TANG & SONGin China

CHAPTER 12 SECTION 1

PROSPEROUS CHINADuring this era of the European Middle Ages, China was arguably the most advanced place on earth.

Despite a series of Wars and many dynasties rising and falling, the Tang Dynasty was able to bring together China and rule for almost 300 years. The Tang emperor who began these achievements was Tang Taizong.

In the 600s the Chinese would expand their influences by growing West, and also taking control over what would be modern day Korea.

CHINESEBUREAUCRACYOne way the Chinese managed to keep a large empire, and a large bureaucracy efficient was through the civil service examination system.

This exam was open to all men including the commoner. However, it was only the wealthy who had the educational resources to prepare for these standardized tests.

DRAWING HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

This concept of exams leading towards success is still a strong component in Eastern Asia, where in nations like China, Japan and South Korea a single exam can decide a students Universities admission.

How do these Chinese, Korean, Japanese College Entrance Exams provide

unfair advantages?

Assignment: You are a college admissions persons for KIS University.You get to determine a students admission based upon their:GPA, SAT Score, Extra-curricular activities (including sports), personal statement. Provide an exact % for each of these categories (your total should be 100%).

KIS JEJU

We will come back to this later.

Example from student from class

of 2019

BIGCITYBIGSTATECensuss show that Changan (todays Xian) the capital was the largest city at the time. Furthermore, it showed that the state of 50-80 million people was the largest state at the time as well.

Comparable to today

Fall of EconomyAnti-Foreign sentiments

During the late Tang period the economy was doing poorly.

The emperor Wu-tsung, a devout Taoist, attempted to eliminate Buddhism from 843 to 845 by closing thousands of temples.

The decline of Buddhism and conflicts between the Chinese and foreign traders marked the beginning of a change in Chinese attitudes. After hundreds of years of cultural exchange, by 836 C.E. no foreigners would be welcome in China.

http://www.ushistory.org/civ/9d.asp

THE FALL OF THE TANGAfter imposing taxes that were too high internal dissent began. At the same period, from the West, Arab forces begun to chip at the Tang Dynasty.

Unable to recuperate, the Tang would fall in 907 when their capital was raided, and their emperor (Chang-an) is murdered.

960-1279

THE SONGSmall is beautiful: The empire of the Song was not as large as the Tang, however, it was stable, powerful and prosperous.

They managed to keep out northern rebels by buying them out with silver, silk and tea.

The capital was Hangzhou.

During the same period the Manchurian people took over the Northern parts of China.

SONG PROSPERITYDuring this period China had-At least 10 cities with over 1 million people.-A population of over 100 million.

Countries: # of cities with +1 million in 2017

USA: 10, S. Korea: 9, Germany: 4

ADVANCEMENTSAgriculture: improvement on cultivating rice.

Using the silk road, trade flourished. Also, advanced sailing technology helped the Chinese trade via ocean/sea.

Successful TradeUnlike the Tang, foreign relations and trade were critical for growth.

The dynasty set up major harbors at Quanzhou, Guangzhou and Xiamen.

The government built a major navy to protect merchant shipping.

CHANGES IN SOCIETYGreater roads and advanced sailing created a far more mobile population.

A new upper class was called the gentry, a group that attained their status through education and civil service positions rather than land ownership.

Women were already deemed lower than men in status, but during the Tang and Song Dynasties it became worse. One symbol of this change was the custom of foot binding.

Women in the 21st century and feet

Are high heels the foot-binding of the 21st century? Why yes or why no?

Chinese consistencyWhat partly attributed towards the constant growth in arts, invention and culture of the Chinese is their consistency in ancient texts.

Starting as early as 1045BC, the Chinese had a common language for 2000 years.

INVENTIONSGunpowder Paper-making ChinesewritingAbacus SpinningWheelPlayingCards,Kites,Explosives,Umbrella

AlcoholMechanicalClockTea SilkPorcelainCompass

INVENTIONS

Of all the inventions listed on the previous page, which one do you think had the most long lasting impact? Why?

What are some modern inventions that you believe will still have an impact 1,000 years from now?

The Song were attacked by the Mongols led by Kublai Khan. After several decades of fighting their capital was taken, and the empire ended in 1279.

WAIT FOR ITTHE MONGOLS

CHAPTER 12 SECTION 2 & 3

INTRODUCTIONThe physical geography of where the Mongols lived played a major role in shaping their society.

Where they lived, temperatures would range from negative 50 degrees up to 35 degrees in the summer. This meant that they had to move West or South to find better land to survive.

NOMADIC

The Mongols were Nomadic people who domesticated animals and took them everywhere they went in order to feed them.

This led towards battles amongst the Mongols for right to fields and water.

GENGHIS KHANBorn as Temujin, he unites all the Mongol tribes. He accepts the title Genghis Khan, meaning Universal Ruler.

For 21 years, he would go on to lead his united group of Nomads conquering various parts of Asia, establishing one of the largest Empires in history

He first invaded the Jin Empire in 1211, followed by the Western lands where Muslims lived in Central Asia.

Mongol Empire at its largest

Genghis Khans Success in 3 Pts

1. Organization: He was able to gather his military in brigades and companies/units.

2. Strategist: He would use tricks like luring enemies in with a smaller military than ambushing from the sides.

3. Cruelty: He would terrify enemies into surrender.

Superb on horse.

Able to travel up to 120 miles a day.

Incredibly tough. If they lacked food, they would create a small gash in the horses neck and drink horse blood for sustenance.

MONGOL SOLDIERS

Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace) 1200-1300

KUBLAI KHANThe grandson of Genghis Khan who took over from 1260.

He starts off by overwhelming the Chinese military in 1279.

He then takes over as Chinas new emperor and founds the Yuan Dynasty, uniting China.

MONGOLS IN CHINARestored the Grand Canal.

Built a paved highway.

Foreign trade increased (Due to the Mongols creating safe travel routes).

Kublai invited foreign merchants to further increase trade, the most famous among them being, Marco Polo.

MARCO POLO 1254?-1324Fluent in Asian languages and serves in Kublai Khans court for 17 years.

Marco Polos information was introduced to Europeans in a rather unorthodoxway. When he was captured and imprisoned during a war, hetold his fellow prisoners his stories about China. There, one of theprisoners kept notes of what Polosaid, and wrote a book on based on his stories.

THE MONGOL DEMISEOutside: The Mongols were waging wars on southeast Asia and Japan, which were unsuccessful.

Domestic: High taxes were angering the Chinese.

Khans death: led towards a power struggle in 1294, which did not help keep down the riots that occurred throughout China during that time.

1368, the Mongols are overthrown by the Chinese, around the same time the rest of the Mongol Empire began to disintegrate.

MONGOL LEGACY1. Mongols reinvigorated Eurasian trade.

2. Created the Yam System (delivery).

3. Tolerant of different religions. They didnt ask people they conquered to convert.

4. Incredibly brutal. Often destroying entire cities, the numbers they killed could have exceeded 1 million.

5. Not interested in architecture (therefore very little Mongol architecture is left today).

Crash Course History

Too Big to AdministerUpon the death of Genghis Khan, his empire was left for his three sons. Different areas of the empire were administered by different sons. The areas were administered separately, and each territory would last a different amount of itme, but by the 1600s, they would all disspear, with the Chaghatai Dynasty being the last to fall.

MongoliaTodayCapital: Ulan Bator (Coldest capital city in the world!)HUGE Country: You could fit the South Korea into Mongolia over fifteen times! Buddhism: is the dominate religion Economy: Average GDP per Capita is not very high at $4,056 a year, roughly equal to nations such as Vietnam, Ghana and Laos. http://www.mongolia-travel-guide.com/mongolia-facts.html

FEUDAL POWERS IN JAPAN

Chapter 12 Section 4

JAPANS GEOGRAPHY500 miles from China meant that Japan received various cultural influences, yet was distant enough to avoid invasion.

The country had rainfall, but only 12% of the land was suitable for farming. There were numerous earthquakes and tidal waves, and many natural disasters.

EARLYPHASESThe main religion was Shinto.

The nation was not united, instead various tribes and local lords had control over their own areas.

However, by the 7th century the Yamato clan claim to be the descendants of the sun god Amateras, and call themselves the emperors of the nation.

The Capital MovesCapital moves to what is today known as Kyoto. Kyoto will remain the capital for Japan until 1868, when the government relocates the capital to Tokyo.

CULTUREBuddhism: Brought in by Korean travelers. Due to the similarity with Shintoism, many people blended various practices of the two together.

Writing: The Japanese adopted the Chinese system of writing.

Government: The Japanese attempted to model the Tang rulers who had a civil-service system, but this fails. Control remained in the hands a few families.

Large land owners begun to set up private militaries. They would have numerous Samurai, body guards who would be loyal and follow their masters orders.

The samurai code was called Bushido.

During the late 1100s, the two strongest clans in Japan fought, the Minamoto leader won, and he was given the title, shogun, or supreme general.

Japan was able to fight off two naval invasions sent by Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281.

-Chivalry -Shields and spear

-Iron -Large groups

-Pledged loyalty to lord. -Code of honors

-Swords -Publicly, below lords, but

above peasants/merchants.

-Bushido -Bow and arrow, katana

-Steel -Sandals

Medieval Warfare Today

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbG_ktYFNPE

Samurai DominationThe Samurai would go on to dominate politics in Japan until the Meiji restoration in the late 1800s.

The introduction of Western weapons, and the government opened up by the West led to a final showdown between the government and the Samurai.

Perry & Takamori

Perry first arrived to Japan in 1853, intimidating the Japanese with a powerful fleet with cannons. He returned in 1854, and ordered the Japanese ports to open for trade. Japan, completely out gunned reluctantly opened ports up to the USA.

Takamori is often cited as the Last Samurai, given his last stand against the Japanese government in 1877 (The Satsuma Rebellion).

Meiji Reformation (Grade 10)Refers to the large reformation made by the Japanese government under Emperor Meiji in the late1800s.

Took place in Japan after being forced to open ports by General Perry and the US navy.

Japan sought to catch up to Europe through modernizing their governments, military, politics, food and clothing through following various Western models.

Concept of Preserving Culture vs. Advancing Culture

Clothing Traditional Clothing Western (Suits)

Weapons Bows and Swords Guns, Gatling gun

Food Traditional foods More Western cuisinesPolitics Closed to the world Open

Mannerisms Bushido Western philosophy

Concept to Consider

What did Japan gain through Westernization / modernization? What did Japan lose through Westernization / modernization?

KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

Chapter 12 Section 5

GEOGRAPHYWarm, humid and occasional monsoons.

On the mainland, five great rivers flow from the North and cut valleys to the seas.

The key to power in southeast Asia is control of the harbors.

INDIA AND CHINAThis area of the world has been influenced by these two areas.

Hindu and Buddhist missionaries have spread their faiths, while India in many ways shaped the regions culture, language, and art.

Chinese politically influenced the areas in southeast Asia.

KHMER EMPIRE

The Khmer Empire would span across what would be todays Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Southern Vietnam.

The empire peaked around 1200.

The Khmers capital was Angkor, within he capital elaborate and extensive city temples were built, the most famous one being Angkor Wat.

AccomplishmentsGreat architecture.

High-tech irrigation system.

Most of the Khmer legacy can be seen with the today at the city of Siem Reap.

Reason for Collapse?

Is unclear. But several theories exist.

1. War with neighboring states.

2. Over-population

3. Lengthy drought.

http://archaeology.about.com/od/medieval/qt/Collapse-Of-Angkor.htm

Lack of documentation from the 14-15th century.

http://archaeology.about.com/od/medieval/qt/Collapse-Of-Angkor.htm

KOREA

Chapter 12 Section 5

Also

MYTHICAL BEGINNINGSAccording to legends, the first Korean state was founded by hero Tangun, whose father was a god and mother was a bear.

Adopted many aspects of Chinese culture.

GEOGRAPHYMuch of the land is mountainous and only a limited portion of the land is good for farming.

A mountain barrier exists between Korea and Manchuria, which created a type of isolation.

EARLY HISTORYIn 108BC the Han Dynasty took over Korea, where they established a military government.

Through the Chinese, ideas such as centralized government, Confucianism, Buddhism and writing were passed on.

In the mid-600s, the Silla Kingdom was able to defeat other Korean Kingdoms and drive the Han Dynasty out of Korea.

Koguryo

Silla

Baekje

Gaya Confederation

GYEONGJUIt was the capital for the Silla Kingdom and is the home for many Buddhist monuments and UNESCO heritage sites.

Under the Silla, there were various Buddhist monasteries that were built and a new type of writing system, one that was suitable for writing Korean phonetically through still using Chinese characters.

Led by the rebel Wang Kon, the rebels took over Silla Kingdoms in 935AD. He would go on to name this new Kingdom as the Koryu Dynasty.

KORYU DYNASTYThe Koryu attempted to create a civil service model like the Chinese had. However, this failed, and the sons of nobles continued to receive the best positions.

Between 1231-1392 the Koryu were occupied by the Mongolians.

The Koryu RuleDuring the Koryu period, the people who lived there had generally positive relations with China and adopted various aspects of Chinese culture and political systems.

The downfall of the Empire would derive from its military. The military was not treated well by the empire and as result, the military would stage a coup detat and rule the final years of the Koryu as a military regime.

Yi and HanyangFounded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye.

The capital was set to Hanyang (Which would later on become Seoul).

http://www.britannica.com/topic/Choson-dynasty

In theory, any person could become Yangban by passing

http://www.britannica.com/topic/Choson-dynasty

Yi (Choson) Dynasty.The Chosen Dynasty or Yi Dynasty begins from 1392 and lasts until the 20th century, despite numerous periods of occupation/war (Japan 1592-98, Manchu 1627-, 1910-1945 Japan).

The capital of the Kingdom was established at Hanyang (todays Seoul).

It was during this period that Hangul was invented.

The YangbanA new class called Yangban would emerge during this period.Unlike previous dynasties, land was not limited to high ranking bureaucrats, but were also redistributed towards along scholar-officials, known as Yangban.

Key Words: 8 Groups of 2-31. Taejo of Goryeo2. Silla Kingdom 3. Dae Jo-yeong4. King Sejong the Great 5. Hangul 6. Baekje Kingdom 7. Goguryeo Kingdom 8. Gojoseon

Korean Presentations