steel structure practical by dk mamonai

8/3/2019 Steel Structure Practical by Dk Mamonai

1/33

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2/33

GFKC^

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3

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3/33

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4/33

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SXCX

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5/33


6/33


7/33

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Leoch{? [l kc{cuigfc {nc cqsa{glf l` {nc ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga l` kg``cucf{ x{ccb xch{glfx&

[ncluw?

ILICF[ L@ GFCU[GA

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gfcu{ga gx a dclic{ughab }ul}cu{w l` a ecai afk kc}cfkx lf a uc`cucfhc a~gx [nc xiabbcx{

Ilicf{ l` Gfcu{ga aels{ afw a~gx }axxcx {nulsdn {nc hcf{ulgk [nc `lbbltgfd auc {nc

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8/33

HXCH[GLF

Ilicf{ l` Gfcu{ga

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G~h

Ilicf{ l` Gfcu{ga

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9/33

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10/33

B)XCH[GLFX

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aels{ {nc~h a~gx

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11/33

[XCH[GLF

Ilicf{ l` Gfcu{gaaels{ {nc~h a~gx

G~h
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12/33

[l kc{cuigfc {nc ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga l` kg``cucf{ x{ccb xch{glfx

[) XCH[GLF

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xch{glf Ax {nc xch{glf gx xwiic{ughab aels{ W W a~gx{ncuc `lu g{x hcf{cu l` duapg{w tgbb bgc lf {nc xaic a~gx

X}bg{{gfd {nc tnlbc [ xch{glf gf{l {tl uch{afdbcx

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Uch{afdbc 1

1 9 e ~ x

19 z * 5 Uch{afdbc 5

5 9 z ~ {59 5 Flt {nc kgx{afhc l` hcf{cu l` duapg{w `uli {nc el{{li l` {nc `bafdc haf ec habhsba{ck ew

W 911*55

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Tc jflt {na{ IG l` uch{afdbc 1 aels{ a~gx {nulsdn g{x hcf{cu l` duapg{w afk }auabbcb {l

{nc ^)^ a~gx

1 9 815 Afk kgx{afhc ec{tccf {nc hcf{cu l` duapg{w l` uch{afdbc 1 afk ^)^ a~gx

1 9 1 9 * 5 z *

5 *z ~ { 5 e ~ x*.z ~ {'

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.1 * 115'


13/33

9815

* 5 * 5 *

5

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}auabbcb {l ^)^ a~gx

5 9 815 Afk kgx{afhc ec{tccf {nc hcf{cu l` duapg{w l` uch{afdbc 5 afk ^)^ a~gx

5 9 5 9 z *

5 * z ~ { 5 e ~ x * .z ~ {' 5

5 9 . * '5 *

Ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga l` uch{afdbc1 xch{glf aels{ ^)^ a~gx ew sxgfd {nc }auabbcb a~gx {ncluci

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815

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5

Flt ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga l` tnlbc xch{glf haf ec habhsba{ck ew akkgfd el{n ilicf{ l`

gfcu{ga l` uch{afdbc 1 afk uch{afdbc 5

9 8

15 * 5

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Ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga aels{ W)W a~gx

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9 815

Afk {na{ ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga l` uch{afdbc 5 aels{ W) W a~gx

9 815

Flt ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga l` tnlbc xch{glf haf ec habhsba{ck ew akkgfd el{n ilicf{ l`

gfcu{ga l` uch{afdbc 1 afk uch{afdbc 5

9 815 * 8

15


14/33

]UAH[GHAB ( =8

Leoch{? Kcugpc {nc `bc~suab `luisba&

Hlfxgkcu a xiabb xch{glf l` {nc ecai AEHK l` bcfd{n l` K^ xseoch{ck {l ecfkgfdilicf{x ax xnltf gf `gdsuc Bc{ UX ec {nc fcs{uab bawcu }cu}cfkghsbau {l xch{glf AE afk HK

ksc {l {nc a}}bgha{glf l` {nc ilicf{" {nc xch{glf AEHK ecfkx gf{l {nc xch{glf AEHK axxnltf gf `gdsuc &Bc{ L gx {nc hcf{cu l` auh afk gx {nc xse{cfkck afdbc l` {nc auh& Bc{ U gx {ncuakgsx l` hsupa{suc `uli L {l fcs{uab }baf U X& [ncuc`luc?

UX 9 U .1' ?&. X9u '

Bc{ sx hlfxgkcu a bawcu l` gf{cucx{ ]Q tnghn gx blha{ck a{ kgx{afhc w `uli {nc fcs{uab }baf UX axxnltf gf `gdsuc 1&Bc{ ]Q dc{ hli}ucxxck {l ]Q ksc {l a}}bgha{glf l` ecfkgfd ilicf{ I axxnltf gf `gdsuc 5

? 9 . ' &&.5' ?&.X9u 'Flt {nc hnafdc gf bcfd{n gf {nc bawcu ]Q gx

9 ?& X{uagf .' 9

9 .8'

Kgpgkc cqsa{glf 5 ew cqsa{glf 1 tc dc{


15/33

9

9

1 9

1

9 * 9 9 9 9

9

&&.;'

Ahhlukgfd {l Nlljx bat

X{ucxx x{uagf

9 9 .3'

9&cqsa{glf .0' `uli cqsa{glf .; afk 3'

ILICF[ L@ UCXGX[AFHC

Bc{ sx hlfxgkcu a xch{glf l` Ecai ax xnltf gf `gdsuc

Bc{

9hulxx xch{glfab auca l` xiabb cbcicf{ blha{ck a{ kgx{afhc {l w `uli fcs{uab }baf

9 ecfkgfd x{ucxx gf cbcicf{

9ecfkgfd x{ucxx gf {ngx cbcicf{ilicf{ aels{ fcs{uab a~gx l` {nc cbcicf{x tgbb ec

9 9 .? & 9 '


16/33

Flt {nc ilicf{ {nc ucxgx{afhc l` {nc tnlbc xch{glf aels{ {nc fcs{uab a~gx tgbb ec

9

9 9 .? & 9 & '& 9

5 9 9 ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga lu xchlfk ilicf{ l` auca 9 &

9 9 && `uli cqsa{glf .0'

9

[ngx gx habbck `bc~suab `luisba

Ucxsb{x? Cqsa{glf l` Ecfkgfd X{ucxx gx kcugpck


17/33

]UAH[GHAB ( =;

[chnfghab uc}lu{ lf ISC[ iahngfc tlujxnl}

Kgicfxglfx l` {nc tluj xnl}Bcfd{n l` {nc tlujxnl} 9 1343 `{

Eucak{n l` {nc tlujxnl} 9 ;= `{

Ncgdn{ l` {nc tlujxnl} 9 14 `{

Fsiecux l` hlbsifx }ulpgkck 9 51 Fsiecu l` {usxxcx }ulpgkck gf {nc tlujxnl} 9 13 X}af l` {nc {usxxcx 9 ;=`{ A}}ul~gia{c Hcf{cu {l hcf{cu kgx{afhc ec{tccf {tl {usxxcx 9 43`{ [uafx`cucfhc l` blak {l x{ush{suab iciecux

Ksugfd {nc pgxg{ {l {nc tlujxnl} tc lexcupck {na{ blak {uafx`cuuck `uli

lfc x{ush{suc iciecu {l l{ncu tax gf SPB }a{{cuf echasxc abb {nc

x{ush{suab iciecux auc ucx{ck lpcu afl{ncu x{ush{suab iciecu gf {nc}a{{cuf l` }ulpgkgfd af afdbc xl tc xaw {na{ {nc blak gx {uafx`cuuck {l

iciecux gf {nc `lui l` SPB

Ia{cugabx sxck gf {nc hlfx{ush{glf l` {usxxcx afk ull`[nc x{ccb xch{glfx sxck gf {nc iajgfd l` {nc {usxxcx auc G) xch{glf afk

afdbc xch{glf

[nc ull` gx hlfx{ush{ck l` x{ccb xncc{x gf afdsbau }a{{cuf gf xshn a taw {na{xncc{x auc ucx{gfd lf {usxxcx afk {usxxcx auc ucx{gfd lf hlbsif


18/33

[nc kg``cucf{ x{ccb xch{glfx .xch{glf afk afdbc xch{glf' auc tcbkck {ldc{ncu

afk x{ccb xncc{x auc elb{ck tg{n fs{x {l {nc {usxxcx


19/33


20/33

]UAH[GHAB ( =3

Leoch{? Cfbgx{ {nc Kcxgdf x{c}x `lu {nc Ulbbck X{ccb Xch{glf& Habhsba{c afk xnlt {nc Pabscx

l` Ia~gisi Xncau @luhc afk Ia~gisi Ecfkgfd Ilicf{ `lu Gkcab Haxcx

[ncluw?[nc kcxgdf l` a ulbbck x{ccb ecai gx a xgi}bc {axj G{ gfplbpcx kg``cucf{

hlfxgkcua{glfx ailfd {ncxc auc ecfkgfd" xncau" tce hug}}bgfd" pcu{ghab eshjbgfd"

ba{cuab eshjbgfd" hliegfck x{ucxxcx" kc`bch{glf afk xlic{gic {luxglf afk `a{gdscEs{ ecfkgfd gx dlpcufck gf abb {ncxc haxcx" G gx {ncuc`luc {nc kcxgdf xnlsbk abtawx

hlfxgx{x l` }ul}lu{glfgfd {nc ecai {l xa{gx`w ecfkgfd ucqsgucicf{x afk {ncf"

gfpcx{gda{gfd {nc xch{glf `lu x{ucxxcx ksc {l abb lu a }au{ l` {nc aelpc icf{glfck

hlfxgkcua{glf .g` a}}caux {l ec fchcxxauw'

[nc kcxgdf }ulhcksuc

1 Kuat a xjc{hn l` {nc ecai tg{n g{x blak afk hli}s{c {nc ia~gisi xncau afk {ncia~gisi ecfkgfd ilicf{" ax xnltf gf `gdsuc ecblt?

5 xlbpc cqsa{glf .X9I,@e' `lu {nc ucqsguck xch{glf ilksbsx" sxgfd {nc x}chg`gckpabsc l` @e".@e900`w lu 0@w'

8 Hnllxc {nc ilx{ xsg{aebc ecai xch{glf `uli {nc x{ccb Nafkellj .x{ccb [aebc'[ncxch{glf ilksbsx l` {nc hnlxcf ecai isx{ ec xs``ghgcf{ {l gfhbskc {nc c``ch{ l` {nc

ecaix tcgdn{ .g)c Xncau afk Ecfkgfd ksc {l {nc xcb` tcgdn{ l` {nc ecai'" xgfhc{nc kcak blak gx fl{ jfltf gf akpafhc

Fl{c? g{ gx gi}lu{af{ {l ec fl{ck {na{ gfhncx tgbb fl{ ig~ck tg{n `cc{" flu }lsfkx

tg{n Jg}x

[aebc ;&1 Xncau `luhc afk Ecfkgfd Ilicf{ Pabscx `lu

Xgi}bw Blakck" Sfg`luibw Kgx{uges{ck Blakck .SKB' afk

Sfg`luibw Pauwgfd blakck .SPB'

XFl Blakgfd

Hlfkg{glf

Cfk Ucah{glf Pabscx Ia~gisi Xncau

@luhc .X@ ia~'

Ia~gisi Ecfkgfd

Ilicf{ .EI ia~'

1 ]lgf{ blak ],5 UA 9 UE9],5 ]b,;

5 SKB Tb ,5 UA9UE9Tb,5 TB,>

8 SPB TB,5 UA9Tb,8"UE9TB,0 TB,0


21/33

Ucxsb{x?

[aebc 1 xnltx {nc habhsba{ck pabscx l` Ia~gisi Xncau `luhc afk Ecfkgfd Ilicf{x `lu

{nc Xgi}bw Blakck" Sfg`luibw Blakck afk Sfg`luibw Pauwgfd blakck @gdsuc 1 xnltx {nc Xncau`luhc afk Ecfkgfd Ilicf{ kgaduai `lu {nc gkcab haxcx Xgi}bw Blakck" Sfg`luibw Blakck afk

Sfg`luibw Pauwgfd blakck


22/33

]UAH[GHAB ( =0

Leoch{? AGXH" AAXNL afk AUCA X}chg`gha{glf A}}bghaebc `lu Ecfkgfd

[ncluw?

Ecfkgfd?

[nc ecfkgfd cqsa{glf `lu {nc ecai gx:

.Cq)1'

Tncuc X gx {nc ucqsguck xch{glf ilksbsx" I gx {nc ia~gisi a}}bgck ecfkgfd

ilicf{x" afk @e gx {nc abbltaebc c~{ucic `gecu x{ucxx gf {cfxglf lu hli}ucxxglf"

gf {nc aexcfhc l` a~gab `luhc

Tncuc I" & @e hlfxgx{ cf{gucbw l` `ah{lux {na{ auc jfltf lu {na{ auc ucakgbw `lsfkI gx hli}s{ck `uli jfltf ka{a afk @e gx `g~ck lu iaw ec hli}s{ck ew

x}chg`gha{glf Tncucax X" gx dgpcf ew {aebcx gf {nc x{ccb {aebc `lu ulbbck xch{glf

[nc }cuigxxgebc @e kc}cfkx lf tnc{ncu lu fl{ {nc ecai xch{glf gx hli}ah{ afk

{nc kgx{afhc ec{tccf ba{cuab xs}}lu{x

Abb ulbbck X afk T xna}cx l` A80 x{ccb afk a baudc }ul}lu{glf l` {nlxc xna}cxnapgfd a wgcbk x{ucxx s} {l 3= Jxg icc{ {ncxc }ulpgxglf afk auc {cuick ax

HLI]AH[ XCH[GLFX

Xch{glfx {l ec hlfxgkcuck ba{cuabbw xs}}lu{ck" {nc kgx{afhc ec{tccf ba{cuab

xs}}lu{x `lu {nc hli}ucxxglf `bafdc isx{ xa{gx`w ucqsgucicf{x dgpcf ecblt?xse}auadua}n 3

]ulhcksuc?

AGXH X}chg`gha{glf A}}bghaebc {l Ecfkgfd

Gf ahhlukafhc tg{n {nc AGXH X}chg`gha{glf" {cfxglf afk hli}ucxxglf lf c~{ucic

`gecu l` hli}ah{x" ba{cuabbw xs}}lu{ck" nl{)ulbbck" lu esgb{ s} iciecu .c~hc}{nweugk dgukcu afk iciecu l` A31; x{ccb' xwiic{ughab aels{" afk blakck gf {nc

}bafc l` {ncgu igflu a~gx" afk icc{gfd {nc ucqsgucicf{x x{a{ck ecblt?

@e9=00@w lu =0@w .Cq)5'

Tncuc @w gx {nc x}chg`gck igfgisi wgcbk x{ucxx" gf Jg}x }cu xqsauc gfhn" `lu {nc

{w}c l` x{ccb ecgfd sxck afk @e gx {nc }cuigxxgebc ecfkgfd x{ucxx gf {nc aexcfhc l`

a~gab `luhc


23/33

[l qsabg`w {nc aelpc)x{a{ck }cuigxxgebc x{ucxx" a iciecu isx{ icc{ {nc `lbbltgfd

ucqsgucicf{x?

1 [nc `bafdc xnabb ec hlffch{ck hlf{gfslsxbw {l {nc tcex5 [nc tgk{n){nghjfcxx ua{gl l` sf)x{g``cfck" }uloch{gfd cbcicf{x l` {nc hli}ucxxglf

`bafdc" l` a hli}ah{ xch{glf xnabb fl{ c~hcck 35&5,@w8 [nc tgk{n){nghjfcxx ua{gl l` {nc x{g``cfck cbcicf{x l` {nc hli}ucxxglf `bafdc" ax

gf {nc haxc l` hlpcu }ba{cx ec{tccf blfdg{skgfab bgfcx l` `ax{cfcux" xnabb fl{ c~hcck17=,@w

; [nc kc}{n){nghjfcxx ua{gl l` {nc tce lu tcex xnabb fl{ c~hcck {nc pabsc?.Cq)8'

3 [nc hli}ucxxglf `bafdc xnabb ec xs}}lu{ck ba{cuabbw a{ gf{cupabx fl{ {l c~hcck40e`@w flu 5="===A`,k@w: {na{ gx"

.Cq);'

AAXNL X}chg`gha{glf A}}bghaebc {l Ecfkgfd&

@lu ecaix xs}}lu{ck ba{cuabbw {nulsdnls{ ew cieckicf{ gf hlfhuc{c?

@e 99 =33@w .Cq)1='

@lu sfxs}}lu{ck lu }au{gabbw xs}}lu{ck ecaix?

.Cq)11'

Tncuc b gx {nc sfxs}}lu{ck kgx{afhc ec{tccf ba{cuab xs}}lu{x" gf gfhncx" afk e gx {nc`bafdc tgk{n gf gfhncx Sfbgjc {nc AGXH sxadc l` Jg} sfg{x" {nc AAXNL sxcx }lsfk

sfg{x `lu @w afk" l` hlsuxc" @e

AUCA X}chg`gha{glf&

@lu {cfxglf gf c~{ucic `gecu l` ulbbck xna}cx" dgukcux: afk esgb{ xch{glf {na{ auc xseoch{ck

{l ecfkgfd" fc{ xch{glf" afk `lu hli}ucxxglf gf c~{ucic `gecux l` G){w}c iciecux

xseoch{ck {l blakgfd }cu}cfkghsbau {l {nc tce?

@e99 =33@w .Cq)15'

Tncuc @e gx {nc ecfkgfd x{ucxx }cuig{{ck gf {nc aexcfhc l` a~gab `luhc" @w gx {nc x}chg`gck

igfgisi wgcbk x{ucxx l` {nc x{ccb ecgfd sxck" afk el{n auc c~}ucxxck gf }lsfkx sfg{x


24/33

@lu hli}ucxxglf gf c~{ucic `gecu l` tcbkck" esgb{)s}" ulbbck ecai `bc~suc iciecux

xwiic{ughab aels{ {nc }ugfhg}ab a~gx gf {nc }bafc l` {nc tce .l{ncu {naf el~){w}c `bc~suciciecux'" afk `lu hli}ucxxglf gf c~{ucic `gecu l` ulbbck hnaffcbx" {nc baudcu l` {nc pabsc

hli}s{ck ew {nc `lbbltgfd `luisba gx a}}bghaebc?

.Cq)15'

Lu

.Cq)18'

.A}}bghaebc lfbw `lu iciecu tg{n xlbgk uch{afdsbau `bafdc afk `lu X xna}cx'


25/33

]UAH[GHAB ( =4

Leoch{? AGXH X}chg`gha{glf A}}bghaebc `lu Xncau afk Kc`bch{glf

[ncluw?

Xncau xcbkli dlpcufx {nc xcbch{glf l` a ulbbck x{ccb ecaix Nltcpcu" xnlu{ ecaix

l` ncapw xch{glf tg{n ncapw" hlfhcf{ua{ck blakck fcau cg{ncu lu el{n xs}}lu{ckisx{ ec gfpcx{gda{ck X}afkucb ecaix igdn{ ec dlpcufck ew xncau `lu {nc ucaxlf

{na{ {nc pcu{ghab xncau gx xlic{gicx asdicf{ck ew {luxglfab xncau gfkshck ew {nc

hlffch{gfd `bllu ecaix

[nc kgx{uges{glf l` xncau ahulxx {nc xch{glf l` a ulbbck x{ccb ecaix" gfx{cak l`

ecgfd }auaelbgh ax gf uch{afdsbau xch{glf" gx hli}aua{gpcbw sfg`lui ablfd {nc tce

xch{glf tg{n pcuw bg{{bc dlgfd l `bafdcx @gdsuc: xnltf ecblt" xnltx a xjc{hn `lu a

T1= ^ 87 ecaix `lu tnghn {nc sfg{ xncau `p nax eccf }bl{{ck [nc hli}s{ck

pabscx tcuc `lsfk ew {nc tcbb)jfltf cqsa{glf?

.Cq)13a'

P 99 gx {nc {l{ab a}}bgck xncau a{ {nc xch{glf"

A 99 gx {nc auca l` {na{ }lu{glf l` {nc xch{glf bwgfd afk ecwlfk {nc bgfc a{ tnghn `p gx kcxguck"

99 gx {nc kgx{afhc `uli {nc fcs{uab a~gx l` {nc ecai xch{glf {l {nc hcf{ulgk l` A

G 99 gx {nc ilicf{ l` gfcu{ga l` {nc cf{guc ecai xch{glf aels{ g{x fcs{uab a~gx

e 99 gx {nc tgk{n l` {nc ecai xch{glf a{ tnghn `p gx kcxguck


26/33

Xncau }cuig{{ck lf dulxx xch{glf ew {nc AGXH gx

@p99 =;=@w .Cq)10 a'

Gf tnghn @p afk @w auc gf jg}x }cu xqsauc gfhn

@lu {nc }su}lxc l` hli}s{gfd xncau x{ucxx {nc AGXH kc`gfc {nc dulxx xch{glf lu ulbbck afk`aeugha{ck xna}ck ax {nc }ulksh{ l` {nc lpcuabb kc}{n afk {nc tce {nghjfcxx Ew {ngx kc`gfg{glf?

.Cq)13e'

Tncuc `p gx {nc hli}s{ck xncau x{ucxx" P gx {nc ia~gisi a}}bgck xncau k gx {nc {l{ab ecai kc}{n:

afk { gx {nc tce {nghjfcxx


27/33

]UAH[GHAB ( =>

Leoch{? Hli}aua{gpc X{skw lf Kcxgdf Ic{nlkx .AXK P,x BU@K'

[ncluw?

Abbltaebc X{ucxx Kcxgdf .AXK' Ic{nlk?

[nc abbltaebc gx eaxck lf {nc hlfhc}{ l` abbltaebc x{ucxx afk cbax{gh ecnapglu& [ncabbltaebc x{ucxx abxl habbck {nc tlujgfd x{ucxx gx {nc ia~gisi xa`c x{ucxx a ia{cugab iaw hauuw

Abbltaebc blak gx a ùah{glf .xiabb }au{' l` {nc sb{gia{c x{ucfd{n l` {nc iciecu kc{cuigfck lf

{nc eaxgx l` a bgig{gfd pabsc l` ia~gisi x{ucxx [nc AXK ic{nlk gx hnauah{cugzck ew {nc sxc l`

lfc oskdicf{ab àh{luck l` xa`c{w A bgig{gfd x{ucxx .sxsabbw @w abxl habbck wgcbk x{ucxx' gxkgpgkck ew a àh{luck l` xa`c{w .@x kc{cuigfck ew {nc as{nlux l` x}chg`gha{glfx' {l auugpc a{ af

abbltaebc x{ucxx

Abbltaebc x{ucxx 9 @w,@x

[nc àh{luck l` xa`c{w gx eaxck lf axxsi}{glf {na{ {nc `gux{ wgcbkgfd gx {nc sxc`sb bgig{ l` {nc

x{ush{suc afk `lu akcqsa{c xa`c{w {nc abbltaebc blak isx{ ec cqsab {l lu duca{cu {naf {nc

hli}s{ck kcxgdf blak {nc kcxgdf blak lf {nc iciecu" hluucx}lfkgfd {l {nc hlfkg{glfx sfkcu

xcupghc blakx " gx hli}s{ck sxgfd {nc cbax{gh {ncluw

Ah{sab x{ucxxcx gf x{ccb iciecu auc habhsba{ck ew kgpgkgfd `luhcx lu ilicf{x ew {nc a}}ul}uga{c

xch{glf }ul}cu{w .cd" auca lu xch{glf ilksbsx' [nc ah{sab x{ucxx auc {ncf hli}auck tg{n {nc

abbltaebc x{ucxxcx {l axhcu{agf {na{

Abbltaebc x{ucxx Ah{sab x{ucxx

[ngx ic{nlk l` kcxgdf" eaxck lf xcupghc blakx" cbax{gh ecnapglu afk abbltaebc x{ucxxcx" gx tgkcbw

ahhc}{ck echasxc g{ kcpcbl}x af gf{cduab }au{ l` ua{glfab x{ucxx afabwxgx afk nax {nc as{nlug{w l`

c~}cugcfhc afk {uakg{glf ecngfk g{

Fl kgx{gfh{glf gx iakc ailfd {nc pauglsx jgfkx l` blakx Echasxc l` {nc duca{cu paugaegbg{w afk

sfhcu{agf{w l` {nc bgpc blak afk l{ncux blakx gf hli}augxlf tg{n {nc kcak blak" a sfg`lui

ucbgaegbg{w `lu abb x{ush{sucx gx fl{ }lxxgebc

[nc }ugfhg}ab kgxakpaf{adc l` {ngx ic{nlk gx {na{ g{ àgbx {l }ulpgkc sfg`lui lpcu blak ha}ahg{w

`lu abb }au{x afk {w}c l` x{ush{suc

AXK Blak Hliegfa{glfx

1=K *1=B

=43K *=43B*=43T

=43K *=43B*=43C


28/33

Tncuc

K 9 kcak blak

B 9 bgpc blak

T 9 tgfk blak

C 9 cau{n qsghj blak

Blak Ucxgx{afhc @ah{luck .BU@K' Ic{nlk?

BU@K gx eaxck lf {nc hlfhc}{ l` }bax{gh kcxgdf afk sb{gia{c blakx

BU@K gx a ic{nlk `lu kcxgdfgfd x{ush{sucx xl {na{ fl a}}bghaebc bgig{ x{a{c gx c~hcckck tncf {nc

x{ush{suc gx xseoch{ck {l abb a}}ul}uga{c hliegfa{glfx l` àh{luck blak Bgig{ x{a{c gx a hlfkg{glf

gf tnghn x{ush{suc lu x{ush{suab hli}lfcf{ echlicx sf`g{ X{ush{suab iciecu haf napc xcpcuab

bgig{x x{a{cx X{ucfd{n bgig{ x{a{c hlfhcuf xa`c{w afk ucba{c {l ia~gisi blak hauuwgfd ha}ahg{w

.cd }bax{gh ngfdc afk eshjbgfd'Xcupghc aegbg{w bgig{ x{a{cx ucba{c {l }cu`luiafhc sfkcu fluiabxcupghc hlfkg{glfx .cd c~hcxxgpc kc`luia{glf afk pgeua{glf'

[nc BU@K ic{nlk ax a}}bgck {l cahn bgig{ x{a{cx iaw ec xsiiaugzck ew {nc `luisba

QgUf

Tncuc

9 blak àh{lu

Q 9 blak

9 ucxgx{afhc àh{lu

Uf 9fligfab ucxgx{afhc

Gf {nc {cuigflbldw l` {nc AGXH BU@K X}chg`gha{glf "{nc bc`{ xgkc l` {nc gfcqsabg{w gx ucqsguckx{ucfd{n afk {nc ugdn{ xgkc gx {nc kcxgdf x{ucfd{n [nc bc`{ xgkc uc}ucxcf{x {nc blak hliegfa{glfx

:{na{ gx {nc xsiia{glf .kc{lfa{ck ew ' l` {nc pauglsx blakx .lu blak c``ch{x ' Q g isb{g}bgck ew{ncgu ucx}ch{gpc blak àh{lux & [nc bc`{ xgkc gx ia{cugab gfkc}cfkcf{ : {nc blakx auc {ajcf ùli{nc dlpcufgfd esgbkgfd hlkc afk {nc BU@K blakx àh{lux tcuc kcugpck ùli x{a{gx{ghab esgbkgfd

blak x{skgcx Lf {nc ugdn{ xgkc l` gfcqsabg{w " {nc kcxgdf x{ucfd{n `lu {nc dgpcf bgig{ x{a{cx gx {nc

}ulksh{ l` {nc fligfab x{ucfd{n lu {nc ucxgx{afhc Ufafk g{x ucxgx{afhc àh{lu &

Axxlhga{ck tg{n cahn bgig{ x{a{cx auc pabscx `lu Uf afk " tncuc Uf kc`gfcx {nc elsfkauw l`x{ush{suab sxc`sbfcxx : . abtawx bcxx {naf lu cqsab {l lfc ' kc}cfkx lf {nc paugaegbg{w l` Uf &[cx{ ka{a tcuc afabwzck {l kc{cuigfc {nc sfhcu{agf{w gf cahn ucxgx{afhc [nc duca{cu {nc xha{{cu gf

{nc {cx{ ka{a `lu {nc dgpcf ucxgx{afhc {nc bltcu g{x &

Ab{nlsdn }bax{gh kcxgdf gx ua{glfab ic{nlk tnghn hlfxgkcux gfcbax{gh ecnapglu l` {nc x{ush{suc " g{

tgbb fl{ uc}bahc abb l{ncu afabwzc afk {nc kcxgdf ic{nlkx [l ec xsuc {nc ic{nlk nax iafw

akpaf{adcx {l cfhlsuadc g{x sxc " es{ g{ abxl nax xlic bgig{a{glf ailfd {nc akpaf{adcx auc ?


29/33

.a' Aegbg{w {l }ucxhugec lpcu blak ha}ahg{w sfkcu xgi}bc blakgfd hlfkg{glfx"

.e' C``ch{gpcx sxc l` ia{cugab"

.h' Xgi}bghg{w l` }bax{gh afabwxgx habhsba{glfx `lu xwielb ùaic x{ush{sucx afk

.k' Kcxgdf l` iluc chlfligh kc{agbx uc`bch{gfd }bax{gh ecnapglu

[nc Bgig{a{glfx l` {nc }bax{gh {ncluw auc {na{ }bafc xch{glf axxsick {l uciagf }bafc" afk ucxgksab

afk blhab x{ucxx hlfhcf{ua{glfx lu fcdbch{ck L{ncu gi}lu{af{ hlfxgkcua{glfx gf cpabsa{gfd }bax{gh

x{ucfd{n hug{cuga auc ia{cugab }ul}cu{gcx "c``ch{x l` xncau "afk a~gab blakx" blhab afk ba{cuab

eshjbgfd "c``ch{ l` cfhaxcicf{ "c``ch{ l` uc}ca{ck blakx "afk {nc }lxxgegbg{w l` eug{{bc ùah{suc

Blak Hliegfa{glf ?

[nc ucqsguck x{ucfd{n gx kc`gfck gf {nc AGXH BU@K X}chg`gha{glf ax {nc ia~gisi .aexlbs{c

pabsc' `luhc le{agfck ùli {nc `lbbltgfd blak hliegfa{glfx

1;K

15K * 10B*=3.Bu lu X lu U '

15K *10 .Bu lu X lu U '* .=3B lu => T'

15K *18T *=3B *=3.Bu lu X lu U '

15K *13C*.=3B lu =5X'

=7K).18T lu 13C'

Tncuc

K 9 kcak blak

B 9 bgpc blak

Bu 9 ull` bg`c blak

X 9 xflt blak

U 9 uagf blak

C 9 cau{n qsghj blak

T 9 tgfk blak


30/33

Kg``cucfhc Ec{tccf }bax{gh kcxgdf }ulhcksuc afk abbltaebc x{ucxx ic{nlk?

[nc }bax{gh kcxgdf }ulhcksuc kg``cux `uli hlfpcf{glfab abbltaebc x{ucxx ic{nlk gf {nucc

gi}lu{af{ ucx}ch{x?

.a' Sb{gia{c blakx auc sxck gfx{cak l` xcupghc blakx

.e' @luhcx afk {nc ilicf{x gf {nc iciecux xseoch{ck {l sb{gia{c blakx auc kc{cuigfck lf" iluc

ucabgx{gh eaxgx l` gfhbskgfd cbax{gh ah{glf"

.h'[nc iciecux auc xl }ul}lu{glfck {na{ {ncgu sb{gia{c x{ucfd{n c~hcckx lu a{ bcax{ cqsabx" {nc

`luhc afk ilicf{x }ulkshc ew {nc sb{gia{c blakx&

Ah{sab px Sb{gia{c X{ucfd{n

[nc `gux{ kg``cucfhc ec{tccf AXK afk BU@K" ngx{lughabbw" nax eccf {na{ {nc lbk Abbltaebc X{ucxxKcxgdf hli}auck ah{sab afk abbltaebc x{ucxxcx tngbc BU@K hli}aucx ucqsguck x{ucfd{n {l ah{sab

x{ucfd{nx [nc kg``cucfhc ec{tccf blljgfd a{ x{ucfd{nx px x{ucxxcx klcx fl{ }ucxcf{ ishn l` a

}ulebci xgfhc {nc kg``cucfhc gx fluiabbw osx{ isb{g}bwgfd lu kgpgkgfd el{n xgkcx l` {nc bgig{ x{a{cgfcqsabg{gcx ew a xch{glf }ul}cu{w" kc}cfkgfd lf tnghn taw wls auc dlgfd Gf `ah{" {nc fct

AGXH Abbltaebc X{ucfd{n Kcxgdf .AXK'" tnghn uc}bahcx {nc lbk abbltaebc x{ucxx kcxgdf" nax

flt xtg{hnck {nc lbk x{ucxx eaxck {cuigflbldw {l a x{ucfd{n eaxck {cuigflbldw" pgu{sabbw

cbgigfa{gfd {ngx kg``cucfhc ec{tccf {nc }ngblxl}ngcx

@gdsuc KH31 gbbsx{ua{cx {nc iciecu x{ucfd{n bcpcbx hli}s{ck ew {nc {tl ic{nlkx lf a {w}ghab

igbk x{ccb blak px kc`luia{glf kgaduai [nc hliegfck `luhc bcpcbx .]a" Ia" Pa' `lu AXK auc{w}ghabbw jc}{ ecblt {nc wgcbk blak `lu {nc iciecu ew hli}s{gfd iciecu blak ha}ahg{w ax {nc

fligfab x{ucfd{n" Uf" kgpgkck ew a " {na{ uckshcx {nc ha}ahg{w {l a }lgf{ ecblt

wgcbkgfd @lu BU@K" {nc hliegfck `luhc bcpcbx .]s" Is" Ps' auc jc}{ ecblt a hli}s{ck iciecu

blak ha}ahg{w {na{ gx {nc }ulksh{ l` {nc fligfab x{ucfd{n" Uf" {gicx a

@gdsuc 1Hli}augxlf l` BU@K,AXK Ha}ahg{gcxLf a Blak px Kgx}bahcicf{ Kgaduai

Uf

f 9 BU@K Ha}ahg{wUf 9 Fligfab Ha}ahg{w


31/33

Tncf hlfxgkcugfd iciecu x{ucfd{nx" tc abtawx taf{ {l jcc} lsu `gfab kcxgdf$x ah{sab blakx

ecblt wgcbkgfd xl ax {l }ucpcf{ }cuiafcf{ kc`luia{glfx gf lsu x{ush{suc Hlfxcqscf{bw" g` {ncBU@K a}}ulahn gx sxck" {ncf blak `ah{lux duca{cu {naf 1= isx{ ec a}}bgck {l {nc a}}bgck blakx {l

c~}ucxx {nci gf {cuix {na{ auc xa`cbw hli}auaebc {l {nc sb{gia{c x{ucfd{n bcpcbx [ngx gx

ahhli}bgxnck gf {nc blak hliegfa{glf cqsa{glfx {na{ hlfxgkcu {nc }uleaegbg{gcx axxlhga{ck tg{n

xgisb{afclsx lhhsuucfhc l` kg``cucf{ {w}cx l` blakx


32/33

]UAH[GHAB ( =7

Leoch{? Kcilfx{ua{glf lf GFX[C] xl`{tauc afk ]ulebci }uah{ghc gf Bae


33/33

EW=7HC84

=7hc&ebldx}l{&hli

steel structure practical by dk mamonai

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