Standard(s):26.Describe the major events and the social characteristics of Medieval

Europe additional resources: Middle Ages, Medieval life– Feudalism– Charlemagne– Crusades– Magna Carta– Black Death/Plague– Renaissance– Reformation

27. Discuss the following:– The role of the Roman Catholic Church (Holy Roman Empire) and its

monasteries including its effect on education and the arts– The role of the Crusades including how they helped to introduce

Muslim ideas and products to Europe– The effect of travel on trade; growth of guilds and a “middle class”– Contributions and roles of key figures

29. Describe the Renaissance and Reformation, including:– The social and intellectual significance of printing with moveable type– Major achievements in literature, music, painting, sculpture, and

architecture in Europe, including the work of Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo

– Discontent among Europeans with the late medieval Catholic Church and the Impact of leading Protestant reformers, Martin Luther and John Calvin

The Middle Ages

It began with 400 years of Invasions

But the invaders also brought

Advances in Technology• Stirrups• the yoke• pants • Barrels• wheeled plows• special boats and

navigation knowledge

• Butter• rye bread

• schools for the children of nobles

• timed candles• transparent ox

horns, used as lanterns

• manual cranks• water mills• horseshoes

• The Visigoths settled in Spain

• In 711 Muslims invaded and defeated them

– Established a Muslim state

– Then tried to conquer the rest of Europe

Charles Martel

• Frankish war leader• Defeated the

Muslims• His grandson

“Charles the Great,” also known as Charlemagne, was the greatest leader of the Franks

Charlemagne• Invaded the western

Roman Empire

• Settled in Gaul (France)

• Conquered kingdoms in France, Italy, and Germany

• Spread Roman Christianity throughout Europe

• In 800 Pope Leo III declared him emperor

• Though he could not read he felt education was important

• Set up a school in Aachen (Germany)

His Great Achievements

• After Charlemagne’s death his son Louis became emperor

• When he died his sons divided up the kingdom

• More invaders swept through Europe

• Magyars from the east

• Muslim pirates on the Mediterranean

• Vikings from the north

Normandy• Located in

northeastern France• Was settled by

Norsemen from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden– Were related to the

Vikings but peaceful– They later settled in

present day England, Russia, and France

William the Conqueror• Duke of Normandy

• In 1066 he crossed the English Channel

– defeated the king of England

– Made himself king• Built a strong government

in England

• Brought French culture to England

Feudalism• Began in the Middle

Ages• It was a system of

government created to keep peace in Europe– Kings divided their

lands into fiefs – Which were given to

nobles (vassals) in return for their support in war

Serfs and Manors• Peasants (serfs) worked the land (fief)

of a noble

– They were not slaves, but could not leave the manor without permission

• They lived in villages around a fortified house (Manor)

• They paid taxes in crops

A Hard Life• Peasants

grew barely enough food

• War and disease were common

• Most people died young

Improvements

• Around 1000 farmers began to use innovative farming methods

– Could produce more food

• Towns and trade grew

• People began to travel to other towns

– People began to have hope for the future

• Nobles founded their own towns– To collect taxes from trade

• Life in a town was easier for serfs– They had more freedom

• These changes also led to the rise of a “middle class” made up of merchants and tradesmen

Guilds

• Parents would pay guild members to teach their sons (as young 12) to work a trade

• An apprentice would live with his master for up to 14 years.

• Then he becomes a journeyman.• And could save enough money to start his

own business

• Skilled craftsmen in a trade form themselves into a guild.

• Nobles who received fiefs agreed to fight for the king

• Knights followed the code of chivalry

The Code of Knighthood

• Knights also needed to:

– Know music and poetry

– Have good manners

– Be a good Christian and defend the Church

Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Wife of a French king

• Later, of an English king

• Spread the ideas of chivalry among French knights

Middle Ages and the Church

• The Roman Catholic church was important to everyone in the Middle Ages

Monasteries

• Communities where monks lived

• Built by Church leaders who owned a lot of land

• Monasteries were centers of learning• Most had a scriptorium for making

books• Few people could

read• Monks kept

records• There were no

printing presses so books were copied by hand

Women in the Church

• Women also chose a religious life by becoming nuns and living in convents

• Many female saints were noted for helping the poor

Cathedrals

• Built after 1100

• Suger, a French churchman used a series of arches

– To make buildings higher and with many windows

Chartres Cathedral• Built in the Gothic style

• With pointed arches and soaring spaces

Pope Urban II• Called for war to take Jerusalem from

the Turks who were Muslims

• This would be the beginning of a series of wars to take the Holy Land

– That was later called the Crusades

The First Crusade• Defeated the Muslims

– Held the Holy Land for 100 years

• Later, the Muslims took back the lands

• Seven more Crusades followed

• But the Muslims held onto the Holy Land

• The Crusades changed Europe

• Europeans came into contact with the Middle East and the Byzantine Empire

• They wanted trade goods

– Such as silks and spices

• The Crusades also inspired attacks on the Jews of Europe and Eastern Orthodox Christians

King John of England• He demanded more taxes to pay for

his wars • He said he had the right to imprisoned people without a trial

• In 1215 he was forced to sign the Magna Carta - “Great Charter”

The Magna Carta

• It said that a king could not set unfair taxes or make unreasonable demands of goods or labor

• It established the legal rights English and Americans have today

100 Years War 1337 - 1453

• A series of wars between England and France

– For control of the French throne

Joan of Arc• A peasant girl born in France• At thirteen she heard a Voice

from God urging her to “go to France” and drive out the English

• In 1428, at sixteen she led an army in several victories

• In 1430 she was captured by the English, put on trial, and burned to death

• In 1920 She was canonized

War in Spain• Christians tried to

drive Muslims out of Spain

• Reconquista

– A war fought by Christian armies to recapture Spain

• Started in 718 ended in 1492

Lord of the Manor

“If you were there . . .”

activity

Black Death

• In 1348 a plague struck Western Europe

– Caused by bacteria spread by rats and fleas

– Spread quickly

– Wiped out 1/3 of western Europe’s population

Many years passed before Europe recovered from the plague.

• Persuasive letter to King Edward

– Please get rid of the Plague!

The Renaissance

Florence

• Northern Italy

– Where the Renaissance began

– One of the richest cities in Europe

• Traders brought in spices and silks from Asia and Africa

• Craftsmen made high quality woolen cloth and other goods

Humanism

• People of the Renaissance were very religious

• But during the Renaissance they developed a concern for human interests and values

New Ideas Emerged

• Life should be rich

• A person should seek talents and skills

• Work to increase standard of living

• People rediscovered Roman and Greek arts

• Inventions and new technologies made life easier

• Lasted from 1350 - 1600.

Lorenzo Medici• From the wealthiest

family in Florence

– Gained banking and trade

• Came to power in 1408

• Was a patron (supporter) of the arts

Renaissance Writers• Petrarch

– An Italian Poet• Decided Greek and Roman

writers were better • Christine de Pisan

– Wrote about family and friendship

• Niccolo Machiavelli– Wrote books about government

• Gave advice on how to rule

William Shakespeare

• The Renaissance in England focused on literary works.

• The most famous playwrights was William Shakespeare.

• He popular plays that were attended by thousands of people.

Renaissance Painters• Rediscovered perspective (3D)

• Continued to paint religious themes

• Began to paint worldly subjects

• Painted from Roman and Greek myths and legends

Renaissance Artists

Michelangelo

Michelangelo, was a painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer.

• Two of his best-known works, the Pieta and David, were sculpted before he turned thirty.

• Michelangelo also created the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

• Michelangelo was appointed architect of St Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican, and designed its dome.

Leonardo da Vinci

• Leonardo da Vinci was an architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter.

Leonardo is famous for his masterly paintings, such as The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

He is also known for his inventions - few were constructed in his

lifetime.

He helped advance the study of anatomy, and civil engineering.

Canal BridgeAnatomy of the Heart

Johannes Gutenberg• A German goldsmith,

printer and publisher.

• In 1455 he invented the printing press with movable type

–And started the printing revolution.

His major work was the Gutenberg Bible.

• By the early 1500s Florence began to decline

– the Medici Family lost influence

Rome became the center of the Italian Renaissance.

• The Pope and Catholic Church leaders held power.

–Acted more like kings than religious leaders.

– Passed heavy taxes

– Built magnificent churches.

– Hired artists, and sculptors

– Built a library in the Vatican

• Attracted scholars from all over the world.

The Reformation• Ideas of the Renaissance improved

the standard of living

• People could afford to educate their children

• More people learned to read and write

• Many people began to criticize the Catholic Church for its extravagance and for its abuses.

– They felt the practices and teachings did not fit with the scriptures.

• This started

The Protestant

Reformation

Martin Luther• Luther’s parents wanted him to become

a lawyer• Martin Luther wanted to serve God.

• While caught out in a storm, Martin Luther was nearly struck by lightning.• He took this a sign to give up law school, and become a monk.

• He joined a monastery and dedicated his life to learning and teaching the Gospel.

• The more he studied, the more he felt that the Catholic Church had gone astray.

• He collected a list of 95 different points of doctrine where he felt that the Church was wrong.

The 95 Thesis

• On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther wrote the 95 thesis on a placard

• And nailed it to the door of the Catholic Church in Wittenberg, Germany.

Results of the 95 Thesis• The Catholic Church began losing the

money that they had been collecting for indulgences – a way to pay for, or repent of sins

committed

• Freed a soul from Purgatory• Could be purchased for oneself,

or for dead loved ones• People could “pre-pay” for sins

that they had not yet committed

The Diet of Worms

• Pope Leo X grew upset with Martin Luther.

• He gathered a council (diet) of princes to try to bring Martin Luther back to the church.– They wanted him to withdraw his criticisms.

• Luther refused, he felt had an obligation to God to do what he felt was right.

• The Catholic Church declared Martin Luther a heretic.

• A crime punishable by death.

Lutheranism

• Luther escaped and went into hiding

• While there he translated the Bible into German

• Martin Luther had founded a new Religion

John Calvin• Calvin wanted to reform of the church in

Geneva

• He divided the church organization into four levels:

»Pastors: had authority over religious matters

»Teachers: to teach doctrine to the population.

»Elders: to oversee everything that everybody did in the city.

»Deacons: to care for the sick, elderly, widowed and poor.

Calvinism

• The Religion created by John Calvin

• Promoted a belief in Predestination - God decides and directs the fate of everyone and everything.

Ignatius of Loyola

• Was a soldier for Spain

• Then became a “soldier for Christ”

– Founded the Society of Jesus

• The Jesuits

The Jesuits

• Became very powerful

• Spread Roman Catholic teachings to Asia and America

Venice • Late 1500’s

– The Renaissance moved to Venice

• Located near the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas it was ideal for trade.

• Venetians grew wealthy

– Brought in artists, writers, and scholars

– Venice became famous for high quality art and literature

The Northern Renaissance

• 1494 the French invaded Italy

–Brought back Italian artists and scholars

• The French hired artists to paint masterpieces for palaces and public buildings.

• And scholars to teach their children

The English Renaissance • The last place to be reached by the

Renaissance was England

• At the time England was involved in a bloody civil war known as the War of The Roses.

Henry VII

• In the late 1400s this civil war was ended, and the Tudor family began to rule the nation.

• Invited Italian humanists to teach his people.

Henry VIII

• King after Henry VII• His wife, Catherine, had six

children, but only one survived, Mary.

• He wanted a male heir• The King asked the pope

for permission to divorce Catherine – So he could marry Anne

Boylin and have a son.

The Church of England

• The Pope said no

• Henry passed laws separating the English Church from Rome

Act of Supremacy

• Henry VIII was head of the English Church.

• The new church stayed true to Catholic tradition and canon. – Stanch Catholics such as Thomas More

resisted Henry and lost their head. – Catholic land was taken and the wealth

divided amongst the nobility.

• Henry and Anne married and would have a girl Elizabeth.

• He would marry four more times and have one son Edward VI.

Then Mary reigned and tried to bring back Catholicism

- but the people wanted to keep the English church.

When Elizabeth reigned she combined Catholic and Protestant customs, creating Anglicanism.

After the death of King Henry VIII, Edward VI reigned briefly

• Europe was divided between Catholic and Protestant Churches.

• As the power of the Church weakened, the power of Kings grew

• This began the modern nation-state

– The kings of England and France built the first strong governments to help them rule

• Evaluation

– Letter to King Edward

– Chapter test