chapter 35: south asia and the middle east section 1: nations of south asia section 2: forces...

Chapter 35: Chapter 35: South Asia and the Middle EastSouth Asia and the Middle East

Section 1: Nations of South AsiaSection 1: Nations of South AsiaSection 2: Forces Shaping the Middle East Section 2: Forces Shaping the Middle East Section 3: Nation Building in the Middle EastSection 3: Nation Building in the Middle EastSection 4: The Middle East and the WorldSection 4: The Middle East and the World

Section 1: Nations of South AsiaSection 1: Nations of South Asia

Summary:Summary:– The partition of India in 1947 created The partition of India in 1947 created

two nations:two nations:IndiaIndia

PakistanPakistan


After World War II, Britain agreed to After World War II, Britain agreed to free Indiafree India– At the same time, riots broke out At the same time, riots broke out

between the Hindu majority and the between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minorityMuslim minority

To settle the disputes, Britain gave Muslims To settle the disputes, Britain gave Muslims control of lands in eastern and western control of lands in eastern and western India in 1947India in 1947

– These became East and West PakistanThese became East and West Pakistan


This This PartitionPartition, or division, of India , or division, of India did not bring peacedid not bring peace– Many were killed crossing the borders Many were killed crossing the borders

between India and Pakistanbetween India and PakistanIn separate conflicts, East Pakistan became In separate conflicts, East Pakistan became Bangladesh after the two Pakistan’s fought Bangladesh after the two Pakistan’s fought a civil wara civil war


After independence, India and After independence, India and Pakistan developed similar goalsPakistan developed similar goals– All wanted a stable governmentAll wanted a stable government– All needed technology:All needed technology:

To control natureTo control nature

Raise food for rapidly growing populationsRaise food for rapidly growing populations

– Industrial and economic development Industrial and economic development were necessary to become modern were necessary to become modern nationsnations


ObstaclesObstacles, or barriers, stood in the , or barriers, stood in the way of achieving these goalsway of achieving these goals– Religious and ethnic battles made unity Religious and ethnic battles made unity

difficultdifficult– Floods and droughts ruined cropsFloods and droughts ruined crops– Farms could not feed the huge Farms could not feed the huge

populationspopulationsFew countries in the region had natural Few countries in the region had natural resources, such as oil resources, such as oil


Fear and mistrust often guided Fear and mistrust often guided relationships in South Asiarelationships in South Asia– India and Pakistan fought several times India and Pakistan fought several times

for control of Kashmir, a region in the for control of Kashmir, a region in the HimalayasHimalayas

Both India and Pakistan developed nuclear Both India and Pakistan developed nuclear weapons and refused to sign a treaty weapons and refused to sign a treaty banning their usebanning their use


In the Cold War, India signed a treaty In the Cold War, India signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S.S.R., but of friendship with the U.S.S.R., but tried to remain neutraltried to remain neutral– Pakistan accepted aid from the U.S.Pakistan accepted aid from the U.S.

Section 2: Forces Shaping the Section 2: Forces Shaping the Middle EastMiddle East

Summary:Summary:– Ethnic and religious diversity and an Ethnic and religious diversity and an

Islamic revival are some of the forces Islamic revival are some of the forces shaping the Middle East todayshaping the Middle East today


Diversity and nationalism have Diversity and nationalism have shaped the Middle Eastshaped the Middle East– While most of its people are Muslim, the While most of its people are Muslim, the

lands are also home to Jews and lands are also home to Jews and ChristiansChristians

People in the Middle East speak many People in the Middle East speak many languages and belong to different cultureslanguages and belong to different cultures

– These differences have often led to conflictThese differences have often led to conflict


Likewise, nationalism has caused Likewise, nationalism has caused turmoilturmoil– Europeans created borders for their Europeans created borders for their

Middle Eastern colonies, forcing people Middle Eastern colonies, forcing people of different races and religions to live of different races and religions to live togethertogether

With independence, the artificial With independence, the artificial differences led to armed conflictsdifferences led to armed conflicts

– At the same time, some Arabs dreamed of one At the same time, some Arabs dreamed of one unified Arab state (Pan-Arabism)unified Arab state (Pan-Arabism)


Resources have had a powerful Resources have had a powerful impact on the regionimpact on the region– The discovery of oil brought power to The discovery of oil brought power to

some European nations, but oil some European nations, but oil resources are unevenly distributed resources are unevenly distributed across the regionacross the region

The oil rich nations are able to pay for their The oil rich nations are able to pay for their own development, while those that lack oil own development, while those that lack oil must go withoutmust go without


Another precious resource, water, Another precious resource, water, may soon be more important than oilmay soon be more important than oil– Nations argue over water rights but Nations argue over water rights but

also work together to solve water also work together to solve water problemsproblems


In many countries, the laws of Islam In many countries, the laws of Islam (Sharia) shape every part of life(Sharia) shape every part of life– From government, to family, to fashionFrom government, to family, to fashion

In the 1950s and 1960s, some people In the 1950s and 1960s, some people began to take on western stylesbegan to take on western styles

– Muslim leaders blamed societal problems on Muslim leaders blamed societal problems on western influenceswestern influences


By the 1990s, a return to Islam By the 1990s, a return to Islam united much of the Muslim worldunited much of the Muslim world– While Islamic reformers often rejected While Islamic reformers often rejected

westernization, they did not reject westernization, they did not reject modernizationmodernization

Section 3: Nation Building in the Section 3: Nation Building in the Middle EastMiddle East

Summary:Summary:– Turkey, Egypt and Iran have faced Turkey, Egypt and Iran have faced

similar issues, but have followed similar issues, but have followed separate pathsseparate paths


Turkey, Egypt, and Iran have the Turkey, Egypt, and Iran have the largest populations in the Middle largest populations in the Middle EastEast– All are Muslim, but each has its own All are Muslim, but each has its own

historyhistory


Turkey, after years of Military Turkey, after years of Military rule, set up a democracy in the rule, set up a democracy in the 1920s1920s– Then it joined NATO in the 1950sThen it joined NATO in the 1950s

In the 1990s Muslim leaders In the 1990s Muslim leaders challenged the tradition of challenged the tradition of secular secular governmentgovernment


Ethnic conflicts troubled Turkey, Ethnic conflicts troubled Turkey, it once aimed to stamp out the it once aimed to stamp out the culture of the culture of the KurdsKurds, but , but eventually gave upeventually gave up

Battles over the island of Battles over the island of CyprusCyprus led the Greeks and the Turks to led the Greeks and the Turks to divided that land in the 1970sdivided that land in the 1970s


Since 1950, Egypt has had three Since 1950, Egypt has had three strong leadersstrong leaders– Gamal Abdel NasserGamal Abdel Nasser ended foreign ended foreign

control and modernized Egyptcontrol and modernized EgyptHe ended British control of the Suez Canal, He ended British control of the Suez Canal, set up a socialist economy, and built Arab set up a socialist economy, and built Arab pridepride

– Under Nasser, Egypt lost two wars with IsraelUnder Nasser, Egypt lost two wars with Israel


In 1970, Anwar Sadat opened doors In 1970, Anwar Sadat opened doors to private and foreign businessto private and foreign business– He formed ties with the Unites States, He formed ties with the Unites States,

but angered other Arabs by making but angered other Arabs by making peace with Israelpeace with Israel

After Sadat was assassinated in 1981, After Sadat was assassinated in 1981, Hosni Mubarak kept the peace with Israel Hosni Mubarak kept the peace with Israel and improved relations with other Arab and improved relations with other Arab nationsnations


With Western help the With Western help the ShahShah, or king, , or king, of oil-rich Iran built industryof oil-rich Iran built industry– He gave land to peasants, granted He gave land to peasants, granted

rights to women and removed religion rights to women and removed religion from governmentfrom government

However, he used force to maintain controlHowever, he used force to maintain control


In 1979, In 1979, Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini led a led a revolt and the Shah fled to Americarevolt and the Shah fled to America– Khomeini died in 1989Khomeini died in 1989– More moderate leaders tried to build a More moderate leaders tried to build a

modern Iran while trying to stay true to modern Iran while trying to stay true to Islamic traditionsIslamic traditions

However, fundamentalist Iranian Muslims However, fundamentalist Iranian Muslims have recently endangered the world by have recently endangered the world by building nuclear weapons, threatening their building nuclear weapons, threatening their neighbors and funding terrorist operations neighbors and funding terrorist operations

Section 4: The Middle East and the Section 4: The Middle East and the WorldWorld

Summary:Summary:– Global concern arises over conflicts in Global concern arises over conflicts in

the Middle East because of vital the Middle East because of vital shipping routes and natural resourcesshipping routes and natural resources


Shipping routes and oil fields make Shipping routes and oil fields make conflicts in the Middle East global conflicts in the Middle East global concernsconcerns– During the Cold War, the Soviet Union During the Cold War, the Soviet Union

and the United States each had allies in and the United States each had allies in the regionthe region


In the battle over Palestine, America In the battle over Palestine, America helped Israel and the Soviets aided helped Israel and the Soviets aided the Arabsthe Arabs– Both Arabs and Jews saw Palestine as a Both Arabs and Jews saw Palestine as a

homelandhomeland, or country of one’s , or country of one’s ancestorsancestors

– Wars broke out in 1948, 1956, 1967 Wars broke out in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973and 1973


Israel, a Jewish state, fought off Arab Israel, a Jewish state, fought off Arab attacks took land, and forced attacks took land, and forced Palestinian Arabs from their homesPalestinian Arabs from their homes– The Palestinians answered with terrorist The Palestinians answered with terrorist

attacksattacks– Although Israel reached a historic Although Israel reached a historic

agreement with the Palestinians in agreement with the Palestinians in 1993, some Arabs and Jews accused 1993, some Arabs and Jews accused leaders of giving up “promised lands”leaders of giving up “promised lands”


Some Palestinian Muslims fled to Some Palestinian Muslims fled to LebanonLebanon– There, Muslims fought Christians, and There, Muslims fought Christians, and

Muslim sects fought against each otherMuslim sects fought against each otherIn 1983, a UN force pulled out after Muslim In 1983, a UN force pulled out after Muslim terrorists killed French and American terrorists killed French and American troopstroops

– By 1990, some order had returned to LebanonBy 1990, some order had returned to Lebanon


The Persian Gulf has seen two large The Persian Gulf has seen two large conflicts, each caused by border conflicts, each caused by border disputesdisputes– In 1980, the Iran-Iraq War threatened In 1980, the Iran-Iraq War threatened

ships and oil fieldsships and oil fieldsIn 1987, the U.S. Navy went to the gulf to In 1987, the U.S. Navy went to the gulf to protect the flow of oilprotect the flow of oil


In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait to seize In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait to seize oil fieldsoil fields– The U.S. saw this action as a threat to The U.S. saw this action as a threat to

Saudi Arabia and the oil flowSaudi Arabia and the oil flow– In the 1991 Gulf War, U.S. bombs In the 1991 Gulf War, U.S. bombs

pounded Iraq while troops freed Kuwaitpounded Iraq while troops freed KuwaitThe war, however, did not destroy Iraqi The war, however, did not destroy Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein or end Middle dictator Saddam Hussein or end Middle East tensionsEast tensions

chapter 35: south asia and the middle east section 1: nations of south asia section 2: forces...

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