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MAKTAB RENDAH SAINS MARA KUALA TERENGGANU

MASTERY PHYSICS SPM 2014

PAPER 3 : EXPERIMENT

PHYSICS REMAINS IN MY HEART

NAME:

CLASS:

2

CHAPTER 2 – FORCES AND MOTION

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF EXPERIMENT

VARIABLES ARRANGMENT OF THE APPARATUS PROCEDURES OF THE EXPERIMENT

When the mass increase, the acceleration will decreases

To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration m, a force constant

Manipulated: mass//number of trolley Responding: acceleration of trolley Constant: Force applied by an elastic cord,F

1. Switch on power supply and a ticker timer. 2. The trolley is pulled down the inclined runway with an elastic cord attached to the hind post of the trolley. 3. The elastic cord is stretched until the other end is with the front end of the trolley. The length is maintained as the trolley runs down the runway. 4. The ticker tape obtained is cut into strips of 10- ticks and the acceleration, produced by the one unit of force is calculated by using the formula, a=v-u/t 5. The experiment is repeated with 2,3,4 and 5 trolley (with a second trolley stack up on the first trolley)

When the force increase, the acceleration will increases

To investigate the relationship between force and acceleration F, a mass constant

Manipulated: Force applied by an elastic cord,F Responding: acceleration of trolley,a Constant: mass//number of trolley

1. Switch on power supply and a ticker timer. 2. The trolley is pulled down the inclined runway with an elastic cord attached to the hind post of the trolley. 3. The elastic cord is stretched until the other end is with the front end of the trolley. The length is maintained as the trolley runs down the runway. 4. The ticker tape obtained is cut into strips of 10- ticks andthe acceleration, produced by the one unit of force is calculated by using the formula, a=v-u/t 5. The experiment is repeated with 2,3,4 and 5 identical elastic cord.

3

HYPOTHESIS AIM OF EXPERIMENT VARIABLES ARRANGMENT OF THE APPARATUS PROCEDURES OF THE EXPERIMENT When height of trolley increase the velocity will increases

To investigate the relationship between velocity and height of a trolley

Manipulated: Height of a trolley Responding: Velocity Constant: angle of inclined runway,

1. A ticker tape is attached to a trolley and passed through a ticker-timer connected to a power supply. 2. The trolley is placed at a height,h=10.0cm from the table top. The height, h is measured by using a ruler and recorded. 3. The power supply is turned on and the trolley is released to the run down the runway. 4. The velocity of the trolley at the bottom of the runway is determined Using the formula

V= Distance traveled,s Time for 5 ticks = s cm 5 ticks X 0.02s 5. The experiment repeated with a height,h=15.0cm, 20.0cm, 25.0cm and 30.0cm

When the distance of spring compresion decrease the velocity will increases

To investigate the relationship between velocity/speed and distance of spring compression

Manipulated: distance of spring compression Responding: velocity/speed Constant: elasticity of a spring/ spring constant

1. Switch on the power supply and ticker timer. 2. Compress the spring by pushing the trolley at a distance, x =2.0cm measured by a ruler. 3. Release the trolley and calculate the velocity of a trolley from a ticker tape by using the formula,

V= Distance traveled,s Time for 5 ticks = s cm 5 ticks X 0.02s 4. The experiment repeated with a distance compression,x =4.0cm, 6.0cm, 8.0cm and 10.0cm.

4



When distance of elastic string stretching increase the velocity will increases

To investigate the relationship between velocity and distance of elastic string stretching

Manipulated: distance of elastic string stretching Responding: velocity/speed Constant: elasticity of a elastic string / stiffness/ diameter/thickness of a elastic string

1. Switch on the power supply and ticker timer. 2. Pull the trolley at a distance x =2.0cm measured by a ruler. 3. Release the trolley and calculate the velocity of a trolley from a ticker tape by using the formula,

V= Distance traveled,s Time for 5 ticks = s cm 5 ticks X 0.02s 4. The experiment repeated by pulling the trolley at a distance,x =4.0cm,6.0cm,8.0cm and 10.0cm.

When mass increase the period of oscillation will increases

To investigate the relationship between period of oscillation /inertia and mass of plasticin

Manipulated: mass of plasticine Responding: period of oscillation/ inertia Constant: The number of hacksaw blade oscillation/amplitude/angle of displacement

1. Measure the mass of the plasticine, m= 20.0g by using the triple beam balance and place it at the end of the hacksaw blade. 2. Displace the hacksaw blade at a small angle of about 100. 3. Release the hacksaw blade and at the same time start the stopwatch. 4. Record the time for 10 complete of hacksaw oscillations, t 5. The period of the hacksaw blade oscillation is calculated by using the formula T= t/10 6. Experiment is repeated by using different mass of plasticine, m= 40.0g, 60.0g, 80.0g and 100.0g.

5



When force increase the extension of a spring will increases

To investigate the relationship between extension of a spring and force/mass of load

Manipulated: force/mass of load Responding: extension of a spring, x Constant: length/diameter /elasticity/spring constant/stiffness of a spring

1. Measure the initial length of the spring, L1 2. Put one slotted mass, 50g at the end of the Spring. The force is determined using the formula, F = mg 3. Measure the length of the spring, L2 4. Calculate the extension of the spring, x= L2 - L1 5. Repeat the experiment for the force 0.5N, 1.0N, 1.5N and 2.0N

CHAPTER 3 : FORCES AND PRESSURE



When depth of water increase the pressure of a liquid will increase

To investigate the relationship between pressure and depth of water

Manipulated: Depth of a liquid, h Responding: pressure of a liquid, L Constant: density of a liquid

1. The measuring cylinder is completely filled with water. 2. The thistle funnel is connected to the manometer with a rubber tube. 3. The thistle funnel is lowered vertically at the depth of water, h=10.0cm. 4. The difference height of water, L in manometer is measured using a ruler. 5. The experiment is repeated with the depth of water,h=20.0cm, 30.0cm, 40.0cm and 50.0cm

6



When the weight of water displaced increases, the buoyant force increase

To investigate the relationship between buoyant force/up thrust and the weight of water displaced

Manipulated: weight of water displaced Responding: buoyant force/up thrust Constant: density of a liquid

(8) Archimedes Principle

1. The weight of iron rod in air is measured by using a spring balance,W0 2. The iron rod is lowered vertically in the water at depth, L= 2.0cm 3. The weight of iron in the water is measured,W1. 4. The buoyant force,B is measured by using a formula Fb = W0 – W1. 5. The weight of the water displaced in the beaker is measure using a balance, W. 6. The experiment is repeated with depth, L=10.0cm,15.0cm,20.0cm and 25.0cm.

As the weight of load increases, the volume of water displaced increase/depth of sinking increase

To investigate the relationship between weight/mass of slotted weight and the volume of water/liquid displaced/depth of sinking

Manipulated: weight/mass of slotted weight Responding: volume of water/liquid displaced/depth of sinking Constant: density of a liquid

1. The slotted weight of mass = 50 g is placed on the wooden block 2. The depth of sinking of the wooden block in the water is measured using ruler, h. 3. The experiment is repeated with mass of slotted weight , m=100 g,150 g, ,200g and 250g..

Wooden block

Slotted weight

7

CHAPTER 4 : HEAT



As the mass increases the heat will increase

To investigate the relationshio between mass and the heat

Manipulated: Mass Responding: Heat Constant: Specific heat capacity/heating tie

1. The mass of cooper bob is measured using a balance, m = 20.0 g 2. The initial temperature of water in the beaker is measured by using thermometer θ1, 3. The copper bob is heated by a bunsen burner in 5 minutes and then inserted in to the beaker. The maximum temperature of the water in the beaker is recorded,θ2. 4. The raise of the temperature of the water is calculated, θ = θ2 – θ1.. 5. The experiment is repeated with the mass of copper block, m =40.0g, 60.0g, 80.0g and 100.0g

When the volume / mass increases, change in temperature decreases

To investigate the relationship between the volume / mass and temperature

Manipulated : volume / mass of water Responding: change in temperature Fixed : heating time/specific heat capacity

1. The apparatus is set up as shown figure above 2. The initial temperature of 20 cm3//g of water in the beaker is measured by using thermometer θ1, 3. The water is heated by an immersion heater for 5 minutes. 4. Final temperature, θ2 is recorded after 5 minutes. 5 The change of the temperature of the water is calculated, θ = θ2 – θ1.. 6. Step 2 and 3 are repeated using 40 cm3, 60 cm3, 80 cm3 and 100 cm3 of water

Water

Stirrer

Immersion heater Power supply

Connecting wire

Beaker

Thermometer

t

8



As volume of a air decreases the pressure of air will increase

To investigate the relationship between pressure and volume of a air PV/T

Manipulated: volume of air in a syringe Responding: pressure of trapped air Constant: temperature/mass of air inside a syringe

1. The piston of the syringe is adjusted until the volume of air in the syringe is 60cm3 at atmospheric pressure. 2. The piston of the syringe is pushed in until the enclosed volume/air trapped is 50cm3

3. The pressure on the Bourdon gauge is recorded. 4. Repeat the experiment for enclosed volume /air trapped in the syringe 40cm3,30cm3, 20cm3 and10cm3

.

When temperature of air increases the volume of air trapped will increase

To investigate the relationship between volume and temperature of a air

Manipulated: Temperature of trapped air, Responding: Length of air column,x Constant: mass/volume of trapped air

1. The water is heated and continuously stirred until the temperature of the water reaches 20 0C. 2. The length of air column, x is measured and recorded using a ruler. 3. The experiment is repeated by increases the temperature 40 0C, 60 0C, 80 0C and 100 0C.

9



As temperature of a air increases the pressure of air will increase

To investigate the relationship between pressure and temperature of a air

Manipulated: Temperature of trapped air, Responding: Pressure of trapped Air Constant: mass/volume of trapped air

1. The water bath is heated and continuously stirred until the temperature of the water reaches 20 0C. 2. The pressure of the air is measured by using the Bourdon gauge. 3. The experiment is repeated by increases the temperature 40 0C,60 0C, 80 0C and 100 0C..

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT



The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence increases

To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection

Manipulated: Angle of incidence Responding: Angle of reflection Constant: Position of the plane mirror

1. A normal line, O N is drawn on the white paper. 2. A ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane mirror. 3. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence measured, i = 10o

4. Then the angle of reflection, r is measured using protractor. 5. The experiment is repeated for the other angles of incidence i = 20o, 30o, 40o and 50o.

10



The greater the angle of incidence,i , the greater the angle of refration,r

To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence,i and the greater the angle of refration,r

Manipulated: the angle of incidence,i Responding: the greater the angle of refration,r Constant: Refractice index

1. The outline of the glass block is traced onto a sheet of white paper and labelled ABCD. 2. The normal line is drawn on the white paper. 3. A ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane mirror. 4. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence measured, i = 10o

5. Then the angle of refraction, r is measured using protractor. 6. The experiment is repeated for the other angles of incidence i = 20o, 30o, 40o and 50o.

When the density (of material) increase , the apparent depth decrease/depth of image

To investigate the relationship between density and apparent depth/depth of the image

Manipulated: density// mass of salt Responding: apparent depth/depth of image Constant: real depth , volume water

1. The beaker is filled with ( V = 1000 cm3 ) water. 2. The 20 g of salt is put into the beaker and stir . 3. A pin O is placed into the water. 4. Adjust the position of the pin I (at the retort stand) by observing above the beaker until it appears in line with the image 5. Measure the apparent depth of the straight line,d. 6. Repeat the experiment with( different four densities of liquids) by mixing the mass of salt , m = 30g , 40g, 50g, and 60g

Glass block

11



The greater the object distance, the smaller the linear magnification, m

To investigate the relationship between object distance, u and linear magnification, m

Manipulated: object distance, u Responding: linear magnification, m Constant: Focal length

1. The convex lens is placed at distance of u = 15.0 cm from the object 2. The screen is adjusted until the sharp image is formed on it 3. The image distane, v is measure using metre rule 4. The linaer magnification, m is calculated m = v/u. 5. The experiment is repeated for the other object distance, 20.0 cm, 25.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 40.0 cm.

The greater the object distance, the smaller the linear magnification, m

To investigate the relationship between object distance, u and linear magnification, m

Manipulated: object distance, u Responding: image distance, v Constant: Focal length

1. The convex lens is placed at distance of u = 15.0 cm from the object 2. The screen is adjusted until the sharp image is formed on it 3. The image distane, v is measure using metre rule 4. The linaer magnification, m is calculated m = v/u. 5. The experiment is repeated for the other object distance, 20.0 cm, 25.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 40.0 cm.

12

CHAPTER 6 : WAVES



The depth of water increases as the wavelength of water waves increases.

To investigate the relationship between wave length and the depth of water.

Manipulated: depth of water Responding: wave length Constant: frequency

1. Fill in the ripple tank with water at depth 2cm. 2. A piece of perspex plate at thickness 0.3cm is placed at the middle of the ripple tank. 3. Switch on the power supply, vibrating motor and lamp. 4. Freeze the water wave by using the stroboscope. 5. Measure the distance between 11 consecutive bright OR dark fringes on white paper using a ruler, x. 6. The wavelength is calculated λ = x / 10 7. Repeat the experiment by using a perspex plate at thickness 0.6cm,0.9cm,1.2cm and 1.5cm.

The angle of bent increases as the size of aperture decreases

To investigate the relationship between the angle of bent and the size of aperture

Manipulated: size of aperture Responding: the angle of bent Constant: frequency of vibrator

1. By using a metre rule , the width of the slit is Measured, a = 0.5 cm 2. The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves which propagate towards the aperture. 3.The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope. 4. The waves are sketched on the screen. 5. By using a protractor , the angle of bent = θ 6.The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different widths of slit 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 3.0 cm

13



The distance between two consecutive node lines increases as the distance between to coherent sources decreases

To investigate the relationship between the distance between to coherent sources and the distance between two consecutive node lines

Manipulated: distance between to coherent sources Responding: distance between two consecutive node lines Constant: frequency of vibrator

1. By using a metre rule , the distance between two dippers is measured, a = 0.5 cm 2. The power supply is switched on to produce two circular waves from the dippers 3. The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope. 4. The waves are sketched on the screen. 5. By using the metre rule , the distance between two consecutive node lines is measured = x 6. The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different distances between two dippers, a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 3.0 cm

The angle of bent increases as the size of aperture decreases

To investigate the relationship between distance between two consecutive loud sounds,x and distance between two loud speakers,a

Manipulated: distance between two loud speakers,a Responding: distance between two consecutive loud sounds,x Constant: frequency of the signal generator

SOUND WAVE ( λ = ax/D) X and a ( λ,D constant)

1. Place a signal generator and two loudspeakers on a long bench in an open space. 2. Adjust the separation, a, of the two speakers A and B to 1.0m. 3. Switch on the signal generator. 4. An observer stand 5m in front of A and B and walks in a straight line parallel to AB. 5. The distance between two consecutive loud sound heard, x, is measured by metre rule. 6.Repeat the experiment with distance between two loudspeakers, a=1.2m, 1.4m,1.6m,1.8m and 2.0m.

14



The distance between two consecutive bright fringes increases as the wavelength of light waves increases.

To investigate the relationship between the wavelength of the light waves distance and the distance between two consecutive bright fringes

Manipulated: wavelength of the light waves Responding: distance between two consecutive bright fringes Constant: slit separation and the distance between double slit and screen

1. A green filter is placed between the light source and the slits. 2. The source of light is switched on. 3. The interference pattern formed on the screen is observed and drawn. 4. By using a metre rule the distance across 6 consecutive bright fringes is measured. 5. The distance between two consecutive bright fringes is calculated , x = L 5 6.The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different colour filters

15

CHAPTER 7 : ELECTRICITY



The potential difference across a metal conductor increases as the current in the metal conductor increases.

To investigate the relationship between the potential difference ,V and current, I in a metal conductor

Manipulated: current, I Responding: Potential difference ,V Constant: Temperature

1. The switch is closed. 2. The rheostat is adjusted until size of current 0.2 A 3. The reading of the voltmeter ,V is recorded. 4. The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different value of, I, by adjusting the rheostat 0.4 A, 0.6 A, 0.8 A and 1.0 A

The resistance increases as the length of wire increases

To investigate the relationship between resistance and the length of wire.

Manipulated: length of wire. Responding: Resistanc Constant: Cross sectional area/diameter of wire

Resistance and length/diameter of wire

1. A length of wire 10.0cm constantan wire (s.w.g 28) is connected between XY. 2. The rheostat is adjusted until the current flows in the circuit 0.5A and voltmeter reading is recorded. 3. The resistance is calculated by using a formula, R=V/I 4. Repeat the experiment with length of wire, L=20.0cm, 30.0cm, 40.0cm and 50.0cm

16



The temperature increases as the current in increases.

To investigate the relationship between rise in temperature and current.

Manipulated: current, I Responding: rise in temperature/ changing in temperature. Constant: time of heating/ volume of water

rise in temperature and current

1. Record the initial temperature, θ0 2. Switch on the circuit and adjust the the rheostat to supply a current 0.2A. 3. Record the final temperature, θf after 5 minutes. 4. Rise in temperature, is calculated by using the formula ∆θ = θf - θ0 5. Repeat the experiment for different magnitude of current, I=0.4A, 0.6A,0.8A and 1.0A.

The energy/Work done/Power/height /distance of the load increases as the magnitude of current /voltage increases

To investigate the relationship between Energy/Work done/Power/height /distance of the load and magnitude of current /voltage.

Manipulated: Magnitude of current Responding: Energy/Work done/Power/height /distance of the load Constant: mass of the load

Energy/Work done/Power/height of the load and magnitude of current/voltage.

1. A length of wire 10.0cm constantan wire (s.w.g 28) is connected between XY. 2. The rheostat is adjusted until the current flows in the circuit 0.5A and voltmeter reading is recorded. 3. The resistance is calculated by using a formula, R=V/I 4. Repeat the experiment with length of wire, L=20.0cm, 30.0cm, 40.0cm and 50.0cm

17

CHAPTER 8 : ELECTROMAGNETISM



The strength of magnetic field/no.of pin attracted increases as magnitude of current. increases.

To investigate the relationship between the strength of magnetic field/no.of pin attracted and magnitude of current.

Manipulated: current, I Responding: strength of magnetic field/no.of pin attracted. Constant: no.of turn of the solenoid

Strength of magnetic field/no.of pin attracted and magnitude of current

1. The switch is on and rheostat is adjusted to set the current flow 0.2A. 2. Bring the petri dish filled with pin at the end of solenoid/soft irn core. 3. Record the number of pin attracted by the solenoid. 4. Repeat the experiment with current, I =0.4A, 0.6A, 0.8A and 1.0A.

The magnitude of the induced current increases as the velocity/speed/ height of the magnet increases

To investigate the relationship between velocity/speed/ height of the magnet and magnitude of the induced current

Manipulated: velocity/speed/ height of the magnet Responding: magnitude of the induced current Constant: number of turns of the coil

1. The height of bar magnet is adjusted at h = 20 cm. 2. The bar magnet is dropped vertically into the coil of wire. 3. The maximum reading of miliammeteris recorded. 4. The steps are repeated for h = 30 cm, h = 40 cm, h = 50 cm and h = 60 cm

Rheostat

Miliammeter

Cardboard cylinder

Bar magnet

Solenoid

h

18



The force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnitude field increases as the magnitude of the current increases.

To investigate the relationship between the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnitude field with the magnitude of the current.

Manipulated: magnitude of the current Responding: magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnitude field. Constant: The strength of magnetic field and length of the current-carrying conductor.

1. The d.c. power supply is switched on. 2. The rheostat is adjusted until magnitude of the current is 0.5 A 3. The distance of short copper wire moves on the thick copper wire is measured by a ruler = L 4. The experiment is repeated 5 times for with different magnitude of the current I = 1.0 A, 1.5 A, 2.0 A and 2.5 A .

The output voltage of the transformer increases as the number of turns of the secondary coil increases.

To investigate the relationship between the number of turns of the secondary coil and output voltage of a transformer.

Manipulated: number of turns of the secondary coil Responding: output voltage of a transformer Constant: number of turns of the primary coil and the input voltage

1. The number of turns of the secondary coil is recorded N = 20 turns 2. The low voltage power supply is switched on. 3. The reading of the voltmeter is recorded = V 4. The experiment is repeated 5 times with different number of turns of the secondary coil 40 turns, 60 turns, 80 turns and 100 turns

19



The magnitude of (induced) current // potential difference increases as number of turns of the secondary coil increases.

To investigate the relationship between the number of turns of the secondary coil and the magnitude of (induced) current // potential difference

Manipulated: number of turns of the secondary coil Responding: magnitude of (induced) current // potential difference. Constant: input voltage // no of turns of the primary coil // size / diameter / thickness of wire of coils.

Magnitude of (induced) current // potential difference (Vs) and number of turns of the secondary coil

1. Set up the apparatus as shown, with a 240 V ac current supply with 50 turns on the primary coil. 2. Set the secondary coil so that the number of turns n = 20 3. Switch on the power supply, measure the current, I (with the ammeter) that passes through the secondary coil. 4. Repeat step 2 and 3 for n = 40, 60, 80 and 100 turns..

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CONTENTS

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER PAGE

1 - INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS 2

2 - FORCES AND MOTION 3 - 5

3 - FORCES AND PRESSURE 6

4 - HEAT 7

5 - LIGHT 8 - 9

6 - WAVES 10 - 11

7 - ELECTRICITY 12

8 - ELECTROMAGNETISM 13 - 14

9 - ELECTRONIC 15 - 16

10 - RADIOACTIVITY 16 - 17

PHYSICS THERMINOLOGIES 18 - 20

PHYSICS PRECAUTIONARY 21

PHYSICS FORMULAE 22 – 25

PHYSICAL QUANTITY AND UNIT 26

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DEFINITION

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

NO.

TERMS

DEFINITIONS /MEANING

FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Physical quantities

Quantities that can be measured

2

Base quantities

Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities

3

Derived quantities

Physical quantity obtained from the combination of base quantities through multiplication or division or both.

4

Base units

Units that cannot be defined in terms of other units

5

Derived units

Unit which are obtained from the combination of base units through multiplication or division or both

6

Consistency

The ability (of a measuring instrument) to measure a quantity with little or no deviation among the measurements

7

Accuracy

This closeness of a measurement to the actual value.

8

Sensitivity

The ability (of a measuring instrument) to detect a small change in the quantity to be measured.

Smallest scale

9

Error

The difference between the measured value and the actual value.

10

Systematic errors

Errors in the calibration of instruments or the non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero.

Zero error

11

Random error

Errors due to the mistakes made by the observer when taking measurement either through incorrect positioning of the eye or the instrument.

Parallax error

12

Parallax error

Error due to the incorrect positioning of the eye when reading a measurement.

13

Zero error

The pointer of the instrument does not return to the zero position when it is not being used.

Length, mass, time, temperature, electric

current

metre, kg, second, Kelvin, Ampere

e.g: velocity, forces, work, density, pressure,

momentum

e.g: ms-1 , kgms-2 , joule, kgm-3, Nm-2,kgms-1

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CHAPTER 2 : FORCES AND MOTION

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Vector quantity

Physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction

2

Scalar quantity

Physical quantities that have magnitude only.

3

Distance

The total path length travelled from one location to the other.

4

Displacement

The distance between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting them in a specified direction.

5

Speed

Rate of change of distance OR Distance travelled per unit time t

sv =

6

Velocity

Rate of change of displacement

tsv =

7

Acceleration

Rate of change of velocity t

uva −=

8

Deceleration

Rate of decrease in velocity t

uva −=

9

Inertia

The tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving to continue its motion.

10

Mass

The quantity of matter in an object

11

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity

p = mv

12

Principle of conservation of momentum

In a closed system, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision provided there is no external force.

13

Elastic collision

A collision in which the objects do not combine after collision

2211

2211

vmvmumum

+=+

14

Non-elastic collision Force

A collision in which the objects are combined after collision ( )vmm

umum

21

2211

+=+

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NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

15

Unbalanced/net/ resultant force.

A single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces with magnitude and direction.

maF =

16

Balanced forces/ Forces in equilibrium

Situation in which forces acting on an object produces no net force. The object is stationary or moves with a constant velocity in a straight line

F = 0 N

17

Force / Impulsive Force

Something can be change the shape, direction of motion and can move the object// Rate of change of momentum

tmumvF −

=

18

Impulse

Change in momentum

mumvFt −=

19

Gravitational field

The region around the earth which an object experiences a force towards the centre of earth.

20

Gravitational field strength.

The gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg. placed at that point

g = 10 Nkg-1

21

Gravitational acceleration

The acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitational force.

g = 10 m s -2

22

Free fall

The motion in which the object falls due to gravitational force only.

23

Weight

The gravitational force acting on the object.

mgW =

24

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force applied and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

maF =

25

Resolution of forces

The separation of a single force into two perpendicular components called the vertical and the horizontal component

26

1Newton

Is the force which acts on a body of mass 1 kg. and causes the body to accelerate at 1 ms-2

27

Energy

The ability to do work.

28

Frictional Force

The force that act to oppose the moving object with opposite direction

Fy

Fx

F

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NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

29

Work done

The product of the applied force and the displacement in the direction of the applied force.

FsW =

30

Power

The rate at which work is done OR the amount of work done per second.

P = tE

31

1 watt

The power generated when I J of work is done is 1 s

32

Kinetic energy

The energy of an object due to its motion.

Ek= ½ mv 2

33

Gravitational potential energy

The energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field

Ep = mgh

34

Density

Mass per unit volume. V

m=ρ

35

Principle of Conservation of energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be transformed from one form to another. The total energy in a closed system is constant.

mgh= ½ mv2

36

Efficiency

The percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.

%100xPP

Ei

of =

37

Elasticity

The ability of an object to return to its original size/length/shape when the force that is acting on it is removed.

38

Hooke’s Law

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the elastic-limit is not exceeded.

kxF =

39

Elastic limit

The maximum force which can act on an object before it loses its elasticity.

40

Force constant/ spring constant

Force per unit extension x

Fk =

41

Elastic potential energy

The energy stored in an object when it is stretched or compressed.

EE= ½ Fx

EE= ½ kx 2

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CHAPTER 3 : FORCES AND PRESSURE

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Pressure

Magnitude of force acting perpendicularly to a surface per unit area of the surface. A

FP =

2

Pressure in liquid

The pressure at any point in a liquids act in all directions.

ghP ρ=

3

1 Pascal or 1 N m-2

The pressure exerted on a surface when a force of 1 N acts perpendicularly to an area of 1 m2

4

Atmospheric pressure

The pressure due to the weight of the air acting per unit area on the earth’s surface.

5

Pascal’s Principle

The pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted uniformly to every part of the liquid. 2

2

1

1

AF

AF

=

6

Buoyant force

The upward force exerted by a fluid when an object is wholly or partially immersed in the fluid.

vgFB ρ=

7

Archimedes’ Principle

For a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, the buoyant force is equal to weight of the fluid it displaces.

8

Bernoulli’s Principle

In a moving fluid, where the speed is low, the pressure is high and where the speed is high, the pressure is low.

An intelligent plan is the first step to success.

The man who plans knows where he is going, knows what progress he is making, and has a

pretty good idea when he will arrive.

Planning is the open road to your destination.

If you don’t know where you are going, how can you expect to get there?

Basil S.Walsh

RRHRRH 7

CHAPTER 4 : HEAT

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Temperature

Degree of hotness

2

Thermal equilibrium

The situation in which two objects which are in thermal contact have the same rate of heat transfer and the same temperature. The net heat flow between the two objects is zero.

3

Lower fixed point/ice point

The temperature at which pure ice melts under the standard atmospheric pressure.

4

Upper fixed point/ Steam point

The temperature of steam from pure water that is boiling under standard atmospheric pressure.

5

Heat capacity

The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of an object by 1oC.

θmcQ =

6

Specific heat capacity

The amount of heat that must be supplied to an object of mass 1 kg. to increase its temperature by 1oC.

θmQc =

7

Specific latent heat of fusion.

The amount of heat required to change 1 kg. of a substance from solid to liquid without any change in temperature

mQl =

8

Specific latent heat of vaporization.

The amount of heat required to change 1 kg. of a substance from liquid to gas without any change in temperature.

mQl =

9

Boyle’s Law

For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its volume when the temperature is kept constant.

2211 VPVP =

10

Charles’ Law

For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas when the pressure is kept constant. T K = (T OC + 273) K

2

2

1

1

TV

TV

=

11

Pressure Law

For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas when the volume is kept constant. T K = (T OC + 273) K

2

2

1

1

TP

TP

=

12

Absolute zero

The lowest temperature in theory in which the pressure and the kinetic energy of gas molecules are zero.

T = θ + 273 K

RRHRRH 8

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Law of reflection

i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane. ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

2

Principal axis of a curved mirror

The line passing through the vertex. P and the centre of curvature C.

3

Centre of curvature, C

The centre of the sphere that forms the curved mirror.

4

Focal point, F of a concave mirror

The point on the principal axis where the reflected rays converge that is meet and intersect./The mix point between centre of curvature and pole of mirror.

5

Focal point, F of a convex mirror

The point on the principal axis where the reflected rays diverge that is appear to spread out from behind the mirror./ The mix point between centre of curvature and pole of mirror.

6

Real image

The image that can be formed/displayed on a screen.

7

Virtual image

The image that cannot be formed on a screen.

8

Reflection of light

The return of light waves when they hit a reflector (mirror)

9

Refraction of light

The bending of light ray at the boundary as it travels from one medium to another of different optical densities.

10

Law of refraction

The incident ray, the refracted ray and normal all lie in the same plane. The ratio of sin i/sin r is a constant (Snell’s Law)

11

Refractive index, n

The value of the constant (sin i / sin r) for a light ray passing through a vacuum into a given medium.

rin

sinsin

=

12

Real depth

The distance of the real object from the surface of a medium (eg. Water, glass).

13

Apparent depth

The distance of the virtual image from the surface of the medium (eg. Water, glass).

RRHRRH 9

CHAPTER 5 : LIGHT

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

14

Critical angle, C

The angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90o.

cn

sin1

=

15

Total internal reflection

The condition in which the light ray from a denser medium to a less dense medium is reflected back into the denser medium when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle

16

Focal point, F of a lens

A common point on the principal axis where all the rays parallel to the axis converge to it after passing through a convex lens or appear to diverge from it after passing through a concave lens.

17

Focal length, f

The distance between the focal point and the optical centre. 2

rf =

18

Power of lens

The reciprocal of the focal length. f

P 1=

19

Linear magnification

The ratio of the image size to the object size OR the ratio of the image distance to object distance. u

vM =

5 Principles of a Successful person

Be Strong

Be Perfect

Be Good

Try Harder

Hurry Up

RRHRRH 10

CHAPTER 6 : WAVES

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Wave

A travelling disturbance from a vibrating or oscillating source which comes energy along with it in the direction of the propagation.

2

Vibration/oscillation

A uniform to-and-fro motion of an object/particle from a vibrating source.

3

Transverse wave

A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves. (eg. Water, light, all EM waves)

4

Longitudinal wave

A wave which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves. (eg. Sound)

5

Wavefront

An imaginary line that joins all identical points on a wave.

6

One complete oscillation

The to-and-fro motion of an object/particle from one particular point.

7

Amplitude, a (SI unit: m)

The maximum displacement from the mean position of a wave.

8

Period, T(SI unit: s)

The time taken to complete one oscillation.

9

Frequency, f (Sl unit: Hz)

The number of complete oscillations made in 1 second. T

f 1=

10 Wavelength, A

The horizontal distance between two successive equivalent points on a wave. f

v=λ

11

Damping

Energy loss from an oscillating system to the surrounding in the form of heat energy.

12

Natural frequency

The frequency in which an oscillating system vibrates when no external force is applied.

13

Resonance

The phenomena in which an oscillating system is driven at its natural frequency by a periodic force. Maximum energy transfer occurs to the system and it oscillates at a large amplitude.

RRHRRH 11

CHAPTER 6 : WAVES

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

14

Reflection of waves

The return of all or part of the waves when they encounter on obstacle.

15

Refraction of waves

The phenomena in which there is a change of direction of propagation due to a change of speed when water waves travel one area to another of different depths.

16

Diffraction of waves

The phenomena that refers to the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or round an obstacle.

17

Interference of waves

The phenomena in which two sets of coherent waves meet/combine.

λ = Dax

18

Coherent waves

Waves which maintain a constant phase difference, amplitude and frequency.

19

Principle of Superposition

The combined wave forms of two or more interfering waves are given by the sum of the displacement of the individual wave at each point of the medium.

20

Constructive interference

The combination/superposition of two coherent waves in which the vertical displacements of the two waves are in the same direction.

Crest + Crest

Trough + Trough

21

Destructive interference

The combination/superposition of two coherent waves in which a positive displacement of a wave meets a negative displacement of another wave and the combined amplitude becomes zero.

Crest + Trough

22

Audio waves

Sound waves generated between 20Hz and 20 kHz and can be heard by normal human ears.

23

Infrasound

Sound with frequency below 20 Hz.

24

Ultrasound

Sound with frequency above 20 kHz.

25

Electromagnetic spectrum

Consists of a group of waves with similar natures and are arranged in increasing frequencies and decreasing wavelengths.

26

Electromagnetic waves

Waves which consist of a joint electric and magnetic fields which oscillate perpendicular to each other.

Frequency, wavelength, speed

unchanged

Frequency unchanged but

wavelength, speed change

Frequency, wavelength, speed

unchanged

RRHRRH 12

CHAPTER 7 : ELECTRICITY

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Electric current

The rate of charge flow in a circuit. t

QI =

2

1 Ampere

The electric current that flows through a conductor if 1 coulomb of charge flows through the conductor in 1 second.

3

Electric field

A region in which an electric charge experiences an electric force.

4

Potential difference

The work done or the Energy that would be required to move 1 C of charge from one point to another in a circuit.

QEV =

5

1 volt

The work done to move 1C of charge between two points is 1 J.

6

Resistance

The ratio of potential difference across a conductor to the electric current flowing through the conductor I

VR =

7

Ohm’s Law

The electric current passing through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between its ends provided that the temperature and other physical properties of the conductor are constant.

IRV =

8

Series circuit

All the components are connected one after another in a single path.

I - same

V - different 9

Parallel circuit

All the components are connected with their corresponding ends joined together at common points to form separate and parallel paths.

V - same

I - different

10

Electromotive force (e.m.f)

The work done by a source (dry cell / battery) in driving a unit charge around a complete circuit.

11

Internal resistance, r

The resistance against the moving charge due to the electrolyte in the cell/battery.

IrVE +=

12

Electrical power

The rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred. t

EP =

RRHRRH 13


NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Electromagnet

A temporary magnet made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft iron core.

2

Magnetic field

A region round a current – carrying conductor in which a magnetic force acts.

3

Catapult field

The resultant magnetic field due to the combination of the magnetic field due to the current in the conductor and the external magnetic field.

4

Electromagnetic induction

The setting up of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a change in the magnetic flux caused by the relative motion of the conductor and an magnetic field. The induced e.m.f will cause induced current to flow.

5

Lenz’s Law

The direction the induced current in such that the change producing it will be opposed.

6

Faraday’s Law

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux or the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.

7

Direct current

A current that flows in one direction only in a circuit and the magnitude of the current maybe constant or charges with time.

8

Alternating current

A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a circuit and it changes its direction periodically.

9

Transformer

A device which works on the principle of electromagnetic induction which steps up or steps down alternating current voltages.

p

s

p

s

VV

NN

=

10

Step-up transformer

A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is greater than the number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil is greater than the voltage across the primary coil.

11

Step-down transformer

A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is less than the number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil is less than the voltage across the primary coil

RRHRRH 14


NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

12

Idea transformer

A transformer in which the output power is equal to the input power and there is no energy loss during the process of transforming the voltage.

13

Eddy current

The current induced in the soft iron core due to the changing magnetic field produced by the alternating current in the coils.

14

National Grid Network

A network system of cables which connects all the power stations and substations in the country to the consumers in a closed network to transmit electricity.

Motivation is like food for the brain, you

cannot get enough in ones sitting. It

needs continual and regular top ups

Peter Davies

RRHRRH 15

CHAPTER 9 : ELECTRONIC

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Thermionic emission

The process of emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal.

2

Cathode ray

The stream of electrons which moves from cathode to anode at high speed across a vacuum.

3

Semiconductor

A material which can conduct electricity better then insulator, but not as well as conductor.

4

Doping

A process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities to a semiconductor to increase its conductivity.

5

n-type semiconductor

Semiconductor obtained when pentavalent atoms which are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute extra electrons. Free electrons become the majority charge carrier and the holes become the minority carrier.

6

p-type semiconductor

Semiconductor obtained when trivalent atoms which are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute extra holes. Free electrons become the minority charge carrier and the holes become the majority charge carrier.

7

p-n junction

Formed when pieces of n-type and p-type semiconductors are fused together.

8

Semiconductor diode

An electronic device made from a p-n junction that allows current to flow in one direction only but blocks it in the opposite direction.

9

Forward bias

The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the n-type (cathode) is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.

10

Reverse bias

The connection in which the p-type (anode) of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of a battery and the n-type (cathode) is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.

11

Rectifier

An electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current.

RRHRRH 16

CHAPTER 9 : ELECTRONIC

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

12

Half-wave rectification

A process where only half of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in one direction only.

13

Full-wave rectification

A process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in the same direction.

14

Transistor

An electronic device which has three terminals labeled base, collector and emitter, made by coalescing (fusing) the n-type and p-type semiconductors.

15

Logic gates

A switching circuit made up of a combination of transistor switches which has one or more inputs but only one output.

16

Truth table

A record of all the possible combinations of inputs and the corresponding outputs for a particular logic circuit.

CHAPTER 10 : RADIOACTIVITY

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

1

Proton number, Z

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

2

Nucleon number, A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

3

Isotopes

Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon number.

4

Radioactivity

The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by the emission of an energetic particle or a photon (or radioactive emission)

RRHRRH 17

CHAPTER 10 : RADIOACTIVITY

NO.

TERMS


FORMULA/ REMARKS

5

Radioactive decay

The process in which an unstable nucleus changes into a more stable nucleus by emitting radiation.

6

Radiation

The energy given out by an unstable nucleus in the form of energetic particles or photon.

7

Half-life

The time taken for the number of the undecayed nuclei in the sample to be reduced to half of its original number.

T1/2

8

Radioisotopes

Unstable nuclei of an element which have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons which decay and give out radioactive emissions.

9

Atomic mass unit (a.m.u)

1/12 of the mass of the carbon – 12 atom.

10

Nuclear fission

The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei which releases enormous amount of energy.

11

Nuclear fusion

The process of combining two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus which releases enormous amount of energy

12

Chain reaction

Self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another similar reaction.

13

Einstein’s principle

Mass and energy are not conserved separately and can be exchanged one for the other by using this equation: E = mc2 where E = energy released (J), m = mass defect (kg) c =speed of light (3x108 ms-1)

E = mc2

WHY DID I WANT TO WIN? BECAUSE I DID NOT WANT TO LOSE

Max Schmelling

RRHRRH 18

PHYSICS TERMINOLOGIES

NO

TERM

VALUE

MEANING/EXPLANATION

Low Slow increase of velocity High Fast increase of velocity

Low Lighter / Less compact

High Heavier / More compact

Small Spring is soft / Easy to stretch High Spring is stiff / Difficult to stretch

Low Change shape easily when acted upon by external

force High Does not change shape easily when acted upon by

external force

Low Breaks easily / Break under small external force High Difficult to break / Need a large force to break

Low Does not rust easily / quickly High Rust easily / quickly

Low Easily heated up / Short time to heat up Need less heat to raise temperature

High

More difficult to heat up / Take more time to heat up Need more heat to raise temperature / Use more fuel

Low Need less heat to melt or vaporize

Time to melt or vaporize is shorter High Need more heat to melt or vaporize

Time to melt or vaporize is longer

Low Melt at low temperature High Melt at higher temperature

Low Freezes at low temperature

High Freezes at high temperature

Low

Starts boiling at lower temperature Starts boiling earlier Slower to begin condensation

High

Starts boiling at high temperature Starts boiling latter Faster to begin condensation

Low Substance that refracts light less High Substance that refracts light more

Acceleration

Density

Force constant

Rigidity

Strength

Rate of rusting

Specific Heat Capacity

Specific Latent Heat

Melting point

Freezing point

Boiling point

Refractive index

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

RRHRRH 19

NO

TERM

VALUE

MEANING/EXPLANATION

Small Easier for total internal reflection occur

Big Difficult for total internal reflection to occur

Low Long focal length Refract light less

High

Short focal length Refract light more

Short Higher power Long Lower power

High Short wavelength

High penetrating power

Long Low frequency Low penetrating power

High High pitch Short wavelength Spread out less

Low Having lower resistance compared to wires of the

same thickness and length High Having higher resistance compared to wires of the

same thickness and length

e.m.f of cell Large Supply a larger current through the same resistance

Power of electrical device

High Uses more energy per second

Voltage (working

voltage of electrical device)

High Needs a smaller current to produce a fixed amount of power

Low Not easy to bend High Easy to bend

Low Safe cost

High More energy loss

Low Prevent power loss due to heat High Produce more heat

Short Not pose any serious health risk/Easy to dissolve

Long Danger to consumer/Difficult to dissolve

Focal length

Frequency (of electromagnetic wave)

Wavelength (of electromagnetic wave)

Resistivity

Frequency (sound)

Power of a lens

13 Critical angle

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Flexibility

Efficiency

Resistance

Half life

RRHRRH 20

NO

TERM

VALUE

MEANING/EXPLANATION

Short Smaller resistance

Long Higher resistance

Low Lower strength of electromagnetic field High Higher strength of electromagnetic field

Aerodynamic Reduce air resistance Streamline Reduce water resistance

Low Does not ionize the other ion / cell

High Easy to ionize the other ion /cell

Low Cannot penetrate through medium easily High Can penetrate through medium easily

27 Cable

Number of turns of coil

Shape

Ionizing power

Penetrating power

28

29

30

31

You may never know what results comes of your action,

but if you do nothing there will be no results.

‘Mahatma Gandhi’

RRHRRH 21

PRECAUTIONARY STEPS FOR INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS

NO

TYPE OF EXPERIMENT

INVOLVING;

PRECAUTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN

1

Measuring instruments such as ammeter, voltmeter, meter rule …

a. The position of eye is perpendicular to the scale of measuring cylinder to avoid the parallax error.

b. The zero error should be corrected by turning the zero error adjustment knobs until the pointer reads exactly ‘0’ on the instrument (ammeter/voltmeter).

c. The experiment is repeated and the average readings are taken.

2

Linear motion

a. Ensure the trolley moves down the inclined plane in a straight path without knocking the sides of the inclined plane.

3

Spring

a. Make sure the spring in not loaded beyond the elastic limit. (Spring return to original length when load is taken off)

b. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the ruler.

4

Heat

a. Liquid must be stirred constantly so that temperature rises evenly.

b. Aluminum block must be wrapped with insulating material to prevent heat lost.

c. Thermometer bulb should be smeared with oil to give better thermal contact with the block.

d. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the thermometer.

5

Light

a. Experiment must be carried out in darkened room. b. Lens, screen and object must be in a straight line. c. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the

line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the ruler.

6

Waves

a. Sponge is used at the side of the ripple tank, to prevent reflection of water wave

b. Experiment of interference of sound waves is carried out at the field, to avoid the reflection of sound wave

7

Electricity

a. All connections must be tight/ secure. b. Off the switch after readings are taken to prevent

wires from heating up (resistance increase). c. Avoid parallax error by placing the eye such that the

line of view is perpendicular to the scale of the ammeter/voltmeter.

*Assumption for heat experiment: - No heat loss to the surrounding

RRHRRH 22

FORMULAE IN PHYSICS

FORCES AND MOTION

1 Average speed = Total distance travelled Time taken

tsv =

vst = tvs =

7 a. Weight of momentum, W = mg

b. Gravitational field strength , mWg =

2 Acceleration,

tuva −

=

8 Work done, W = Fs

3 Equation of motion

a. atuv += b. ( )tvus2+

=

c. asuv 222 += d. 2

21 atuts +=

9 Power,

tWP =

10

a. Kinetic energy 2

21 mv=

b. Gravitational potential energy = mgh 4 Momentum = mv 11 a. Hooke’s law, F = kx

b. Elastic potential energy 2

21 kx= , Fx

21

5 a. Change of momentum = mv-mu

b. Impulse = Ft = mv-mu

6

a. t

mumvF −=

b. maF =

Principle of conservation of energy 12

13

mgh = ½ mv2

½ Fx = ½ mv2

FORCES AND PRESSURE

12 a. Density ,

Vm

=ρ b. Density , ρmV =

c. mass, m = ρv

13 a. Pressure ,

AFP = b. Force, F= PA

14 Pressure in liquid, P = hρg 15 Buoyant force = weight of liquid displaced

FB = ρVg

16 Law of floatation

Weight of object = Buoyant force mg = ρvg

17 Pascal’s Principle

2

2

1

1

AF

AF

=

s

t v

F

a

m

RRHRRH 23

HEAT

18

Temperature, ( ) CxXX

XX o

icesteaam

ice 1000

−−

=θ 19 Specific heat capacity

Heat absorbed or Heat released

θmcQ = 20 Specific latent heat, mlQ = 21 Absolute temperature, T K = (T OC + 273) K 22 Boyle’s law, 2211 VPVP = 23

Charles’ law, 2

2

1

1

TV

TV

=

24

Pressure law, 2

2

1

1

TP

TP

= 25 θmcmgh =

θmcPt =

LIGHT

25 Focal length,

2rf =

27 Power of lens,

fP 1=

26 Refractive index,

a. ri

nn

sinsin

1

2 =

b. c

nsin

1=

c. n = Real depth Apparent depth d. n = Speed of light in vacuum Speed of light in medium

28 Lens formula,

vuf111

+=

29

Linear magnification, uvM = or

o

i

hh

M =

30 Astronomical telescope

a. Magnifying power of telescope,

e

o

ff

M =

b. Distance between lenses = fo + fe

WAVES

31 Frequency,

Tf 1=

32 Wavelength,

fv

=λ

33 Young double slit experiment,

λ = Dax

34 Wave speed, λfv =

RRHRRH 24

ELECTRICITY

35

a. Charge, ItQ = b. Current, tQI =

36

Potential difference, QEV =

37 Energy transferred, QVE =

38

a. Resistance, IVR =

b. Current, RVI = .

c. Potential difference or voltage, IRV =

39 Resistor in SERIES: a. 321 RRRR ++= b. Same current flows in each resistor c. potential difference across resistor α R

40 Resistor in PARALLEL:

a. 321

1111RRRR

++=

b. Same p.difference in each resistor

c. current in resistor α R1

41 a. Energy, VItE = b. Energy, RtIE 2=

c. Energy, tR

VE2

=

42

a. Power, tEP =

b. Power, PtE =

43 a. Power,

RVP

2

=

b. Power, VIP = c. Power, RIP 2=

44 For battery with internal resistance

a. EMF, IrVE += b. ( )rRIE +=

ELECTROMAGNETISM

45 Transformer

a. p

s

p

s

VV

NN

=

c. Efficiency = Output power x 100% Input power

b. ppss IVIV =

d. %100xIVIV

Efficiencypp

ss=

46 Transmission of electricity

a. Power transmitted, VIP = b. Power dissipated, RIP 2=

V

R I

P

V I

RRHRRH 25

ELECTRONIC

47 Transistor

a. xVRR

RV

yzxy

xyxy +=

b. xVRR

RV

yzxy

yzyz +=

48

eV = ½ mv2 where: e = 1.6 x 10-19 C

49

RADIOACTIVITY, Einstein equation : 2mcE =

SOME INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

YEAR INVENTOR INVENTION

1676 Van Leeuwenhoek Use Lenses to observe bacteria

1679 Denis Pan Pressure Cooker

1765 James Watt Steam Engine

1777 Antoine Lavoisier Explained Combustion

1784 William Murdock Locomotive

1794 Eli Whitney Spinning Machines

1831 Michael Faraday Electromagnetic Induction

1836 Samuel More Telegraph

1839 Jacques Daguerre Photographic Process

WHERE THERE’S A WILL, THERE’S A WAY

RRHRRH 26

NO. PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT

1 Distance / Displacement s / d Metre, m 2 Speed / Velocity V ms-1 3 Time t Second, s 4 Acceleration a ms-2

5 Momentum p kg ms-1 6 Force F kg ms-2 / N 7 Impulse Ft Ns 8 Weight W kg ms-2 / N 9 Work done w Joule, J 10 Energy E Joule, J 11 Power P watt, W 12 Density ρ kgm-3

13 Volume V m-3 14 Extension of spring x / e cm / m 15 Force constant k Ncm-1 / Nm-1

16 Pressure P Nm-2 / Pa 17 Area A m2

18 Temperature in Celsius θ oC 19 Heat Q Joule, J 20 Specific heat capacity c Jkg-1 oC-1

21 Specific latent heat l Jkg-1 22 Absolute temperature T Kelvin, K 23 Focal length f cm / m 24 Radius of curvature r cm / m 25 Angle of incidence i Degree ( o ) 26 Angle of refraction r Degree ( o ) 27 Refractive index n - 28 Critical angle c Degree ( o ) 29 Power of lens P Diopter, D 30 Object distance u cm / m 31 Image distance v cm / m 32 Period T Second, s 33 Frequency f Hertz, Hz / s-1

34 Wavelength λ cm / m 35 Electric charge Q Coulomb, C 36 Current I Ampere, A 37 Potential difference V Volt, V 38 Resistance R Ohm, Ω 39 Electrical energy E Joule, J 40 Electrical power P watt, W 41 Electromotive force (emf) E Volt, V 42 Internal resistance r Ohm, Ω 43 Peak voltage Vp Volt, V 44 Charge of an electron e Coulomb, C 45 Speed of light c ms-1

ITEM NUMBER OF QUESTION

SKILLS

ESSAY QUESTION

(SECTION B)

2 QUESTION (Choose and

answer 1 only)

Problem Solving Experimenting

(Scientific Investigation)

Diagram 3.1 shows a students squeezing a balloon filled with air. Diagram 3.2 shows the students queezing the balloon further upwards. The volume of the balloon decreases and it becomes harder.

Balloon

Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2

• (a) State one suitable inference.

• (b) State one hypothesis that could be

investigated.

• (c) With the use of apparatus such as syringe, rubber tube and other apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis state in 3(b).

In your description, state clearly the following:

(i) The aim of the experiment. (ii) The variables in the experiment. (iii) The list of apparatus and materials. (iv) The arrangement of the apparatus. (v) The procedure used in the experiment. Describe how to control and measure the manipulated variables and how to measure the responding variables. (vi) The way to tabulate the data. (vii) The way to analyse the data.

NO. ITEM SCHEME MARK

3 (a) State one suitable inference Cause (MV) Effect (RV) Volume Pressure Pressure Volume RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by MV 1. Pressure of air depends on volume of air 2. Volume of air depends on pressure of air Reject : comparison of variable.

1

3 (b) State one suitable hypothesis The higher the pressure the lower the volume of air The higher the volume the lower the pressure of air Reject: Conclusion statement Eg: Volume is inversly proportional to pressure

1


3 (c) State the aim of experiment To investigate/study the relationship between pressure and volume of air

√1

State the correct manipulated variable and responding variable MV: Pressure/Volume of air RV: Volume/Pressure of air

√2

State one constant variable Temperature/mass of air

√3

State the list of apparatus and material Rubber tube, Bourdon gauge and syringe // Bourdon gauge, manometer, ruler and slotted weight (load)

√4


3 (c) Functional arrangement of apparatus

√5

State one method of controlling the manipulated variable Set the first value of pressure or volume Eg: The piston of the syringe is pulled upwards so that the volume of air in the cylinder is 50.0 cm3.// Push the piston until the reading of bourdon gauge 1.5 kPa

√6

State one method of measuring the responding variable The pressure reading from Bourdon gauge is recorded// The volume of air trapped in the syring is recorded

√7


3 (c) Repeat the experiment at least 4 times Repeat the experiment by pulled/pushing the piston at different values of volume. Push or pulled the syringe so that the volume in the syringe is 45.0 cm3 , 40.0 cm3 , 35.0 cm3 and 30.0 cm3

√8

Tabulate the data correctly

√9

Analyse the data Plot the graph Pressure / Volume againstVolume / Pressure

√10

Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show two electric bread toaster A and B with the same power rating. Toaster A has a thick heating element. It glows less brightly and produces less heat. Toaster B has thin heating element. It glows more brightly and produce more heat.



investigated.

• (c) With the use of apparatus such as a d.c power supply, a voltmeter, constantan wire and other apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis state in 4(b).



4 (a) State one suitable inference Cause (MV) Effect (RV) Thickness Brightness Diameter Resistance SWG Heat No. Of wire connected in Energy Parallel Temperature Cross sectional area Power RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by MV Resistance of wire depends on diameter of wire Reject : comparison of variable.

1


4 (b) State one suitable hypothesis The bigger the diameter the lower the resistance The brightness/hotness of heating element depends on its thickness/diameter Reject: Conclusion statement Eg: Resistance is inversly proportional to diameter

1

4 (c) (i)

(ii)

State the aim of experiment To investigate/study the relationship between resistance and diameter of wire State the correct manipulated variable and responding variable MV: Diameter of wire RV: Resistance

√1

√2


State one constant variable Length of wire/Temperature/Resistivity Reject: Type of wire

√3

(iii) State the list of apparatus and material Dry cell or Power supply, constantan wire, ammeter, voltmeter, switch and rheostat

√4

(iv)

Functional arrangement of apparatus

√5


(v) State one method of controlling the manipulated variable Use the constantan wire of diameter 0.2 mm

√6

State one method of measuring the responding variable Turn on the switch. Adjust the rheostat until the reading of ammeter, I = 0.5 A Record the reading of voltmeter. Calculate the resistance , R = V/I

√7

Repeat the experiment at least 4 times Repeat the experiment with diameter of wire d = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm

Accept √8 if Constan variable : Length of wire

√8


(vi) Tabulate the data correctly

√9

(vii) Analyse the data Plot the graph resistance against diameter

√10

Diagram 3.1 shows a diver in the sea. Diagram 3.2 shows the same diver at the deeper position. He noticed that both of his ears feel uncomfortable due to the pressure of the sea water



investigated.

• (c) With the use of apparatus such as a thistle funnel, U-tube, container, rubber band, rubber sheet and other apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis state in 3(b).



3 (a) State one suitable inference Cause (MV) Effect (RV) Depth of liquid Pressure RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by MV The pressure depends on the depth of liquid Reject : comparison of variable

MV and RV – Does not clear Cause (MV) Effect (RV) Length - Length of water increase Height of thistle - Change in high of manometer Funnel immersed - Reading of water level in tube Penalize for the first time in aim.

1


(b) State one suitable hypothesis The depth of liquid increases, the pressure is increases Reject: Conclusion statement Eg: Depth of liquid is directly proportional to pressure

1

3 (c) (i)

(ii)

State the aim of experiment To investigate/study the relationship between depth and the pressure in liquid State the correct manipulated variable and responding variable MV: Depth of liquid Reject: Depth of sea RV: - Pressure in liquid or - Different high water level in U-tube

√1

√2


State one constant variable Density of the liquid/Gravitational force/Acceleration due to graviti,g Reject: Atmospheric pressure//ρ//g//Gravity

√3

(iii) State the list of apparatus and material Thistle funnel, rubber sheet, rubber tube, plastic container, rubber band, water or liquid, meter rule, U-tube, retort stand and clamp

√4


(iv)


√5


(v) State one method of controlling the manipulated variable The thistle funnel is immersed vertically into water until h = 5.0 cm Reject: Depth is measured form the bottom

√6

State one method of measuring the responding variable The different in water level in U-tube is measured.

√7

Repeat the experiment at least 4 times Repeat the experiment with depth of liquid, h = 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm.

√8



√9

(vii) Analyse the data Plot the graph depth against pressure/different water level

√10

Diagram 4 shows a cross-section of seabed and the water wave as it propagates to the seashore



investigated.

• (c) With the use of apparatus such as a ripple tank, glass block and other apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis state in 4(b).



3 (a) State one suitable inference Cause (MV) Effect (RV) Depth Wavelength High of seabed Distance between Two succesive crest RV affects/influence MV // RV depends on/ influence by MV The distance between two succesive crest depends on the depth of the water// Wavelength depends on the depth of water Reject : comparison of variable.

1


4 (b) State one suitable hypothesis The deeper the water the longer the wavelength /the distance between two successive crests

1

4 (c) (i)

(ii)

State the aim of experiment To investigate/study the relationship between depth ofwater and the wavelength /the distance between two successive (consecutive) crests State the correct manipulated variable and responding variable MV: Depth of water/ Thickness of glass block/Number of glass block/High of water RV: Wavelength /The distance between two successive (consecutive) crests

√1

√2


State one constant variable Frequency Reject: Vibration

√3

(iii) State the list of apparatus and material Ripple tank, stoboscope, power supply, motor, water, glass block/perspex plate, lamp, white paper (screen) and metre rule

√4


(iv)


√5


(v) State one method of controlling the manipulated variable A glass block/perspex of thickness 0.1 cm is placed in the ripple tank and measure depth of water . Reject: if no - measure depth of water .

√6

State one method of measuring the responding variable Switch on the motor and the lamp Stroboscope is used to freeze the image of the wave and distance between two successive crests of water wave is measured

√7

Repeat the experiment at least 4 times Repeat the experiment with four different thickness of glass block/perspex 0.2 cm, 0.3 cm, 0.4 cm and 0.5 cm.

√8



√9

(vii) Analyse the data Plot the graph λ against thickness of glass block, d

√10

PREPARED BY :

ROHANA HASSAN @ SAFIEE

GURU FIZIK

MRSM KUALA TERENGGANU

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