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Society, Culture, and Sport

Chapter 20

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Introduction

We will trace the development of sport, both nationally and internationally.

At the end, you will have a greater understanding of the historical evolution of modern day sport.

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Topics Covered:

Brief history of sport in Canada Brief history of the Olympic Games Sport and Canadian culture Canadian athlete role models The business of sport Sport as a spectacle Being and informed consumer

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Brief History of Sport in CanadaBrief History of Sport in Canada

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Early Canada (1600-1850)

New France (1665) Early Native Culture

games– Focus on:

• Religious practice• Cultural values• Teaching of survival

skills

– Baggataway

English Colony (1763) British wealth

– Cricket– Horse racing– Fox hunting– Snow shoeing

Under class– No time or money– Drinking

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Victorian Period (1850-1920)

1850 1860 1890 1920

•Focus on socializing

•No leagues & competitions

•Few common rules

•Many leagues & regularly scheduled

competitions

•Rule standardization

•Increased focus on participation

and spectator sports

Industrialization & urbanization

New concept of free time

Development of modern sport as leisure activity

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Emergence of Sport as a Commodity (1920-1960)

Great Depression

WWII 1950’s

Sport commercialization

•Amateur and professional sports

•Sense of nationalism

•Big business

•Spectatorship (through TV )

Example: Hockey

•1917 – emergence of the NHL

•1926 – 10 NHL teams

Economic prosperity

Technological changes

Population growth

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Sport and the Canadian State (1960-Present) Role of government in Canadian sport:

– Call for government to improve sport domain

– Sport leader became more accepting of government involvement

– J. Diefenbaker: recognized sport as a national pride booster

– Duke of Edinburgh: rebuked Canadians for their low fitness

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Bill C-131

Marked the first time the federal government was committed to the promotion and development of sport.

Resulted in:

•Annual funding

•Initiation of the Canada Games

•Research grant and scholarships for Physical Education specialists

Bill C-131

Marked the first time the federal government was committed to the promotion and development of sport.

Resulted in:

•Annual funding

•Initiation of the Canada Games

•Research grant and scholarships for Physical Education specialists

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Brief History of Olympic GamesBrief History of Olympic Games

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ATHENS, 1896

•Not financed by Greek government

•13 countries

•9 sports

•311 male athletes

PARIS, 1900

•Poorly organized

•Little attention

•13 sports added

•Women competed (golf & tennis)

ST. LOUIS, 1904

•Coincided with World Fair

•12 countries

•Majority competitors American

LONDON, 1908

•Returned some pride

•All judges = British

STOCKHOLM, 1912

•Well organized

•2490 male athletes

•57 female athletes (swimming)

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WWI1914-1918

ANTWERP, 1920

•29 countries

•Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, & Turkey not allowed

PARIS, 1924

•Large increase in # of countries (44) and # of competitors (3092)

AMSTERDAM, 1928

•Women participated in athletics and gymnastics

•48 countries

LOS ANGELES, 1932

•Reduced # of participants (travel costs)

•Many more spectators

•1st Olympic village

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WWII1939-1945BERLIN, 1936

•Hitler’s means of propaganda

•Jesse Owens foiled Hitler’s plan by winning 4 gold medals

LONDON, 1948

•59 countries

•4,500 competitors

•Germany, Japan, Soviet Union did not attend

HELSINKI, 1952

•“Friendly Games” (no Germany)

•Soviet Union participated after 40 years

•Beginnings of East-West rivalry

MELBOURNE, 1956

•Equestrian events held in Sweden

•Spain, Holland, China, Egypt, & Lebanon pulled out for different political reasons

•E & W Germany combined

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ROME, 1960

•All-white South African team

•Viewed by world-wide TV

•1st performance drug-related death

TOKYO, 1964

•South Africa banned because of apartheid policy

•Korea & Indonesia not allowed

•Successful and expensive

MEXICO CITY, 1968

•E & W Germany separate teams

•Demonstration against poverty and inequality of black people in USA

•1st drug tests

MUNICH, 1972

•Another protest against inequality of black people in USA

•Rhodesia not allowed for having all-white team

•Palestinian terrorists killed several Israelis

MONTREAL, 1976

•Extremely costly

•Heavy security

•French Canadians upset because of Queen’s Elizabeth II opening

•Taiwan withdrew

•African country boycotted in support of Apartheid policy

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MOSCOW, 1980

•Boycotted by Western nations

•80 nations

•Heavy security

LOS ANGELES, 1984

•Most commercialized to date

•Enormous profit

•Soviet Union, Cuba, and most Eastern European countries boycotted

•140 nations

SEOUL, 1988

•Well organized & huge profit

•No problems

•Ben Johnson

•Professional Tennis players attended 1st time

ATLANTA, 1996

•Almost every country participated (197)

•10,788 athletes

•Soviet Union replaced by Russian Federation and independent countries

•Small bomb only dark side

BARCELONA, 1992

•Entirely peaceful

•Soviet Union replaced by a “unified team”

•E & W Germany one team

•Slovenia separate from Yugoslavia

•USA bb “Dream Team”

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SYDNEY, 2000

•Flawlessly organized

•No incidents

•10,651 athletes

•300 events

•Closing ceremonies were a spectacle

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Conclusions: Olympics are greatly affected by current

political affairs It appears that a new era of sporting

peace has evolved