States of ConsciousnessStates of Consciousness

ConsciousnessConsciousness

Process by which the brain Process by which the brain creates a model of internal creates a model of internal and external experienceand external experience

Historical backgroundHistorical backgroundThe emergence of behaviorism The emergence of behaviorism

lessened the study on lessened the study on consciousnessconsciousness

Consciousness as a legitimate Consciousness as a legitimate field of psychological study field of psychological study reemerged in the 1960’s reemerged in the 1960’s because of advances in because of advances in neuroscience and interest in neuroscience and interest in altered states of altered states of consciousness. consciousness.

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness

Conscious Level-Conscious Level-Most common is wakeful: Most common is wakeful: what occurs here is memory, what occurs here is memory, emotions, processing and this emotions, processing and this allow us to manipulate and allow us to manipulate and respond to our environment. respond to our environment. This thinking occurs serially. This thinking occurs serially.

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of ConsciousnessNonconscious Level-any brain Nonconscious Level-any brain

process that does not involve process that does not involve conscious processing, conscious processing, including both pre and including both pre and unconscious (which is why unconscious (which is why you can chew gum, walk, and you can chew gum, walk, and breathe at the same time. breathe at the same time. This involve actions of a This involve actions of a parallel nature. parallel nature.

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness

Preconscious Level-memories Preconscious Level-memories that are not currently in that are not currently in one’s consciousness but can one’s consciousness but can be easily recalled. be easily recalled.

Unconscious- cognition Unconscious- cognition without awareness without awareness (anesthesia, hypnosis)(anesthesia, hypnosis)

Altered States of Altered States of ConsciousnessConsciousnessAltered State-state in which Altered State-state in which

there is a shift in the quality or there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as pattern of mental activity as compared to waking compared to waking consciousness. consciousness.

Hypnosis-state of Hypnosis-state of consciousness in which a consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible person is especially susceptible to suggestion.to suggestion.

Altered States of Altered States of ConsciousnessConsciousnessUse of Psychoactive Drugs-use Use of Psychoactive Drugs-use

of drugs to take a shortcut to of drugs to take a shortcut to that alter thinking, perception, that alter thinking, perception, memory or some combination memory or some combination of those abilities.of those abilities.

Meditation-mental series of Meditation-mental series of exercises meant to refocus exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve attention and achieve trancelike state of trancelike state of consciousnessconsciousness

Altered States of Altered States of ConsciousnessConsciousness Sleep- most common altered Sleep- most common altered

state, it is one of the body’s state, it is one of the body’s biological rhythms or natural biological rhythms or natural cycles of activity that the body cycles of activity that the body must go through. must go through.

All altered states share the fact All altered states share the fact that critical thinking is inhibited that critical thinking is inhibited (ex dreamer may perceive an (ex dreamer may perceive an unrealistic dream as logical unrealistic dream as logical while he/she is experiencing it)while he/she is experiencing it)

Biological ClocksBiological Clocks Internal timing devices that are Internal timing devices that are

set for hours, single days, or set for hours, single days, or monthly. For humans, it is monthly. For humans, it is important in regulation of sleep. important in regulation of sleep. Influences variation in blood Influences variation in blood pressure, alertness and body pressure, alertness and body temp. (ex body temp peaks in temp. (ex body temp peaks in afternoon and lowest around 3-afternoon and lowest around 3-4am. Location of biological 4am. Location of biological clocks is hypothalamus. clocks is hypothalamus.

Biological ClocksBiological Clocks Retina sends signals to small structure Retina sends signals to small structure

in the hyposthalamus classed the in the hyposthalamus classed the suprachaiamatic nucleus (SCN)suprachaiamatic nucleus (SCN)

The SCN receives light info from a The SCN receives light info from a special set of ganglian cells in the special set of ganglian cells in the retina which then sends info to areas in retina which then sends info to areas in the hindbrain that promote sleep or the hindbrain that promote sleep or wakefulness.wakefulness.

The SCN signals the nearby pineal The SCN signals the nearby pineal gland which secretes melatonin and gland which secretes melatonin and plays a key role in adjusting biological plays a key role in adjusting biological clocks. clocks.

Circadian Problems and Circadian Problems and treatmentstreatments

Shift work-changing from day Shift work-changing from day to night work changes a body’s to night work changes a body’s circadian rhythmcircadian rhythm

Jet Lag- changes the body’s Jet Lag- changes the body’s biological clockbiological clock

Resetting the clock-shifts the Resetting the clock-shifts the day without changing the day without changing the actual time according to actual time according to daylight.daylight.

Circadian Problems and Circadian Problems and treatmentstreatments

Melatonin- hormone secreted Melatonin- hormone secreted by pineal gland. It increases by pineal gland. It increases with darkness and decreases with darkness and decreases with light. with light.

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming

Daydreaming-mildly altered Daydreaming-mildly altered state of consciousness and state of consciousness and mainly alters attention. mainly alters attention.

Stages of sleep-our bodies Stages of sleep-our bodies cycle between REM and cycle between REM and NREM sleepNREM sleep

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and DreamingCharacteristics of Sleep-Characteristics of Sleep-

Human sleep patterns follow a Human sleep patterns follow a circadian rhythm corresponding circadian rhythm corresponding to patterns of light and darkness.to patterns of light and darkness.

Average adults experience 4 to 6 Average adults experience 4 to 6 90 minute cycles of NREM (non 90 minute cycles of NREM (non rapid eye movement) and REM rapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep per (rapid eye movement) sleep per night, although the ratio of NREM night, although the ratio of NREM to REM varies as the night to REM varies as the night progresses. progresses.

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming

Characteristics of Sleep-Characteristics of Sleep- Babies have 50% REM sleep Babies have 50% REM sleep

whereas adults have 25-30% whereas adults have 25-30% REM sleep. REM sleep.

REM helps us restore memories. REM helps us restore memories. Babies obviously learn more Babies obviously learn more early on.early on.

Need for sleep varies among Need for sleep varies among individuals, but ranges from 20 individuals, but ranges from 20 hours for infants to 6 hours for hours for infants to 6 hours for adults in their 70’s. adults in their 70’s.

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming

Characteristics of Sleep-Characteristics of Sleep- Loss of sleep can result in Loss of sleep can result in

weight gain, shortened life span, weight gain, shortened life span, grogginess, and sometimes grogginess, and sometimes tragedytragedy

Benefits of sleep include mental Benefits of sleep include mental alertness, being more artistic, alertness, being more artistic, and more creative and more creative

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming

A sleeper progresses through A sleeper progresses through Stages 1 through 4, then climbs Stages 1 through 4, then climbs back from Stage 4 to Stage 1 or back from Stage 4 to Stage 1 or 2, then experiences REM sleep2, then experiences REM sleep

This happens for 40-50% of This happens for 40-50% of sleep and the average person sleep and the average person progresses through all the progresses through all the Stages of sleep. Stages of sleep.

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming Stage 0-a person is very relaxed Stage 0-a person is very relaxed

with eyes closedwith eyes closed Quiet Sleep-this is NREM sleepQuiet Sleep-this is NREM sleep

Stage 1-slower theta activityStage 1-slower theta activity Stage 2-sleep spindles appear, fast Stage 2-sleep spindles appear, fast

(beta) brain activity, similar to (beta) brain activity, similar to those in waking statethose in waking state

Stage 3-progressively deeper state Stage 3-progressively deeper state of relaxed sleep. Delta waves of relaxed sleep. Delta waves appear for the first time. Heart appear for the first time. Heart rate and breathing slow down. rate and breathing slow down.

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming Quiet Sleep-this is NREM sleepQuiet Sleep-this is NREM sleep

Stage 4-electrical activity of the Stage 4-electrical activity of the brain increases and sleeper climbs brain increases and sleeper climbs back up through stages. back up through stages.

OR rather than going into Stage 1 OR rather than going into Stage 1 again though, the sleeper begins again though, the sleeper begins to produce fast beta waves on the to produce fast beta waves on the EEG along with REM. After about EEG along with REM. After about 10 minutes of REM, the sleeper 10 minutes of REM, the sleeper slips back into Stage 2 and slips back into Stage 2 and repeats. Each succeeding REM repeats. Each succeeding REM gets longer and longer. gets longer and longer.

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming Active Sleep-this is REM sleepActive Sleep-this is REM sleep

OR rather than going into Stage 1 OR rather than going into Stage 1 again though, the sleeper begins again though, the sleeper begins to produce fast beta waves on the to produce fast beta waves on the EEG along with REM. After about EEG along with REM. After about 10 minutes of REM, the sleeper 10 minutes of REM, the sleeper slips back into Stage 2 and slips back into Stage 2 and repeats. Each succeeding REM repeats. Each succeeding REM gets longer and longer. gets longer and longer.

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming Active Sleep-this is REM sleepActive Sleep-this is REM sleep

Nearly all dreams occur in REMNearly all dreams occur in REM Periods of REM sleep increase Periods of REM sleep increase

during the nightduring the night REM sleep causes atonia which is REM sleep causes atonia which is

muscular weakness. The brain muscular weakness. The brain seems to be active and awake seems to be active and awake while the body shows loss of while the body shows loss of muscle tone.muscle tone.

During REM, hormones are During REM, hormones are released that influence growthreleased that influence growth

Sleeping and DreamingSleeping and Dreaming

NREM sleep functionNREM sleep function Mostly still debatable but seems to Mostly still debatable but seems to

be restorative.be restorative. REM reboundREM rebound

Is a phenomenon that occurs after Is a phenomenon that occurs after REM deprivation in which people REM deprivation in which people experience increased amounts of experience increased amounts of REM sleepREM sleep

Theories of DreamingTheories of Dreaming Dreaming is a series of thoughtsDreaming is a series of thoughts

Duration of dreaming ranges from Duration of dreaming ranges from a few seconds to a few minutes to a few seconds to a few minutes to as long as an houras long as an hour

Organization of dreaming is Organization of dreaming is usually somewhat logical and usually somewhat logical and story-likestory-like

Theories of DreamingTheories of Dreaming Activation Synthesis Theory-the Activation Synthesis Theory-the

information accessed during information accessed during waking hours have influence on waking hours have influence on the synthesis of our dreamsthe synthesis of our dreams

Problem Solving – Adler said Problem Solving – Adler said dream allow us to problem solve. dream allow us to problem solve. Dreams are problem solving Dreams are problem solving devices. devices.

FreudFreud Manifest-the actual contentManifest-the actual content Latent-the symbol or hidden meaningLatent-the symbol or hidden meaning

5. Noah is a just and righteous 5. Noah is a just and righteous man who obeys God.man who obeys God.

6. God wants humanity to 6. God wants humanity to begin anew from the virtuous begin anew from the virtuous line of Noah and his family.line of Noah and his family.

7. It is important to obey God 7. It is important to obey God based on the rewards that based on the rewards that Noah receives for his piety Noah receives for his piety while the rest of humanity is while the rest of humanity is destroyed for its sinfulness destroyed for its sinfulness and disobedience. and disobedience.