SPORTS AND DRUG USESPORTS AND DRUG USE

OVERVIEWOVERVIEWHISTORICAL ANTECEDENTSHISTORICAL ANTECEDENTSDRUG USE IN THE INDUSTRIAL ERADRUG USE IN THE INDUSTRIAL ERAOLYMPIC GAMESOLYMPIC GAMESTESTOSTERONE ERA, 1927-1957TESTOSTERONE ERA, 1927-1957ANABOLIC STEROIDS ERA, 1958-1984ANABOLIC STEROIDS ERA, 1958-1984GILBERT REPORT , SPORTS ILLUSTRATED 1969GILBERT REPORT , SPORTS ILLUSTRATED 1969HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ARRIVAL, 1984HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ARRIVAL, 1984TECHNOLOGY, SPORTS AND DRUGSTECHNOLOGY, SPORTS AND DRUGSMAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL STEROIDS ERAMAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL STEROIDS ERAMITCHELL REPORT 2008MITCHELL REPORT 2008

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTSHISTORICAL ANTECEDENTSGREEK ATHLETES, OLYMPIC GAMESGREEK ATHLETES, OLYMPIC GAMES““PROTEIN DIET” AND WRESTLERSPROTEIN DIET” AND WRESTLERSENDURANCE SEEDS/ RUNNERSENDURANCE SEEDS/ RUNNERSHALLUCINOGENIC MUSHROOMSHALLUCINOGENIC MUSHROOMSANCIENT PERU, ANCIENT MEXICOANCIENT PERU, ANCIENT MEXICOCOCA LEAVES, CAFFEINE, COCA LEAVES, CAFFEINE, MUSHROOMS, SEEDSMUSHROOMS, SEEDSSPORT, RELIGIOUS EVENTSSPORT, RELIGIOUS EVENTS

DRUG USE IN THE SPORTS DRUG USE IN THE SPORTS INDUSTRIAL ERAINDUSTRIAL ERA

1860s-1880s SWIMMING, BICYCLE RACING, 1860s-1880s SWIMMING, BICYCLE RACING, “SPEED BALLS” (HEROINE-COCAINE) TO “SPEED BALLS” (HEROINE-COCAINE) TO INCREASE ENDURANCEINCREASE ENDURANCE1886 FIRST REPORTED DRUG RELATED 1886 FIRST REPORTED DRUG RELATED DEATH IN SPORTS, A CYCLIST.DEATH IN SPORTS, A CYCLIST.1904 OLYMPIC GAMES, ST-LOUIS, THOMAS 1904 OLYMPIC GAMES, ST-LOUIS, THOMAS HICKS, MARATHON RUNNER, COLLAPSED, HICKS, MARATHON RUNNER, COLLAPSED, TEAM GAVE HIM REPEATED DOSES OF TEAM GAVE HIM REPEATED DOSES OF BRANDY AND STRYCHNINE, MEDAL BRANDY AND STRYCHNINE, MEDAL AWARDED.AWARDED.

TESTOSTERONE ERATESTOSTERONE ERA1927 FRED KOCH AND CLYDE MCGEE, 1927 FRED KOCH AND CLYDE MCGEE, (UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO) ISOLATED AND (UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO) ISOLATED AND EXTRACTED TESTOSTERONE FROM BULLS, EXTRACTED TESTOSTERONE FROM BULLS, TESTED ITS IMPAC ON ANIMALS. RESULTS: TESTED ITS IMPAC ON ANIMALS. RESULTS: DRAMATIC INCREASE IN AGGRESSIVE DRAMATIC INCREASE IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, PROCESS NOT VIABLE.BEHAVIOR, PROCESS NOT VIABLE.1935 YUGOSLAVIA´S CHEMIST LEOPOLD 1935 YUGOSLAVIA´S CHEMIST LEOPOLD RUZICKA, ALTERED THE MOLECULAR RUZICKA, ALTERED THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL TO STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL TO PRODUCE SYNTHETIC TESTOSTERONEPRODUCE SYNTHETIC TESTOSTERONE

TESTOSTERONE ERATESTOSTERONE ERATESTOSTERONE, 1930s AND 1940s “FOUNTAIN TESTOSTERONE, 1930s AND 1940s “FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH” GAINS IN ENERGY, WEIGHT, OF YOUTH” GAINS IN ENERGY, WEIGHT, STRENGTH.STRENGTH.EXPERIMENTS IN GERMANY, TESTOSTERONE EXPERIMENTS IN GERMANY, TESTOSTERONE PROVIDED TO ELITE TROOPSPROVIDED TO ELITE TROOPS1945 GERMAN SCIENTIFIC&TECHNOLOGICAL 1945 GERMAN SCIENTIFIC&TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, SEIZED BY SOVIET GOVERNMENTADVANCES, SEIZED BY SOVIET GOVERNMENT1952 HELSINKI OLYMPIC GAMES, SOVIET 1952 HELSINKI OLYMPIC GAMES, SOVIET WEIGHTLIFTING TEAM DOMINATES COMPET.WEIGHTLIFTING TEAM DOMINATES COMPET.1954 VIENNA WEIGHTLIFTING WORLD 1954 VIENNA WEIGHTLIFTING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP, SOVIET TEAMS CHAMPIONSHIP, SOVIET TEAMS U.S. TEAM PHYSICIAN, J. ZIEGLER, TESTED U.S. TEAM PHYSICIAN, J. ZIEGLER, TESTED TESTOSTERONE ON HIMSELF.TESTOSTERONE ON HIMSELF.

ANABOLIC STEROIDS ERAANABOLIC STEROIDS ERA““ANABOLIC” W/OUT “ANDROGENIC” ANABOLIC” W/OUT “ANDROGENIC” EFFECTS, MUSCLE-BUILDING W/OUT EFFECTS, MUSCLE-BUILDING W/OUT AGGRESSION, INCREAS. LIBIDO.AGGRESSION, INCREAS. LIBIDO.1958 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY 1958 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY RELEASED DIANABOL, FOR MEDICAL RELEASED DIANABOL, FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES.PURPOSES.DR. ZIEGLER, U.S. TEAM PHYSICIAN DR. ZIEGLER, U.S. TEAM PHYSICIAN PERSUADED LIFTWEIGHTERS TO USE PERSUADED LIFTWEIGHTERS TO USE DIANABOLDIANABOL

ZIEGLER TRAINING PROGRAMZIEGLER TRAINING PROGRAM

NEW EXERCISE ROUTINE ISOMETRIC NEW EXERCISE ROUTINE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION + PILLSCONTRACTION + PILLS

IOMETRIC CONTRACTION PULL/PUSH IOMETRIC CONTRACTION PULL/PUSH AGAINST IMMOBILE RESISTANCEAGAINST IMMOBILE RESISTANCE

““STRENGTH AND HEALTH” MAGAZINE STRENGTH AND HEALTH” MAGAZINE ARTICLE.ARTICLE.

STEROIDS USE SPREAD THROUGH GYMS, STEROIDS USE SPREAD THROUGH GYMS, COLLEGE STUDENTS AND ATHLETESCOLLEGE STUDENTS AND ATHLETES

STEROIDS & OLYMPIC GAMESSTEROIDS & OLYMPIC GAMES1964 TOKYO, 1968 MEXICO CITY1964 TOKYO, 1968 MEXICO CITYCOLD WAR OLYMPIC, NATIONAL PRIDE, COLD WAR OLYMPIC, NATIONAL PRIDE, CAPITALISM vs SOCIALISMCAPITALISM vs SOCIALISMATHLETES CONFESSIONS, HAROLD ATHLETES CONFESSIONS, HAROLD CONNOLLY, TOM WADDELL, 30% U.S. CONNOLLY, TOM WADDELL, 30% U.S. TEAM ON STEROIDSTEAM ON STEROIDS1971 PATERA CHALLENGE TO SOVIET 1971 PATERA CHALLENGE TO SOVIET ATHLETE: “LET’S SEE WHO’S STRONGER: ATHLETE: “LET’S SEE WHO’S STRONGER: HIS STEROIDS OR MINE”HIS STEROIDS OR MINE”DEATHS FOR DRUG OVERDOSEDEATHS FOR DRUG OVERDOSE

GILBERT REPORTGILBERT REPORT1969 SPORTS ILLUSTRATED, B. GILBERT 3-1969 SPORTS ILLUSTRATED, B. GILBERT 3-PART DRUGS IN OLYMPIC, COLLEGE AND PART DRUGS IN OLYMPIC, COLLEGE AND PROFESSIONAL SPORTSPROFESSIONAL SPORTSUSE OF A.STEROIDS IN PRO AND COLLEGE USE OF A.STEROIDS IN PRO AND COLLEGE SPORTSSPORTSPROFESSIONAL SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS PROFESSIONAL SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS LACKED REGULATORY POLICIESLACKED REGULATORY POLICIES1972 68% U.S. OLYMPIC TRACK & FIELD 1972 68% U.S. OLYMPIC TRACK & FIELD TEAM HAD USED ANABOLIC STEROIDSTEAM HAD USED ANABOLIC STEROIDS1976 MONTREAL GAMES TEST 1976 MONTREAL GAMES TEST MANDATORY, PENALTIES UP TO MANDATORY, PENALTIES UP TO DISQUALIFICATION.DISQUALIFICATION.

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS, 1970sDRUGS, 1970s

1976 CHANGED IN PATTERN, ATHLETES 1976 CHANGED IN PATTERN, ATHLETES RETURNED TO TESTOSTERONE (MALE RETURNED TO TESTOSTERONE (MALE HORMONE) TO BEAT THE TEST, OR HORMONE) TO BEAT THE TEST, OR COMBINED DIANABOL W/ TESTOSTERONE.COMBINED DIANABOL W/ TESTOSTERONE.1982 TESTOSTERONE BECAME A BANNED 1982 TESTOSTERONE BECAME A BANNED SUBSTANCESUBSTANCE1983 PAN AMERICAN GAMES CARACAS, 15 1983 PAN AMERICAN GAMES CARACAS, 15 ATHLETES TESTED POSITIVE THE FIRST ATHLETES TESTED POSITIVE THE FIRST DAT. 12 U.S. TRACK&FIELD ATHLETES DAT. 12 U.S. TRACK&FIELD ATHLETES ABANDONED THE GAMES BEFORE BEING ABANDONED THE GAMES BEFORE BEING TESTED.TESTED.

H.G.H. ERA, 1984 to PRESENTH.G.H. ERA, 1984 to PRESENTHUMAN GROWTH HORMONEHUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

BODY BUILDERS, 1970s GH FROM BODY BUILDERS, 1970s GH FROM MONKEYSMONKEYS

H.G.H. EXPENSIVE, DIFFICULT, EXTRACTED H.G.H. EXPENSIVE, DIFFICULT, EXTRACTED FROM THE PITUITARIES OF CADAVERS FROM THE PITUITARIES OF CADAVERS ONLYONLY

1990s SYNTHETIC VERSION OF H.G.H.1990s SYNTHETIC VERSION OF H.G.H.

KERR “THE PRACTICAL USE OF ANABOLIC KERR “THE PRACTICAL USE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS WITH ATHLETES”STEROIDS WITH ATHLETES”

STEROIDS BOOM 1990s STEROIDS BOOM 1990s

BODYBUILDING BOOM 1990sBODYBUILDING BOOM 1990s

SELF-HELP LITERATURE: MANUALS, SELF-HELP LITERATURE: MANUALS, HANDBOOKS, CONVENTIONS, HANDBOOKS, CONVENTIONS, “PROPER USE” PHILOSOPHY“PROPER USE” PHILOSOPHY

BLACK MARKET OF STEROIDS, BLACK MARKET OF STEROIDS, SMUGGLERS, GYM-DEALERS, SMUGGLERS, GYM-DEALERS,

COACH-PROVIDERSCOACH-PROVIDERS

ATHLETES-SMUGGLERSATHLETES-SMUGGLERS

STEROIDS AND PRO BASEBALLSTEROIDS AND PRO BASEBALLJOSE CANSECO, 1988 OAKLAND A´s AL MVP, 40-40 ONLY JOSE CANSECO, 1988 OAKLAND A´s AL MVP, 40-40 ONLY MEMBER CLUB, “BASH BROTHERS” (MARK MCGWIRE).MEMBER CLUB, “BASH BROTHERS” (MARK MCGWIRE).““WASHINGTON POST” THOMAS BOSWELL ARTICLE.WASHINGTON POST” THOMAS BOSWELL ARTICLE.KEN CAMINITI STORY, 1996 MVP, 2002 SPORTS KEN CAMINITI STORY, 1996 MVP, 2002 SPORTS ILLUSTRATED INTERVIEW ¨AT LEAST HALF OF THE GUYS ILLUSTRATED INTERVIEW ¨AT LEAST HALF OF THE GUYS ARE USING STEROIDS¨ARE USING STEROIDS¨2004 CAMINITI DIED, HEART ATTACK2004 CAMINITI DIED, HEART ATTACKCOMPLAINTS BY SCHILLING, HANK ARON, REGGIE JACKSON, COMPLAINTS BY SCHILLING, HANK ARON, REGGIE JACKSON, REGARDING INFLATED BATTING RECORDS DUE TO REGARDING INFLATED BATTING RECORDS DUE TO WIDESPREAD USE OF STEROIDS AND AMPHETAMINESWIDESPREAD USE OF STEROIDS AND AMPHETAMINES““JUICED, WILD TIMES, RAMPANT ´ROIDS, HOW BASEBALL JUICED, WILD TIMES, RAMPANT ´ROIDS, HOW BASEBALL GOT BIG” 2005 BOOK BY JOSE CANSECO IS PUBLISHEDGOT BIG” 2005 BOOK BY JOSE CANSECO IS PUBLISHEDMCGWIRE-SOSA “PERFECT SEASON” 1998MCGWIRE-SOSA “PERFECT SEASON” 1998JOSE “MILKSHAKE” VOGUE.JOSE “MILKSHAKE” VOGUE.CANSECO BOOK PROVIDED A PLAYERS LIST.CANSECO BOOK PROVIDED A PLAYERS LIST.

BALCO SCANDAL 2003BALCO SCANDAL 2003BURLINGAME BAY AREA LABORATORY CO OPERATIVEBURLINGAME BAY AREA LABORATORY CO OPERATIVEBLOOD-URINE TESTING ANALYSIS FOR ATHLETESBLOOD-URINE TESTING ANALYSIS FOR ATHLETES1988 OLYMPIC GAMES SEOUL1988 OLYMPIC GAMES SEOULVICTOR CONTE, NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS PTICHMANVICTOR CONTE, NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS PTICHMAN1996 BILL ROMANOWSKI1996 BILL ROMANOWSKIELITE ATHLETES CLIENTELEELITE ATHLETES CLIENTELEMARION JONES, MIAMI DOLPHINS, BARRY BONDS, 2000.MARION JONES, MIAMI DOLPHINS, BARRY BONDS, 2000.CONTE´S HGH: “UNDETECTABLE, BETTER VISION, MORE ENERGY, MORE MUSCLE CONTE´S HGH: “UNDETECTABLE, BETTER VISION, MORE ENERGY, MORE MUSCLE MASS”MASS”ZIMA TRACK/FIELD CLUBZIMA TRACK/FIELD CLUBBONDS 0CT 2001 73TH HOMERUNBONDS 0CT 2001 73TH HOMERUN2003 ANONYMOUS TIPSTER SENT A SYRINGE WITH TGH TETRAHYDROGESTRINONE 2003 ANONYMOUS TIPSTER SENT A SYRINGE WITH TGH TETRAHYDROGESTRINONE (ALTERED STEROIDS GESTRINONE AND TRENBOLONE TO AVOID DETECTION IN (ALTERED STEROIDS GESTRINONE AND TRENBOLONE TO AVOID DETECTION IN TESTS)TESTS)U.S. FIELD/TRACK ATHLETES AND FOUR OAKLAND RAIDERS TESTED POSITIVEU.S. FIELD/TRACK ATHLETES AND FOUR OAKLAND RAIDERS TESTED POSITIVESEPTEMBER 2003 FDA AUTHORITIES RAIDED BALCO OFFICESSEPTEMBER 2003 FDA AUTHORITIES RAIDED BALCO OFFICES““THE CLEAR AND THE CREAM” BONDS DECLARATION TO THE GRAND JURY .THE CLEAR AND THE CREAM” BONDS DECLARATION TO THE GRAND JURY .OVER FORTY SUPERSTAR ATHLETES TESTED POSITIVE AND/OR WERE SUMMONED IN OVER FORTY SUPERSTAR ATHLETES TESTED POSITIVE AND/OR WERE SUMMONED IN THE INVESTIGATIONTHE INVESTIGATIONU.S. TRACK/FIELD ESTABLISHES LIFE TIME BAN ON FIRST TIME OFFENDERSU.S. TRACK/FIELD ESTABLISHES LIFE TIME BAN ON FIRST TIME OFFENDERS

BALCO SCANDALBALCO SCANDAL2005 U.S. CONGRESS HEARINGS2005 U.S. CONGRESS HEARINGSCDC REPORT STEROIDS AND YOUTHCDC REPORT STEROIDS AND YOUTHCANSECO, MCGWIRE, PALMEIRO, SOSA, CANSECO, MCGWIRE, PALMEIRO, SOSA, SCHILLING CALLED TO TESTIFY.SCHILLING CALLED TO TESTIFY.CONTE’S CONVICTION, “ROMO’S BOOK CONTE’S CONVICTION, “ROMO’S BOOK TOUR” (BILL ROMANOWSKY)TOUR” (BILL ROMANOWSKY)DRUG FREE SPORTS ACT BILL PROPOSAL DRUG FREE SPORTS ACT BILL PROPOSAL (McCAIN, BONNING)(McCAIN, BONNING)MLB DRUG POLICY (OCT 2005) 50GAMES-MLB DRUG POLICY (OCT 2005) 50GAMES-100GAMES SUSPENSION-AND LIFE BAN ON 100GAMES SUSPENSION-AND LIFE BAN ON ANFETHAMINES AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS. ANFETHAMINES AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS. STILL NO TEST FOR HGHSTILL NO TEST FOR HGH

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS DEBATEDRUGS DEBATE

MLB JUST RECENTLY APPROVED MLB JUST RECENTLY APPROVED MANDATORY STEROID TESTING IN MANDATORY STEROID TESTING IN ATHLETES. WHAT IN YOUR OPINION WILL ATHLETES. WHAT IN YOUR OPINION WILL BE THE IMPACT OF THIS POLICY.BE THE IMPACT OF THIS POLICY.

PRO-STEROID LITERATURE ARGUES THAT PRO-STEROID LITERATURE ARGUES THAT ANABOLICS USAGE SHOULD BE ACCEPTED ANABOLICS USAGE SHOULD BE ACCEPTED AND REGULATED, SINCE ATHLETES AND REGULATED, SINCE ATHLETES USE/TAKE THEM ANYWAY. DO YOU USE/TAKE THEM ANYWAY. DO YOU AGREE/DISAGREE? WHY?AGREE/DISAGREE? WHY?