Vocab17

regime

government

Vocab18

sole

being the only one

Vocab19

cash crop

farm product grown for export

Vocab20

fault

crack in the Earth’s crust where two tectonic plates meet; prone to earthquakes

Vocab21

genocide

mass murder of people from a particular ethnic group

Vocab22

enclave

small territory entirely surrounded by larger territory

Vocab23

emphasis

special attention or importance given to something

Vocab24

output

results of agricultural or industrial production

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