standard deviation
TRANSCRIPT
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Seminar onStandard Deviation
Presented by:
Jiban Ku. SinghM. Sc Part-I (2015-16)
P. G. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANYBERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY
BHANJA BIHAR, BERHAMPUR- 760007GANJAM, ODISHA, INDIA
E-mail- [email protected]
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Summary Measures
Central Tendency
Mean
MedianMode
Summary Measures
Variation
Quartile deviation
Standard Deviation
Mean DeviationRange
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Standard Deviation
• While looking at the earlier measures of dispersion all of them suffer from one or the other demerit i.e.• Range –it suffer from a serious drawback considers only 2 values and
neglects all the other values of the series.• Quartile deviation considers only 50% of the item and ignores the
other 50% of items in the series.• Mean deviation no doubt an improved measure but ignores negative
signs without any basis.
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Standard Deviation• The concept of standard deviation was first introduced by Karl Pearson in
1893.• Karl Pearson after observing all these things has given us a more scientific
formula for calculating or measuring dispersion. While calculating SD we take deviations of individual observations from their AM and then each squares. The sum of the squares is divided by the Total number of observations. The square root of this sum is knows as standard deviation.• The standard deviation is the most useful and the most popular measure of
dispersion.• It is always calculated from the arithmetic mean, median and mode is not
considered.
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Definition:
• Standard Deviation is the positive square root of the average of squared
deviation taken from arithmetic mean.
• The standard deviation is represented by the Greek letter (sigma).
• Formula.
• Standard deviation ==
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Formula
• Standard deviation = =
• Alternatively =
¿√ ∑ (𝒙𝟐−𝟐 𝒙 𝒙+𝒙𝟐 )𝒏
¿√ ∑𝒙𝟐
𝒏 −𝟐 𝒙∑ 𝒙𝒏 +∑𝒙
𝟐
𝒏¿√ ∑𝒙𝟐
𝒏 −𝟐 𝒙 𝒙+𝐧 𝒙𝟐
𝒏¿√ ∑𝒙𝟐
𝒏 −𝟐 𝒙𝟐+𝒙𝟐
¿√ ∑𝒙𝟐
𝒏 − 𝒙𝟐
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CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION-INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATION
Two Methods:-
By taking deviation of the items from the actual mean.
By taking deviation of the items from an assumed mean.
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CASE-I. When the deviation are taken from the actual mean.
DIRECT METHOD
Standard deviation ==or
=value of the variable of observation,= arithmetic mean = total number of observations.
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Example : Find the mean respiration rate per minute and its standard deviation when in 4 cases the rate was found to be : 16, 13, 17 and 22.
• Solution:Here Mean =
16131722
Standard deviation == ==
-1-405
1160
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Short-Cut Method Standard deviation ==
CASE-II. When the deviation are taken from the Assumed mean.
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= = =
= = 16.398
Example: Blood serum cholesterol levels of 10 persons are as under: 240, 260, 290, 245, 255, 288, 272, 263, 277, 251.
calculation standard deviation with the help of assumed mean.
ValueA=264
240260290245255288272263277251
57616
67636181
576641
169169
-24-426-19-9248-11313
Here, Mean= = = 9
= 263.9 is a fraction.
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CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION- DISCERETE SERIES OR GROUPED DATA
Three Methods
a) Actual Mean Method or Direct Method
b)Assumed Mean Method or Short-cut Method
c) Step Deviation Method
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a) Actual Mean Method or Direct Method
• The S.D. for the discrete series is given by the formula.=
Where is the arithmetic mean, is the size of items, is the corresponding frequency and
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b) Assumed Mean Method or Short-cut Method
Standard deviation= =
Where is the assumed mean,
is the corresponding frequency and
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Example:
Periods: 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
No. of patients: 2 7 11 15 10 4 1
Solution:Period
s:(x)No. of
patients()
10111213141516
27
11151041
Total N==50
-3-2-10123
-6-14-110
1083
=-10
9410149
1828110
10169
=92
Mean= =
= 13
= 12.8 is a fraction.
===== 1.342
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c) Step Deviation Method
• We divide the deviation by a common class interval and use the following formula
Standard deviation= =×
Where common class interval,
is assumed mean f is the respective frequency.
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=× = × = × = × = 1.235× =4.94 mm Hg.
Example:
B.P.(mmHg): 102 106 110 114 118 122 126
No. of days: 3 9 25 35 17 10 1Solution:B.P.(mmHg) No. of days ()
102106110114118122126
39
253517101
Total N=100
-3-2-10123
-9-18-250
17203
=-12
2736250
17409
=154
A. M = ×
mm Hg
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CALCULATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION- CONTINUES SERIES
S.D. of Continues Series can be calculated by any one of the methods discussed
for discrete frequency distribution But Step Deviation Method is mostly used.
Standard deviation= =×
Where common class interval,
is assumed mean f is the respective frequency.
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Example: I.Q. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80No. of students: 5 12 15 20 10 4 2Solution:
I.Q. No. of students:()
Mid-value
10-2020-3030-4040-5050-6060-7070-80
51215201042
Total =N=68
-3-2-10123
-15-24-150
1086
=-30
4548150
101618
=152
Standard deviation= = ==
15253545556575
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CALCULATION OF COMBINED STANDARD DEVIATION
It is possible to compute combined mean of two or more than two groups.
Combined Standard Deviation is denoted by
=
Wherecombined standard deviation ,
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a) Combined S.D. =
combined Mean = =
= = 55
The following are some of the particulars of the distribution of weight of boys and girls in a class:a) Find the standard deviation of the combined datab) which of the two distributions is more variable
Boys GirlsNumbers 100
50Mean weight 60 kg45 kgVariance() 9
4==
b)
C.V (Boys)=
C.V (Girls)=
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MERITS OF STANDARD DEVIATION
Very popular scientific measure of dispersion
From SD we can calculate Skewness, Correlation etc
It considers all the items of the series
The squaring of deviations make them positive and the
difficulty about algebraic signs which was expressed in case
of mean deviation is not found here. 22
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DEMERITS OF STANDARD DEVIATION
• Calculation is difficult not as easier as Range and QD• It always depends on AM• Extreme items gain great importance
The formula of SD is =Problem: Calculate Standard Deviation of the following series X – 40, 44, 54, 60, 62, 64, 70, 80, 90, 96
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USES OF STANDARD DEVIATION
It is widely used in biological studies .
It is used in fitting a normal curve to a frequency distribution.
It is most widely used measure of dispersion.
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THANK YOU