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Galvanic Applied Sciences


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Galvanic Applied Sciences is a Canada-based company that has

facilities in Boston and England and representation all over the

world. The company develops electronic technology for Gas and

Liquids analysis.

Head Office

7000 Fisher Road SE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Website: www.galvanic.com


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Lead Acetate Tape

Analysers for Hydrogen

Sulphide and Total

Sulphur Determination

SRU Analysers for Tail Gas,

Sulphur Pits and Oxygen

Demand

Sulphur

Chromatograph

Gas Chromatograph for

BTU and Composition

measurement in Natural

Gas

Electronic

Volume

Correctors


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Acoustic and Optic

Analysers for Turbidity,

Color and Concentration

measurements.

Online Viscosity Analysers

Online Automatic

Titrators

Field

Programmable

UV Analyzers


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INDUSTRIALRESIDUESAPPLICATIONPRESENTATION


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INDUSTRIALRESIDUES


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INDUSTRIALRESIDUES

In an IndustrialProcess such as a

Refining or some

types of chemical

plants, there are

always byproducts

that derive from the

different

transformations and

separations that occur

within the plant.


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INDUSTRIALRESIDUES

These residues aremainly in three forms:

Gases.

Liquids.

Solid Waste.

Which are treated to

make the

environmetallyfriendly.


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Usually, after the treatment one, or some of thefollowing, may take place:

LIQUIDWASTE

- Remove Solids and/or Heavy metals.

- Remove Organics.

- Neutralize.

- Cool Down.

- Remove Color.

- Others that may apply.

GASES

- Remove poisonous gases.

- Remove flammable gases.

- Transform into Carbon Dioxide andMoisture (Combustion)


SOLIDS

- Separate.

- Neutralize.

- Recycle or Send to Landfill.


INDUSTRIALRESIDUES


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INDUSTRIALRESIDUES

Some of the most important contaminantsto be aware of are:

Sulphurs.

Ammonia. Heavy Metals.

Organic Materials.


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SULPHURRECOVERYPROCESS


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THESULPHURRECOVERYPROCESS

The Claus process, and itvariations, are the most significantgas desulfurizing processes forrecovering elemental sulfur fromgaseous hydrogen sulfide. Firstpatented in 1883 by the scientistCarl Friedrich Claus, the Clausprocess has become the industry

standard.

The multi-step Claus processrecovers sulfur from the gaseoushydrogen sulfide found in rawnatural gas and from the by-product gases containing hydrogensulfide derived from refining crudeoil and other industrial processes.


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The by-product gases mainlyoriginate from physical andchemical gas treatment units inrefineries, natural gas processingplants and gasification or synthesisgas plants. These by-product gasesmay also contain hydrogencyanide, hydrocarbons, sulfur

dioxide or ammonia.

Gases with an H2S content of over25% are suitable for the recoveryof sulfur in straight-through Clausplants while alternateconfigurations such as a split-flowset up or feed and air preheatingcan be used to process leanerfeeds.


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ClausReactorBFW

Steam

Air

Sour Gas

Gas

Condensed

Sulphur(CS)

Gas

Boiler

Feed

Water

(BFW)

BFW

Steam

Claus

Furnace

Stack

Sulphur Pit

BoilerCondenser

Reheater

Incinerator

ClausReactor

ClausReactor

Steam Steam

BFW BFW

GasGas

Gas

CSCS CS

The Claus Process


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Thermal Stage:The main feed of the plant is Air and the plant

sulphuric residue, which is called Tail Gas, mostly

comprised of:

H2S

SO2

COS

CS2Sulfur vapor

Ammonia BoilerFeed

Water

Steam

Air

Sour Gas

claus

Furnace

Combustion


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In the thermal stage, which consists of a burner with acombustion chamber and a waste heat boiler, the H2Spresent in the Claus feed gas is combusted to sulphur

according to

R-S + O2 SO2+ H2OH2S +

1/2O21/nSn+ H2O

Part of the sulphur reacts with the formed H2O to H2S andSO2according to the reversed Claus equilibrium reaction:

3/nSn+ 2 H2O 2 H2S + SO2


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APPLICATION:

SOURGASATPLANTINLET

The reason: Sulphur Recovery is a veryimportant process to control, measuring the

acid gas content of a stream helps prepare for

the process.

The Benefit: SRU Reactor control, SRU Process

Control.The Instrument: BRM 961 AG.

961 AG


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APPLICATION

SILICAMEASUREMENTINWATERGOINGTO

THECONDENSER

The reason: Silica (SiO3) is the second mostcommon material on the surface of the Earth.

The molecule is too small to be detected using

electrochemical methods such as conductivity

measurements, and it can cause plugging and

corrosion.The Benefit: Process Control, Condenser

Integrity.

The instrument: Sentinel.

Sentinel


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APPLICATION

HEAVYMETALSINWATERGOINGTOTHE

CONDENSER

The reason: Heavy metals like Iron andCopper could cause corrosion or plugging

problems in a Boiler.

The Benefit: Process Control, Condenser

Integrity.


Sentinel


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APPLICATION

FREEALKALINITYINWATERGOINGTOTHE

CONDENSER

The reason: Alkalinity in water works as abuffer to avoid sudden changes in pH, this is

used as an indication of possible incrustation

or corrosion.


Integrity.The instrument: Sentinel.

Sentinel


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APPLICATION

HARDNESSMEASUREMENTINWATERGOING

TOTHECONDENSER

The reason: Hardness as Calcium Carbonatecould cause corrosion or plugging problems in

a Boiler.


Integrity.


Sentinel


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APPLICATION

MEASUREMENTOFACID/BASICIONSIN

WATERGOINGTOTHECONDENSER

The reason: Ions like Ammonium, Chlorideand Sodium could generate Hydrates or Acids

in the Boiler causing corrosion problems.


Integrity.


Sentinel


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Sulphur precipitates as it condenses andgoes into the sulphur pit.

Boiler

Feed

Water

Steam

Air

Steam

Condensed

Sulphur

Boiler

Feed

Water

claus

Furnace

Boiler/Condenser

Sulphur Pit


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APPLICATION:

H2S ORSO2INSULPHURPIT

The reason: Monitor the concentration of H2Sand SO2in either the sulphur pit vent gas or

the vapour space above the liquid sulphur

depending on the location of the sample

point.

The Benefit: Product quality, Process Control.The Instrument: BRM 201 SPX.

201 SPX


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Catalytic StageThe down-stream catalyticreactor stages furtherincrease the conversion tosulphur. A catalytic Clausstage consists of a reheater,

catalytic reactor and sulphurcondenser, that can be builtin a series to increasetransformation.

Condensation of sulphurafter a Claus reactor makesfurther production ofsulphur possible in the nextcatalytic stage


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APPLICATION:

H2S ORSO2INSULPHURPIT

The reason: Monitor the concentration of H2Sand SO2in either the sulphur pit vent gas or

the vapour space above the liquid sulphur

depending on the location of the sample

point.

The Benefit: Product quality, Process Control.The Instrument: BRM 201 SPX.

201 SPX


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To control de processefficiency is necessaryto control de amount

of SO2produced in theinitial Thermal Stage,to do this it ismandatory to controlthe amount of air

because the optimumconversion to sulphurwill occur at a H2S:SO2ratio of 2:1

Condensed

Sulphur

Gas

Boiler

Feed

Water

Steam

claus

Reactor Stack

Sulphur Pit

Boiler/Condenser

Incinerator


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APPLICATION:

H2S TOSO2RATIO(AIRDEMAND)

The reason: Monitor the concentration of H2Sand SO2to determine the Air Demand to

ensure the most efficient extraction of

sulphur.

The Benefit: Product quality, Process Control.

The Instrument: BRM 942 TGA

942 TGA


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Emission ControlEmissions, like in all

gas treatment

processes need to be

controlled to

acommodate to

international

environmentalstandards.

Stack

Incinerator


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A flue gas stack is a type ofchimney, a vertical pipe,channel or similar structurethrough which combustionproduct gases called flue gasesare exhausted to the outsideair.

Flue gas is usually composed ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) and watervapor as well as nitrogen andexcess oxygen remaining fromthe intake combustion air. Italso contains a small

percentage of pollutants suchas particulate matter, carbonmonoxide, nitrogen oxides andsulfur oxides.

Stack

Incinerator


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APPLICATION:

CONTINUOUSEMISSIONMONITORING

The reason: Monitor the concentration ofSulphur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and other

gases exhausted to the air.

The Benefit: Environmental Protection.

The Instrument: BRM 991 EMX for SO2and

Flow, 903 for Hydrogen Sulphide.

991 EMX

903


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The claus SRP has some limitations relatedto the transformation of Sulphur

Compounds to elemental sulphur. To

overcome these limitations, two new claus-

based processes have come into the

market.

Super claus

Euro claus


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The Superclaus concept The Superclaus concept applies two main principles to

overcome the limitations of the Claus process:

Selective oxidation of H2S directly into elemental sulphur.

More flexible air to acid gas control.

For selective oxidation of H2S to sulphur, new catalysts

have been developed because available commercial

oxidation catalysts are all sensitive for water and establish

the Claus reaction.


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The Superclaus concept The developed catalysts possess some unique properties:

Oxidation of H2S for more than 85% to elemental sulphur in the

presence of excess air; further oxidation to SO2is minor.

Not sensitive to water.

The introduction of selective oxidation of H2S with these

catalysts in the Claus process contributes to a significant

increase in sulphur recovery. Moreover, the catalysts

allow a less stringent selective oxidation air control, as the

last reactor containing the selective oxidation catalyst cannow be operated with excess air.


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ClausR

eactorBFW

Steam

Air

Sour Gas

Gas

Condensed

Sulphur

(CS)

Gas

Boiler

Feed

Water

(BFW)

BFW

Steam

Claus

Furnace

Stack

Sulphur Pit

BoilerCondenser

Reheater

Incinerator

ClausR

eactor

Selective

Oxidation

Rea

ctor

Steam Steam

BFW BFW

GasGas

Gas

CSCS CS

Air


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From the analyticalmeasurement stand

point, the Superclaus

process is not very

different from theClaus process.

Gas

BoilerFeed

Water

Stack

Sulphur Pit

Boiler/Condenser

Condensed

Sulphur

BoilerFeed

Water

Steam

Selective

Oxidation

Reactor

Reheater

Air

Incinerator


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APPLICATION:

H2S TOSO2RATIODOWNSTREAMFROMTHE

SELECTIVEOXIDATIONREACTOR

The reason: Monitor the concentration of H2S

and SO2to determine the performance of the

Catalytic Reactor.

The Benefit: Process Control.

The Instrument: BRM 942 TGA

942 TGA


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APPLICATION:

CONTINUOUSEMISSIONMONITORING

The reason: Monitor the concentration ofSulphur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulphide and other

gases exhausted to the air.

The Benefit: Environmental Protection.

The Instrument: BRM 991 EMX for SO2and

Flow, 903 for Hydrogen Sulphide.

991 EMX

903


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The Euroclaus (Extremely Upgraded Reduction Oxidation

CLAUS) process introduces a Catalytic Reduction Reactordownstream from the Claus Reactors to transform SO2intoelemental Sulphur as follows:

Claus reaction

2 H2S + 1 SO23/nSn+ 2 H2O Catalytic reduction of SO2 SO2+ 2 H2

1/nSn+ 2 H2O

SO2+ 3 H2 H2S + 2 H2O

SO2+ 2 CO 1/nSn+ 2 CO2

Selective oxidation of H2S H2S + 0.5 O2

1/nSn+ H2O (1)


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C

lausReactorBFW

Steam

Air

Sour Gas

Gas

Condensed

Sulphur

(CS)

Gas

Boiler

Feed

Water

(BFW)

BFW

Steam

Claus

Furnace

Stack

Sulphur Pit

Boiler

Condenser

Reheater

Incinerator

C

lausReactor

Selective

Oxidation

Reactor

Steam Steam

BFW BFW

GasGas

Gas

CSCS CS

Air

Cl

ausReduction

Reactor

Steam

BFW

Gas

CS


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The introduction of the ClausReduction Reactor increasesthe efficiency of the processto 99.5% approximately.

In this way, an extremely

improved sulphur recoveryefficiency is made possibleby:

1. Bulk removal of Sulphur inthe Claus section,

2. Selective hydrogenationof the remaining SO2, and

3. Oxidation of H2S tosulphur.


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WASTEWATERTREARTMENT


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The main objective of industrial effluent treatment itto remove the solids, suspended hydrocarbons and

other physical, chemical or biological contaminats

that are suspendended in water, in order to return

the water to the environment safely.

WASTEWATERTREATMENT


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Waste Water

Effluent

SuspendedMatter

Removal

Biological

Treatment

ChemicalTreatment

Disinfection

Clean Water

Waste water plants usually have four stages:

WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Waste Water Treatment Plant


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It is very important to keep in mind that not alleffluents need the same treatment, depending on

the process they are attached to, they may or

may not require certain units.

Effluent

SuspendedSolids and

OilsRemoval

OrganicMatter

Removal

MetalsRemoval

ChemicalAdjustment

DisinfectionUsableWater

WASTEWATERTREATMENT


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Suspended Matter Removal: This is achieved through filtration. The

objective is to remove all mater suspended

in water, in this stage we want to remove: Solids (big and small).

Suspended Oil and Grease.

Sand.

Color (if possible)


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Depending on their use, filters could be categorized as follows:

SolidSettling

Gravel and Sand

Cartridge Filters

Press Filters

Combined

Color andOdour

Combined

Sieve

Crude Oil

WASTEWATERTREATMENT


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Solid Settling Filters: They usually consist of

a closed cylinder with

layers of different

filtering sieves or

sands to remove the

solids from the water.

Sieve

Water Inlet

Water OuletWash

Air Inlet

W W T


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATION:

TURBIDITYANDTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDS

The reason: Monitor the Turbidity and theamount of suspended solids in a sample to

insure the filters are working properly.

The Benefit: Product Quality and Process

Control.

The Instrument: MoniTurb Series (Dependingon Particle Size).

MoniTek


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Color and Odour removal:

Color in water is usually removed using a special sievethat traps the coloring particles suspended in thewater. Early stages of processing will tend to produce

smelly gasses, hydrogen sulphide being most commonin generating complaints from nearby areas.

Large process plants in urban areas will often contain

a foul air removal tower, comprised air circulators, acontact media with bio-slimes, and circulating fluids tobiologically capture and metabolize the obnoxiousgasses previously contained by reactor enclosures

W W T


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATION:


The reason: Monitor the Turbidity and theamount of suspended solids in a sample to



Control.


MoniTek


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Oil Removal:Oil suspended on water

is removed by

decantation, oil stays

on the surface and is

removed mechanically

using different

methods like the API

Separator.

W W T


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATION:

OILONWATER

The reason: Monitor the amount of

suspended oil in a sample to insure the filters

are working properly.


Control.

The Instrument: MoniTek with FlucomatSensor.

MoniTek


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Biological Treatment

The objective of this phase in waste water treatment is to degrade allorganic chemicals that are deemed as undesirable in the stream that isbeing treated.

Aereation PoolsAerobic

(Open exposure toatmosphere)

Anaerobic ReactorsAnaerobic(Closed Reactors)

WASTEWATERTREATMENT


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Aerobic Treatment:

Uses an aeration pool open toatmosphere where the waterflows continuously trough andas it does the bacteria withinthe basin interacts with thefluid consuming the organic

matter in it, usually they areslow treatments but are able toremove organic carbons amongother substances.

It is very effective againstAmines and Heavy Metals like

Iron as well as in trapped gaseslike Carbon Dioxide.


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Anaerobic TreatmentUses a closed reactor andit is a batch process, it isfaster than an aerobictreatment but it cant

handle big amounts ofwater, they are usually pHdependant and generatetoxic gases andcombustible gases that

need to be exhausted tothe atmosphere or thatcould be used as biofuel.

WASTE WATER TREATMENT


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATION:

TOTALORGANICCARBON

The reason: TOC is measured to determine if

the fluid is suitable to continue treatment, or

if it isnt, also this is the indication that the

sludge needs regeneration.


Control.

The Instrument: FPA 4100

FPA 4100



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATIONHEAVYMETALSINWATER

The reason: Heavy metals like Iron and

Copper could cause corrosion and are

poisonous to humans and the environment.

The Benefit: Process Control, product quality.


Sentinel



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATIONAMMONIAINWATER

The reason: Ammonia could cause corrosion

and is poisonous to humans and the

environment.



Sentinel

W W T


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Secondary Filtration and/or ClarificationIt takes place with the use of Chemicals called

Flocculants. All suspended solids are cleared

from the stream in the form of floccules.



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATION:


The reason: Monitor the Turbidity and the

amount of suspended solids in a sample to



Control.


MoniTek

W W T


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Chemical TreatmentIts objective is to stabilize the fluid so that it is compatiblewith the environment, or with the application downstreamfrom the Waste Water Plant. It usually involves a cation oranion removal which is done through Softening, IonicExchange Resins or Reverse Osmosis.

WASTEWATERTREATMENT

W W T


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Softening

It consists on removing Hardness from water (Hardness in water isdefined as the presence of multivalent cations. Hardness in water cancause water to form scales and a resistance to soap. It can also bedefined as water that doesnt produce lather with soap solutions, butproduces white precipitate or scum).

The process uses a filter that traps the cations and keeps the away fromthe water.

WASTEWATERTREATMENT



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATIONHARDNESSINWATER

The reason: Hardness could cause corrosion

and plugging and it must be kept under certain

controls for different applications.



Sentinel

W W T


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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Ionic ExchangeIonic Exchange removes Ions from water that couldlater become corrosive acids, salts or hydrates.

It is done through resins that react with water and

clear all free Ions.



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Reverse Osmosis

A Reverse Osmosis filterremoves salts fromwater and could replacean Ion exchange unit

depending on the typeof salts.

Water is pushedthrough a SemiPermeable Membrane

leaving salt on the otherside of the membrane,like a net.



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATIONSALTINWATER

The reason: Salts could cause corrosion and

plugging and it must be kept under certain

controls for different applications.


The instrument: Sentinel, depending on the

salt.Sentinel



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

DisinfectionThis is the final stage

in water treatment,

the remaining bacteria

is cleaned from waterusing chlorine.

Chlorine is added to

oxydize the water andtherefore kill all

bacteria.



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WASTEWATERTREATMENT

APPLICATIONCHLORINEINWATER

The reason: Chlorine is used for water

disinfection and it must be measured to insure

that water could be used for other

applications.

The Benefit: Process Control, product quality,

Process Economy.

The instrument: Sentinel, FPA 4100.(Application Dependant)

Sentinel

FPA 4100


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INDUSTRIALRESIDUESAPPLICATIONPRESENTATION

sru and wwt

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