stone ornaments used by indians in the us and canada

8/18/2019 Stone Ornaments Used by Indians in the US and Canada

1/234

S

TO

NE O

RN

AME

NT

S

USE

D BY

INDIANS

IN

T

HE

UNITED S

TATES

AND CANADA

B P : I N G

A D E S C R

I P T I O N

O F

C E R T A I N

C H A R

M S T O N E S

G O R

G E T S T

U B E S B I R D

S T O N E S

A N D

P R O B L

E M A T I C A

L

F

O R M S

B

Y

W A R R

EN K. MO

OREHEAD

A U T

H O R O F THE

AM

E R I C A N IN DI N

IN T H E U NI T E D

STATES

P E R I O D 1850-1

914; THE

ST O N E G E IN

N O R T H AM E R I C A ; ET C

WIT

H C H

P T E R S B Y

AR THUR

C. PA RKER ES

QU IRK

AN

D

PROF

ES SOR EDWA

RD .

H.

WI L

LI AMS

JR.

1917

THE

AN

DOVER PR

ESS

ANDOVER

MAS

S.


2/234

C O P Y RI

G H T

19

17

BY

W AR R

EN K. MO O

R E H EA

D

TAK

EN

FROM

PLAT

E

10

JO

URN.

A

CAD.

NA

T. SCI.

P

HILA

. 2

nd SE

R. VOL. XVI

Kindne

ss of larenc e

B M

oort Liq

FIG .

1. S .

1-1.) Pro

blemat

ical

forms found

'by Mr. M

oore

with bu ria

ls

at Indian

Knoll,

Kent

ucky.

S

ee

pa g

e 2

37 ). A

,

ch

alcedon

y, skel

eton 1

63.

B , ba

nded

clay stone,

skeleto

n

16

1.

C , gra

nite

skel

eton 1

15. D

Silic

ous

rock

,

skeleton

67 .


3/234

TA

BLE OF

CON

TENTS

CHAPTER

IV .

V.

VI .

VI I

.

V

III

IX .

X

XI

XII

XIII

XI V .

XV.

XVI .

XVII

XVIII

XIX

XX

XXI

XXII

X

XIII

XXIV.

X

XV .

XX

VI .

XXVII

XXVIII

XXIX

XX

X

XXX

I

XXXII

XXXI

II

FO R E

W O R D

A N D

A CK

N O W L E D G M

EN TS

TH E NEED

O F S T

U D Y O F ORNAM

ENTAL

A N D PROBL

EMATICAL

F O R M S

How

THIS V O LU ME

WAS

PR EPARED

TH

E

CL A

SSIFICATIO

N O F OR

NAMENTAL

-PROBLEM

ATICAL FO R

M S

MAN U FA

CTU R E

O F ORNAM

ENTAL

A N D P R O B L

E M A T I C A L

FO

RM S

TH

E

O

VATE

O R P R IMARY

O R N AMEN

TS

THE G O R G ET

S

THE

RIDG ED

N D

EX

P AN D ED G

O R G ETS

BAR-SHA

PED STON

ES. M

O A T S H A P

ED

S

TONES

T

HE

BIR

D -S TO NES

LU N ATE

F O R M S

A N D

PIC K

-SHAPED S

TONES

BIPENN

ATE O R W

IN GED STONES

BIL

U N ATE F

O R M S

TUBES

SPATI-LA

TE FORM

S

PLUM

MET-SHAPE

D STONES

PR

OBLEMATI

C AL POLISHE

D SLATE

IMP LEMEN

TS

A N D

AL

LIED FOR

MS

FR O M

N

EW Y O R K

STATE

CU

LTU RE IN

NE W

Y O R K

Co

ntinued)

BIR

D-SHAPED

STONES

BAR-SHAP

ED STONE

S

A N D

GO RG

ETS

FR O

M N E W

YO R

K

GEN

IC ULATE F O R M S

M O U N D

F IN DS

THE U

SE O

F

O

RNAMENTS

B Y

THE

AMERICAN

INDIAN

RE M

ARKS

U P O N THE

M APS

A N D OU T

LINES

GENER

AL TABL

ES

SH

O W IN G

DI STRIB

UTION O F O R N A

M ENTAL-PR

OBLEMATI

CAL

S O M E SPEC IAL

TABLES

TH

E

QU ESTIO

N

OF

PA

TINA

O R AG

E

SPECIAL

COLLECT

IONS

D R .

G.

B. GO R D

ON

O N

TH

E BANN ER-

STONE

U N IQ UE

FO B

MS

A N D

F R

AUDULEN T

SPECIM E

NS

G ENER

AL

R

EMAR K S

A

N D

OBSE

RVATIONS

CO N CLU S

IONS.

TH E DI S

TRIBUTION

OF FOR

MS

A N D THE THEO RY

TH

AT THEY

SPREAD

F

R O M A

CE

NTRAL A

REA

CO N CLU S

IONS

continue

d). SUGGESTIO

NS

A S T O W H

Y

O

RXAMEXTA

L-

PROBL

EMATICAL S

TONES AR

E IN

A

RE ST

RICTED A

REA

CO N CLU S

IONS

continue

d).

AU TH

O R 'S THEO

RY

A S

TO WIN G ED STOKES

B

I B L I O G R PH

Y

IND

EX.

PAGE

9

16

22

28

35

46

5

5

G

fi

71

81

10 0

11 0

124

13 0

HO

157

17

0

179

19 0

8

26

230

2 4 . 6

26 2

270

33 3

3

38

350

367

38 2

39 2

39 9

40 8

421

427

44 4


4/234

FO

REW

OR

D A

ND

ACK

NOW

LE

DGM

EN

TS

T

he

st

udy

attem

pted

i

n

the

fol

lowin

g pa

ges h

as

b

een suffi

cient

ly

ex

plain

ed else

wher

e a

nd

it is sca

rcely

nec

essar

y to m

ake

any

p

refat

ory

r

emar

ks. T

he

aut

hor h

as spen

t his

spa

re ti

me

for m a

ny y

ears i

n

the st

udy

of

the u

nkno

wn o

r prob

lema

tical

fo

rms

m

ade a

nd use

d

by pre

histo

ric m

an

and

this

volume is of

fered

as a

resul

t

of

su

ch la

bors

.

That

it c

anno

t

be

com

plete

a

nd m

ay q

uite l

ikely

not

b

e

e

ntire

ly a

ccept

ed by

other

o

bser

vers

goes

w

itho

ut say

ing. Th

e

stu

dy of

prehi

stori

c a

rchae

olog

y

in

the TJ

nited

State

s is be

set by

man

y dif

ficult

ies

and

the

re are ce

rtain

p

roble

ms whi

ch do

not

ap

|iear in

o

ther c

ount

ries. T

he

aut

hor beg

s

the

indu

lgen

ce of

his

rea

ders.

E

very

thing

con

sider

ed

th

e rela

tion

of orn

ame

ntal

sto

nes to

the

eve

ryda

y

life of

th

e Ind

ian i

s

a c

omp

lex

subj

ect

and

o

ne w

hich

m

ay be

a

ppro

ache

d f

rom ma

ny an

gles

.

Den

ied

the

hear

ty co

-ope

ration

of

the ma

ny

indiv

idua

ls and

i

nstit

u

tio

ns

than

ked in

the

fo

llow

ing pa

ges

s

uch a bo

ok w

ould

b

e

i

mpos

sible

. t

has

been

diff

icult

to

dete

rmin

e

h

ow

m

uch o

f th

e

m

ateri

al pr

epar

ed b

y othe

rs

sho

uld be

i

nclud

ed. T

he

spa

ce be

twee

n th

e

c

overs

o

f

sever

al

v

olum

es

mig

ht

be w

ell

emp

loyed

in

pr

esent

ing

the

weal

th o

f

m

ate

rial s

ubm

itted.

t

s qu

ite po

ssib

le

for one

to

w

rite

a

n en

tire

volu

me on

any

on

e of th

e

thirt

y-

six

t

ypes

and

th

eir var

iation

s.

am esp

ecial

ly i

ndeb

ted

to A

rthu

r C.

Par

ker, Esq

.

for pr

epari

ng

the

chapters upon

the

ornamental-problematical stones found

in

the State

of

N

ew Y

ork an

d a

lso t

o P

rofes

sor Edw

ard

I

I.

W

illiam

s

Jr.,

and

Pro

fesso

r

B

enjam

in

L. Mill

er fo

r

thei

r care

ful a

nalys

is and

p

ains

takin

g stud

y of

the

prob

lem

of

patin

a and

we

athe

ring.

Cl

aren

ce B.

Mo

ore E

sq.

has

my

th

anks

for

send

ing t

he adv

ance

s

heets

o

f his

v

olum

e S

ome

Abo

rigin

al

S

ites

on

re en

Ri

ver Ke

ntuc

ky

and

p

erm

ission

to

use

cer

tain

figur

es i

n

two

of

h

is

c

olore

d

plate

s. P

rofe

ssor

Ha

rlan I. S

mith

o

f t

he M

useu

m of

the

Geo

logic

al S

urve

y Otta

wa

Can

ada

and h

is as

sista

nt

Mr. W

. J.

Wi

ntem

-

berg m

ade

for me

one hun

dred

or

m

ore ou

tline

s o

f the

ty

pes

on ex

hibi

t

ion

in

the

Otta

wa M

useu

m.

am

very

grat

eful

for

a

ll

that

the

y

di

d.

Geor

ge

G.

Heye

Esq.

fo

unde

r o

f the

Muse

um

of

the A

meri

can

Indi

an,

N

ew

York

ver

y kin

dly

p

ermi

tted A

lans

on B.

Ski

nner

Esq.

to

outli

ne

mos

t of

the form

s

avai

lable

in

that

I

nstit

ution

,

a

nd

I he

rewi

th th

ank th

em.

W

illard

E

.

Yage

r Esq.

ph

otog

raphe

d m

any

of

the ob

jects

in hi

s

l

arge

and

int

erest

ing co

llecti

on

of so

uther

n New

Y

ork

and h

as m

y t

hank

s. Inad

ditio

n

to

th

ese g

entl

emen

the

re are

m

any othe

rs

to

w

hom

am in

debt

ed esp

eciall

y

Mr

. E.

P. T

Jpham

of

th

e Smit

hsoni

an In

stitu

tion

; Dr. G

eorg

e B

. Gordon

Univers

ity o

f Pen

nsylv

ania

M

useum

; L

.

W

. Je

nkin

s Esq

. Pe

abod

y M

use

um

of Sal

em

Mas

sach

usett

s;

Cha

rles E.

B

rown

C

urat

or of

the Wi

scons

in


5/234

S

T

) N

E O

R N

A

M

K

N

T S

Historical Society; American

Museum

of Natural History; Miss

H.

New

ell

Wa

rdle Academy

of Natu

ral

Scienc

es Philadelphia;

C. C.

W

illoughby Esq.

Director

of th

e

Peabody

Museum Harv

ard

Uni

versity

Cambr

idge Ma

ssa

chu

setts; Dr.

A. G.

Rogers

Pa

rker Indiana; H. E. Buck Esq.

Delaware

Ohio; C

hristopher

W

ren Curator

of the

W

yoming

Historical Society

Wilkesbarre Pennsylvania; Paul

S. Too

ker

Westfield New

Jersey;

H. E.

Cole Baraboo

Wiscon

sin. Pro

fessor W. O. Emery of W

ashington

has

accumul

ated

a

large collection d

uring the

past thirty

years and wrote

me a

description together w

ith

s

ome observati

ons

o

n weathering and patina.

Professor

\V.

C

Mills

of the Ohio State Archa

eological and

Historical Soc

iety

and the Oh

io State University

Museum also enumera

ted all of the obje

cts

in

tha

t

large collection

and took photographs

of many. There were

many

others who should be th

anked ind

ividually but space forbids

mentioning

in

detail the kind assistan

ce rendered by each one

.

I therefore

present

the following list and desire

to thank

all

of

the

m most sincerely.

Addi

s

Albert

L. Albion Indian

a

Akeroyd W.

J.

R.

Dresden

Oh

io

Alexander

W.

M

.

L

ouisville. New

Y

ork

Aldridg

e

D

.

M.

Vestal New York

Amos

Ira

B. Bushn

ell Illinois

And

erson

A.

E. Browns

ville

Tex

as

Anderson Rev. Josep

h Wate

rbury

Connecticut

Arthur John J. Topeka Kansas

Auringe

r

O. A., Glens

Falls New Yo

rk

Baatz C. L.

M

assillon

Ohio

Baer

John

L.

Delta Pennsylvania

Bailey Erskine

E. Little

Rapids Wisconsin

Ball

ard E. R

.

Winona

Mississippi

Banser W.

H. Honeoye Falls N. Y.

B

arbour Erwin

H.

Univer

sity of

Nebraska Lincoln Ne

braska

B

arrett

S A.

C

urator

Public

Museum

of

City

of

Milwaukee Wiscon

sin

Bartlett

Dr. W. E.

Bel

le Plaine Kansas

Bate

s A

lbert

C. Connecticut

Historical

Society Hartford Connecticut

Be

asley B. Montgomery Alabama

Beauchamp Rev.

William Syracuse New York

Beesen

L.

H. Niles Michig

an

Ballamy

N. R.

Wellsv

ille New York

Beloit College, Be

loit Wisconsin

Bisel W

illard Cha

rlotte

Michig

an

Bishop Townse

nd L.

P

ortlandville N

ew

Y

ork

Blackie Rev. Wi

lliam

R. N

ew

Y

ork City

Bodfish W.

P. New York

City

Bosworth Will

iam L. Amenia New York

Boas Franz Departme

nt

of A

nthropology Colum

bia

Un

iversity New York

Braecklein

J. J. Kansa

s City

Miss

ouri

Braun H.

M. East

St. Louis Illinois

Branegan Jam

es

A.,

Millbourne Phi

ladelphia

Pennsylvania

Brannon Peter A. Mon

tgomery Alabama

KNOWLEDGM

ENTS

1

1

Brewster Dan

iel O. Assistant

Curator Ma

ssachusetts

Normal

Art School

,

Bos

ton.

Massachusetts

Brooking

A.

M.

C

urator

Mus

eum Has

tings

College

Inland Nebraska

Broughton

C.

G

. Mar

blehead Massachusetts

Brown Lovell

Piqua

Ohio

Br

own

M

onroe

N.

Hershey

Pennsylva

nia

Bryan

W. E.

Elmir

a New York

Buck H. E. Delaware

Ohio

Buck

Solon J. Minn

esota

Historical

Society St.

Paul

Minne

sota

Buell

Ira

M.

Curator

Logan Museum B

eloit Wisconsin

Buffalo

Society

o

f Natura

l Sciences

Burkett

H.

F. Findla

y

Ohio

Bu

rroughs Clyde II.

Detroit Museum of Art

Detroit Michigan

Cairns

George C

entralia

Ill

inois

Camp Mrs. Marth

a

C. Beebe

Arkansas

Carpenter Wa

lter

S., New

London

O

hio

Carter Dr.

A

lbert Murphysboro

Illinois

Carter

John H.

Milton

Pe

nnsylvania

Case

L. V.,

Tarry

town New

York

Cawley

James

S.,

Somerville

N

ew

Jersey

C

hambers Sprague M.

Plainwell Michigan

Chandler George

P. Knox

ville Tennessee

C

hapman

W.

R.

Re

mington Virgin

ia

Clark

T. C. Brilliant Ohio

Clendenin W.

F. Spar

ta Illinois

Cobb B.

F.

Jr.

Atlanta Georgia

Coffin, C.

C. Bridgeport Connec

ticut

Cole,

H.

E. Ba

raboo Wisco

nsin

Coleman

Fred E. Pasadena

California

Co

leman G. P. Williamsbu

rg Virginia

Collie, Prof. G.

L. Beloit College, B

eloit Wisconsin

Cot

tlow Dr. B. A. Oregon

Illinois

Craig

T. F. Velpen Indiana

Cressey J.

N.

Harpursvi

lle New York

Cromley

C.

E. Williams

port

Penns

ylvania

Croz

ier

Arc

hibald Wihnington Delawa

re

Cummins

Dr.

Wycoff

Belvidere New Jersey

Davis R.

N. Cur

ator

Everhar

t

M

useum Scranton Pennsylvan

ia

Dauph

in County

Histor

ical Society

Davis

Willard H

. Lowell,

Ohio

Dean

F. C. R

ipley New York

Deisher H.

K. Kutztown Pe

nnsylvania

Dewey

Alvin H. Rochester N

ew York

Dodge R. E.

Santa Cruz California

Donehoo

Geo

rge

P.

Couders

port Pennsylvania

Edinger Josep

h Hillsdale Mich

igan

Elchert Albinu

s

A.

New Riegel

Ohio

Em

erson Ralph W. Bridgeto

n New Jersey

Esselborn Paul

Portsmouth

Ohio

Falge Dr. Loui

s

Ma

nitowoc Wisconsi

n

Felton Do

n Reid Muncie

Indiana

Fento

n

W

.

T

. Conewango Valle

y

New York


6/234

STON

E OR

N MEN

TS

C

KNOWL

EDGME

NTS

i

Figgins, J

. D., Colorad

o Museu

m of Natural

History, Denver,

Colorado

Fing

er, Frank,

Marissa, Illinois

Fish, F.

S.,

Farrell,

Pennsylvan

ia

Fle

tcher,

Emily, We

stford, Massachuse

tts

F

loor,

Dr

. J.

M.,

Pete

rsburg,

Ohi

o

Forney

,

J.

M., Birds Run,

O

hio

Fox,

Georg

e

R

.,

Cura

tor M

useum

N

ebraska St

ate H

istorical Society

Francis, C. E., E

lkhart, Indi

ana

Gabriel, Fred

C., South

Bend, India

na

Gage, D.

S.,

Westminster

College,

Fulton,

Missouri

Ga

ge,

George S. Lawrenc

e,

Ma

ssachusetts

G

earhart, Re

v. E.

M.,

In

diana, Pennsy

lvania

Ge

rend,

A., Cato, Wisconsin

Gibbs, H. N.,

West

Barrington

,

Rhode

Island

Gifford, E. W.,

Museum of

Anthropology

, Unive

rsity of Californ

ia, Berkeley,

Californi

a

Gill, M

rs.

M

ary W.,

Washington

,

D

istrict o

f

C

olumbia

Gillil

and, Dr.

A. B., Phil

adelphia, Pennsylvania

G

ilmore,

E.

L.,

Curator,

Maine Historical

Societ

y,

Po

rtland, Maine

Gimbi,

A. W., McAdoo

,

P

ennsylvania

Gl

enk,

R

obert, Cura

tor,

Louisiana State

Museum, Ne

w Orleans,

Louisiana

Godfrey, Fred

M., O

ldtown, Maine

Goldsb

orough, E.

Ralston

, Frederick, Marylan

d

Graves, Dr. E. E.,

Pen

acook, New Hampsh

ire

G

ray,

Willia

m

H., C

olumbus, Ge

orgia

Haberer,

C.

H.,

Dunno

n,

Kentu

cky

Hall,

F. S.

Curat

or, Stat

e Museum

, Univers

ity of Washingto

n, Seattle

,

Washingto

n

H

all, Inez, Meadv

ille,

P

ennsylvania

Harlan, E.

R.,

Curator, Historical Department

of

Iowa, Des Moin

es, Iow

a

H

arrington, J

. P.,

School

of Am

erican Archaeo

logy, M

useum

of

N

ew

M

exico,

Santa Fc

,

N

ew Mexico

Harris

,

Cha

rles

S.,

B

ardolph, 11 1.

Harris,

L. )., Le

banon,

Ohio

Hassler, E.

F.,

Byrdsto

wn, Tennessee

Haye

s, Oscar W., Al

lerton, 11 1.

Hea

cock, E.

G., Bethlehem

,

Pennsy

lvania

Henderso

n,

Junius

,

University

of

Colo

rado, Bou

lder, Colorado

Hepp,

Charles E., Bo

oriville , Indi

ana

Herman

n, R., Dubuq

ue,

Iowa

Hess, Ashe

r

L

., Ph

iladelphia, Pennsylvan

ia

Hewett, E

dgar L.,

Sch

ool of American Arc

haeology,

Museum

of

N

ew Mexico,

Santa

Fe, New Mexico

Hill,

Marshall G., Aft

ori, New

York

Hill

, ).

C.,

Waterbu

ry, Connecticu

t

H

ills, P.,

Delaware,

Ohio

Hills,

Leslie W., Fort

Wayne,

Ind

iana

Hine, Charles

A., Akron,

Ohio

Hole, Alien

D.,

Curator,

Departme

nt

of

Geology,

Earlham

College,

Richmond,

Indiana

H

olmes,

W. A., Chicago, Il

linois

Hop

e, C., Sedalia, M

issouri

Hos

tetter, Karl

M., M

inerva, O

hio

How

larid, H

.

R., B

uffalo So

ciety

of

Nat

ural Sc iences,

B

uffalo, New

York

Hughes, F.

M., Lakev

ille, Oh io

H

urlbutt,

H.

S. Libertyvi

lle, Illinois

Hump

hreys, J.

A.

,

Bir

mingham,

Alabama

Jack

son, Charles, Jetmore

,

Kansas

Jackson, J. W.,

Belchertow

n,

Mas

sachusetts

Johnson

, H. L., Clarksv

ille, Tenness

ee

Ke

nnedy, W

.

H.,

Losantville

,

Ind

iana

Keniston,

J.

A.,

Ne

wburyport, M

assachusetts

Kimball, H.

J.,

Richmond, Illinois

Kobert,

Charles,

Lebanon,

Kentuc

ky

Kroeber, A.

L., Departme

nt o

f

Anth

ropology,

University

of

Ca

lifornia, C

alifornia

Laid

acker, J. G., Mocanaq

ua, Pennsy

lvania

La

idlaw, G. E., Th

e Fort

Ranch, Vict

oria

Road

,

Ontario, Canada

Lang,

Percy, Waverl

y,

N

ew York

Lang

e,

W

illiam F., Harp

ursville,

New Yo

rk

Langridge, Cly

de, Albion,

Michigan

Lawson, B.

H., Matto

on, Illinois

Lea

ch, R., K

ansasville, Wisconsi

n

Lenz, Char

les, Cuero,

Texas

Lett,

R. C., Winnipe

g, Manitoba

Lewis,

J

. B., Petalu

ma, C

alifornia

Lew

is,

Walter P

., P

hillipsburg, New

Jersey

Little, Ge

orge,

Xenia, Oh io

Link,

H

.

A., Waterloo, Ind

iana

Loeb,

Julius, Oakl

and, Californi

a

Love

joy, J. R.,

Schenecta

dy,

N

ew Yo

rk

L

owe, Frank

H

., Chicago,

Illinois

Lowe,

F.

H

.,

Por

t

Byron, New

York

Lowe, William A.,

Massillon, Ohio

Ma

cCurdy,

Dr.

George A., Yale

University,

New Hav

en, Connectic

ut

M

acLellan,

C.

B.,

New Haven,

Conne

cticut

MacM

urray,

Mrs. II.

V. A., Washin

gton, District

of Columb

ia

Man

ktelow, Charles W

., Cadillac,

Michigan

Ma

rtin,

Du

dley, A.

, Dubo

istown, Pennsylvan

ia

Marye

,

William

,

U

pper

Falls, Maryland

Match

ett, W

.

F.,

Pierceton,

Indian

a

Mathi

s,

C. A.,

G

reenwood, Nebra

ska

Matta

tuck Histo

rical S

ociety, Waterbur

y,

Connecticut

Matt

ern,

J

. E., W

est

R

ush, Ne

w York

McCauliss,

N. C.,

Rockvil

le, Indiana

Mclntosh,

H. T.,

Albany, Georgia

Mclnt

osh, William

,

C

urator, N

atural History

Society

of New Brun

swick, St.

John

,

New

Brunswick

M

cLain, J.

E

., Blu

ffton, Indiana

McQuiston,

H.

A., Camd

en,

O

hio

McQuown

, S. B.,

Monmouth,

Illinois

Me

rkel,

Jo

hn, Bel

levue, I

owa

Metzger,

J. F.

, Bridg

eport, Conn

ecticut

Miller, Raymo

nd E.,

Worcester,

Massa

chusetts

Mitchell, I.

McGirk, St. Louis,

Missouri

Moore, Cla

rence B.,

Philadelphi

a,

Pennsyl

vania


7/234

14

S

TO

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OR

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svil

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isco

nsin

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ont

gom

ery

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ry

To

ront

o C

ana

da

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rris

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ome

rvil

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w

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sey

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or

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liam

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ichi

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rs

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enn

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ia

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ana

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lpley

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M

. St

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k

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inso

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illi

am

Fo

unt

aint

own

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ian

a

Wi

se B

.

E. J

ones

ville

M

ichi

gan

Wis

con

sin St

ate

H

isto

rica

l Soci

ety M

ad

ison

W

isc

ons

in

W

iss

ler

Dr

.

Cl

ark

A

mer

ican

Mu

seum

of Na

tura

l

His

tory

New

Y

ork

Wo

od

Ke

nne

th P

. Wy

nco

te

Pe

nns

ylva

nia

Wren

Christopher Plymouth Pennsylvania

Wy

omi

ng

H

istor

ical

S

ocie

ty W

ilk

esba

rre

P

enn

syl

vani

a

Z

ubk

e

He

rma

n Th

iens

ville

W

isc

ons

in

Zu

mst

ein

J. H

.

Ro

ck

Isla

nd Tex

as


8/234

CHAPTER I. THE NEED OF

STUDY

OF

ORNAM

ENTAL

AND

PROB

LEMATICAL FORMS

Scattered throughout the

United States and

Canada

are

many peculiar

ornamental and problematical forms in

stone made and used

by

ou

r

aborigines. Because

students

of

American Indian life

have

b

een unable

to

interpret the

uses to which these were

put,

and

further

on

account

of

the

apparent

value

a

ttached

to

such objec

ts by the

nat

ive Americans, they

have been the

subject

of

much

speculation. In

most

cases

these stone

ornaments, charms, amu

lets and unknown

f

orms are wrough

t

from

st

ones

more or

less brightly

color

ed,

banded or

sus

ceptible

of

a high polish. In

this respect the contrast

between the orna

mental

class

and the utility or

service

tools of everyd

ay

life is

quite marked.

Notwithstanding

the wide

spread

distribution of this

clas

s of stone

artifacts and although

there have

been numerous brief references

to them,

yet

no one

has devoted a volume

to

their

study, description

and

classification,

that is

to

all of

them.

As the

ornamental and problem

atical class occur

in

considerable

numbers with bu

rials,

in

mounds and graves,

and

since they

frequently

are found unassociated with more

ordinary forms

of

Indian tools, they

ha

ve

come

to

be

regarded

as

represe

nting

the

higher

level

of stone age art.

Stone age man in the

United State

s

and

Canada

possessed no

metal,

that is although he used copper, he tre

ated it

as

a malleable stone, a

nd

was

there

fore

dif

ferent

fro

m

other

pr

imitive nations, who had discovered the

use of metal. An

effigy

pipe sculptured in high relief, or

the artistic pottery

found in the cliff houses of the

Southwest may be said to

represent

t

he

culmina

tion

of

stone

age

art. Outside of th

ese

two

div

isions of prehistori

c

artifac

ts,

the pr

oblematical

forms

, orname

ntal

a

nd charm

stone

s should

be pl

aced

as

representing

the highest attainment of art in stone on the

part

of our aborigines.

In certain sections of

the United States and

C

anada,

the

Indian

had reached an

advanced plane

in

the neolithic

culture, and it

would

have

been

but a

step

to

tha

t higher plane the use of m

etal.

In the

large

m

useums

there

are

hundreds

of

pendants, charm stones,

ornaments,

and many

polish

ed stones labeled ceremonials ,

banner-

stones, which

are the re

sult

of

accumulation of years.

Most

of

them

were

found on the surfac

e of camp sites and ot

hers have

been

taken from various

mounds and graves. It

is

no reflec

tion on the c

urators

of museum

s to say

th

at in

their

present state, these

many objects are of little use

to

anyone

.

Certainly

their

educational value is

practically nil.

Al

l of

which

is due

to

the fact that

w have devoted our time

to

the accum

ulation

o

f material

and the massing

of

field observations.

I

do not mean this as a

blanket

statement. It

refers

merely to the class of obj

ects under consideration in

THE

NEE O STU Y

this

volume.

The studen

ts

of the

Indian

languag

es, have done

their

part

.

If w

had

as

careful

and detailed

w

ork upon the

artifacts,

as is evin

ced in

the

publications of Boas, Hodge, Dixo

n, Kroeber, Hr

dlicka,

Pilling

,

Mooney,

Mallery, and many more in

other

divisions

of American anthro

p

ology, the future

consideration of the orna

mental-problematical forms

would be

absolutely unnecessary. We need

the same careful ex

amination

of stone

and analysis of stone objects as the g

entlemen

I

have named a

nd

others have given

to

lan

guage and ethnology.

The compilation of

the

work

treating

of

the

use

of

stone ornaments,

and

pro

blematical

form

s among

the

American

Indians in the United

States

is a difficult ta

sk.

The author

of

this

volume has a

lways been

interested

in

the various

unknown forms

presented

in

the following pages.

The very fa

ct

that

w

know very little concerning

them

seems

to

add, rath

er than detract from

the

interest that

one

has in them.

Most readers will agree that Professor

^Yillialn H. Holmes is the dean

of American archaeology.

Professor Holmes has d

evoted

th

e best years

of a long,

arduous and busy life

to

a study

of Indian problems

and

p

arti

cularly

artifacts. Yet Professor Holmes himself

has

coined

for the

greater

number of thes

e

polished st

ones the ter

m

Problematical

forms .

P

rofessor

Ho

lmes hesi

tated to

solve

the mystery connected with

the

origin,

develo

pment and

use of

this extensive class of

stone artifacts.

It

might

seem

presum

ptuous

for

anyone other than he

to undertake this

work.

Howe

ver,

some

one

must

make a

beginning- although

such

beginning be

fraught

with

uncertainty

and beset by difficulties.

It is

quite probable

that years from

no

w, when the

entire field

of

Indian

knowledge has be

en

covered, some

one will

do

for the

prehistoric American w

hat Francis

Parkman did for

the Indians of the colonial period.

In the meantime,

although all of us are groping

more

or less in the

dark,

in view

of the

activities of our museums,

institutions, historians and collectors, it seems

to

me

that

w have

sufficient

material

available

to warrantus

in

beginning

what might be te

rmed

a

primary

discussion

of

this

sub

ject.

There are in the United

States and Canada to-day, a large

number

of

public and private muse

ums, educational and

historical associations,

as

well

as

students

of archaeology, who

have

in

their possession large

numbers

of

artifacts illustrat

ing

the life of

the primitive American.

The extent

of

these exhibition

s and

the

grand total of objects d

isplayed and stored is

surprisingly large,

and it is

only

afte

r

one

has inspected

them that

th

e

rea

lization

of

their extent

and

i

mportance

comes

home

in

the fullest sense.

It is self-evident that

this increasing mat

erial, and the ever-extending field

of researches should be of real benefit

and value

to

m

ankind. In

brief

,

these

accumulations il

lustrating primitive culture are a part of our American


9/234

Fie

.

2 .

S

. 1

-3) Sp

ade an

d Shi el

d-shap

ed G

org e

ts.

M

ateri

als

Sla

te.

Loca

lities:

Ohio, I

ndian

a an

d Wisc

onsin

.

Philli

ps Ac

adem

y

co

llecti

on.

OV A

TE

FO

RMS

.

C

ON C

AV E

, S

TRAI

GHT

A

ND C

ONV

EX SI

DES

Lo

caliti

es: In

dian

a a

nd Oh

io

FIG

.

3.

S. 1-1 t

o 1-

2.) Ph

illips

Aca

demy

collec

tion.

Th

e

o

rdinar

y flat

ta

blet w

ith c

oncav

e

si

des am

i round

ed

ends.

I have

fou

nd se

veral

of thes

e on th

e ch

ests an

d arm

s o

f ske

letons

.

T

he

low

er spe

cimen

pr

esent

s a

pe

culia

rity

noted

in

a

n

umbe

r o

f simila

r obj

ects

in t

he Peabo

dy M

u

seum,

Camb

ridge

. Ther

e

is a po

lished

groo

ve b

etwee

n the tw

o pe

rforat

ions.

Ther

e are

four

or

five sp

ecime

ns, all

from

the sa

me lo

cality

in

M

aine,

on exh

ibitio

n in t

he Pea

body

Mu

seum

wh

ich

prese

nt this

pec

uliari

ty. T

he

groo

ve is

worn

sm

ooth

and

ap

paren

tly th

e poli

sh is

the resul

t

of

the

rub

bing

bac

k a

nd forth

of

the tho

ngs w

ith

whic

h this

speci

men

was fas

tened

. To

what

it

was

fas

tened

I am

unab

le

to

s

tate.

The

uppe

r

specim

en exhi

bits thr

ee

perfo

ration

s.


10/234

20

STONE

O

RN MEN

TS

educati

onal scheme.

Like

other

division

s of

education the

se

should

be p

ut

to

the greatest poss

ible use

. This app

lies

no

t

onl

y to

the

spe

cimens the

m

selves, but

equally

so to the great a

ccumulation

of scientific

data of all

kind

s,

w

hich is con

tinually augm

ented. The

mere compiling

of facts a

nd

the accumula

tion

o

f specimens ser

ve no

real purpose

to

mankind.

There

f

ore, I hav

e set myself to th

is rath

er

impos

ing

task in the belief

that the

work shoul

d be begun.

It

further seems

to me t

hat

an att

empt

at inter

pretatio

n

should be

made,

and

that

such

is

infinitely preferable

to

no

int

erpretation at all.

Readers

will

find

in the

bib

liography

at the

en

d of this book

,

re

ferences

to

al

l for

ms

of

ornamental-p

roblematical ston

es. It w

as th

ought

b

est to

inclu

de

al

l the

r

eferences

there, r

ather than

in

serting them

as footnotes

to

ac

company

the

text.

FIG.

4. S. 1-1.) Perforated

pebbles from

near

Menard

mound, Arkan

sas County, Arka

nsas. The simp

lest form

of

orn

ament.

Collection o

f

C.

B. Moore, Philadelphia,

Pennsy

lvania

FJG

4A

tS

. 1-1.)

An

obje

ct

of jade,

which was found

on a

village-site

on

the b

anks of the

Miami River, Miam

i County,

Ohio. t

i

s in the co

llection of

J. A. Rayner

OVATE PENDAN

TS,

PRIMARY FORM

These sh

ould precede other

figures in the

Classification.

GORGET

S. LEAF-SHAPED

,

S

HIELD-SHAPED

, AND RECT

ANGULAR

Localit

ies: Ohi

o

Arizo

na.

M

aterials: Banded

slate, sandstone,

black slate, m

ica schist.

FIG. 5 S. 1-2.) Pendants

and

shield forms top). I

n

the c

entre is a

small pendant

perforated

for suspension

.

The thre

e sp

ecimens at the

b

ottom

of the figur

e

represent

the

squared

pendant

and

oval

pendant. The latter has

been groo

ved for suspension. t

was

proba

bly a differe

nt form originall

y,

jud

ging from the p

erforations, and w

as later change

d

to the

pendant for

m.

P

hillips Academ

y collection.


11/234

CHA

PTE

R

I

I.

HO

W

TH

IS

VO

LUM

E W

AS

PR

EPA

RED

tm

ay

be o

f

s

ome

i

ntere

st

to

re

aders

t

o be

i

nform

ed

as to

the m

ethod

follo

wed

i

n pr

epar

ation

o

f th

is

vo

lume

.

Ev

en

as

the av

erag

e stu

den

t tur

ns to th

e ency

clop

edia

whe

n

des

iring

to

study

a given

subject and ascertains what

that

wo

rk

has

to

s

ay

so

on

e

inter

ested

in

th

e A

meric

an

Indi

an firs

t co

nsul

ts

the H

andb

ook of

th

e

Ame

rican

In

dian

. n

th

ese volu

mes

ar

e fou

nd ma

ny

brie

f

ref

erenc

es to

the

mor

e

co

mmo

n

orna

ment

al-pr

oblem

atic

al for

ms.

All t

he auth

oriti

es

or

writ

ers c

ited w

ere r

ead

and

the

net

re

sults

of the

ir

obse

rvatio

ns

tabu

lated

.

M

iss E

thel

Co

hen

fam

ilia

r w

ith r

esear

ch work

in

lib

rarie

s was a

ssign

ed

t

he t

ask of

p

repar

ing th

e b

iblio

graph

y c

over

ing al

l

re

feren

ces

to or

name

ntal-

p

roble

mati

cal for

ms.

T

his

requ

ired a

g

reat deal

of

work

in

the

Bost

on

P

ublic

Libr

ary and

th

e L

ibrar

y of

Harv

ard U

niver

sity s

ince

th

e Phil

lips

Ac

adem

y Libr

ary

did

n

ot c

ontai

n al

l th

e

bo

oks

rep

orts or

a

rticle

s to wh

ich

it w

as ne

cessa

ry

to ref

er.

The

m

akin

g of

a bib

liogr

aphy

is te

diou

s

and

requi

res

muc

h tim

e. Th

e chi

ef

tas

k lay in

the att

emp

t to s

yste

matiz

e

a

nd

grou

p a

class

of

objec

ts sca

ttere

d

thro

ugh

out

a

terri

tory o

ver thr

ee

thou

sand

k

ilome

ters e

ast

and we

st

and

t

wo

thou

sand

ki

lome

ters

nor

th

an

d so

uth.

This

nec

essita

ted

corr

espon

denc

e wi

th more

t

han

two hun

dred

p

ublic

insti

tution

s and

upw

ards

of one

thousand

private

individuals.

S

ome

thre

e tho

usan

d le

tters

wer

e

addre

ssed

to

ins

tituti

ons

and

p

rivat

e

co

llect

ors in

th

e

U

nited

State

s

a

nd C

anad

a. A

bou

t one

thou

sand

p

erson

s

repli

ed.

O

f this

num

ber a

ppro

xima

tely

half

could

give

som

e i

nform

atio

n.

A

bout

fou

r hund

red

gav

e

m

ore

or

less d

etaile

d in

form

ation

. Qu

ite a

num

ber

sent

pho

togr

aphs

and

d

rawin

gs

cove

ring hu

ndre

ds

of spec

imen

s

from

rest

ricte

d

area

s

o

r v

ariou

s port

ions

of the

cou

ntry

. In

e

ach

of

t

hese

le

tters

w

as

incl

uded

a

sh

eet o

f tw

o hun

dred

and

tw

enty-

one

out

lines

of pr

ob

lem

atica

l an

d orn

amen

tal sto

nes.

T

he re

spon

ses

were

ve

ry sat

isfac

tory

a

nd rep

rese

nted

se

ction

s of t

he Uni

ted S

tates

and

Can

ada in

wh

ich

the

se

ty

pes

and

th

eir vari

ation

s occu

r.

M

any

o

f th

e

re

plies

were

in th

e

negat

ive

a

s wa

s

exp

ected

fro

m

per

sons

livin

g

w

here

t

he orn

amen

ts

of sto

ne

do no

t

occu

r.

Man

y

ret

urned

the orig

inal

she

et of

o

utline

s ma

rking

ther

eon in

fig

ures

th

e nu

mber

s of ea

ch

form

foun

d in

the

loca

lity whe

re

the

coll

ector

re

side

d.

Th

us a

gr

eat deal

o

f valua

ble

infor

mati

on w

as coll

ected

an

d a

roug

h e

stim

ate co

mpil

ed b

y me

from

these

r

eplie

s se

ems to

in

dicat

e th

at

the

re were m

ore

of

thes

e ob

jects

in

the han

ds

of p

riva

te

co

llecto

rs

tha

n in

the

public

museums.

G

OR GE

TS

Rectan

gular

form

s expa

nding or

c

ontrac

ting

from

c

entre.

Fie.

6.

S.

2

-5.)

Denote

s

t

he

passin

g of

the

ov

al

or

namen

t into th

e

rectan

gular

clas

s and

the tab

let for

m. The

long

one to th

e left

is ra

ther

unusu

al. S

ometi

mes th

ese l

ong ornam

ents ha

ve c

oncav

e sid

es

o

r m

ay

be

s

traight

pend

ants

of unu

sual siz

e. C

ollecti

on of C.

L. flaatz

Ma

ssillpn

Oh

io.


12/234

S T

O

N E

)

R

N A M

E

N

T

S

T

he

lar

ge col

lecti

ons

ow

ned

by

the

e

igh

t o

r ten

le

adin

g

inst

ituti

ons

ca

nno

t

be s

tudi

ed s

atis

fact

oril

y,

for

the

rea

son

tha

t n

ot a

ll of

the

obje

cts

are o

n

ex

hibi

tion

.

Such

obj

ects

a

s

can

be

seen

in

th

e cas

es

are

fro

m a

ll

s

ectio

ns o

f th

e

Un

ited

Sta

tes and

Ca

nad

a lyi

ng

in t

he

"o

rnam

en

t" are

a.

In

o

rder

to

ma

ke

the

st

udy

com

ple

te, to

the

se

exh

ibit

s s

houl

d b

e ad

ded

th

e ma

ny

loca

l colle

ctio

ns

i

n var

ious

por

tion

s

of t

he U

nite

d

Sta

tes,

sc

ores

of w

hic

h

are q

uite

c

om

plet

e, a

s to

ty

pes

.

M

any

c

orre

spo

nde

nts s

ent

in

o

utlines

of

forms

not

included

in

the

sheet

of tw

o

hun

dre

d

and

twe

nty-

one

o

utlin

es.

A n

ew

sh

eet

of f

igur

es

wa

s

pre

pare

d

to

tali

ng a

bou

t four

hun

dre

d a

nd

fift

y.

Th

is

s

um

h

as sin

ce

be

en

redu

ced

to

fou

r hun

dre

d a

nd s

eve

n.

Man

y o

f the

se

are p

ract

ical

ly

the

sa

me form

bu

t

it wa

s

tho

ugh

t best

to

inc

lud

e the

m.

A

few

ar

e "f

reak

f

orm

s",

the ori

gina

ls

of w

hic

h

I hav

e n

eve

r se

en.

I

t is

ju

st

po

ssib

le

th

t

som

e o

f

th

em

m

ay

no

t be

gen

uine

,

but

th

ey a

re

no

t num

ero

us, a

nd

do

n

ot

a

ffect

the

to

tals

o

r

the ta

ble

s. E

no

ugh

mat

eria

l w

as

as

sem

bled

fro

m

a

ll

sou

rces

to give

a f

airl

y ac

cura

te

idea

of

th

e ge

ogra

phi

c d

istri

buti

on of

thes

e

typ

es am

on

g th

e

Indi

ans

. At

best

, h

owe

ver

,

th

is w

ork

mu

st be

con

sid

ered

of p

ion

eer c

har

acte

r.

Yea

rs

henc

e i

t

is

qui

te lik

ely t

hat

s

ome

ar

cha

eolo

gis

t

w

ill

aris

e and

will

be

able

to

bet

ter cl

assi

fy, g

roup

and

desc

ribe

t

hese

sto

ne

orna

me

nts.

I

n ord

er t

hat

so ex

ten

sive

an

arra

y of p

ictu

res

o

f sto

nes m

igh

t be

stud

ied

int

ellig

ent

ly,

it wa

s

nece

ssa

ry

to spre

ad o

ut

all

th

is

data

in a

l

arge

b

asem

en

t.

The

first

arr

ange

me

nt

was

g

eog

raph

ical

. Th

e a

ctua

l spe

cim

ens

se

nt

for

stu

dy,

o

r o

n e

xhi

bitio

n in

the cas

es o

f

Phi

llips

A

cad

emy

, n

um

ber

abou

t

eighteen hundred. To this

total

should

be

added s

peci

men

s

ob

serv

ed by

th

e

au

tho

r, man

y o

f w

hich

he

m

ad

e o

utli

nes

of i

n S

alem

H

artf

ord,

Cam

bri

dge

, N

ew Y

ork

, Al

bany

, Ph

ilad

elp

hia,

W

ash

ing

ton,

B

urli

ngt

on

a

nd

elsew

he

re.

Ev

ery spec

ime

n

in

the

lar

ge coll

ecti

on

of t

he

Mu

seu

m

of t

he

A

me

rica

n

Indi

an

(

Hey

e

F

oun

dati

on)

,

S

mit

hso

nian

In

stit

utio

n o

r A

mer

ican

M

us

eum

of

N

atu

ral H

isto

ry

co

uld

not

be s

tudi

ed i

n

deta

il.

T

hei

r ve

ry

num

be

rs

prec

lude

this

. Y

et t

he

au

tho

r

s

pen

t so

me

time

i

n lo

okin

g

thro

ugh

t

he ca

ses

and

sta

cks

and

sele

cted

n

um

bers

o

f

s

peci

men

s w

hic

h

the

offic

ials

k

indl

y

pe

rm

itted

to b

e ph

otog

rap

hed

.

An

yon

e fam

ilia

r wit

h t

hese

type

s

or

for

ms re

cog

nize

s th

em

at

a

gla

nce

, an

d in

the

ave

rag

e c

olle

ctio

n it

is

b

ut

nec

essa

ry

to glan

ce

thro

ugh

the ca

ses

an

d co

nfin

e o

ne's

ob

serv

atio

ns

to

the

unu

sual

,

afte

r one

has

ob

ser

ved th

e

pre

vaili

ng t

ype

s in

t

he g

ive

n

are

a.

It w

ould

b

e safe

to

rem

ar

k th

at a

bou

t fif

teen

hun

dred

w

ere s

een

in

the

se c

olle

ction

s.

The

gre

ater

n

umb

er, h

owe

ver

were

pr

esen

ted

in

p

hot

ogra

phs

,

draw

ing

s and

o

utlin

es fro

m

d

istan

t pla

ces

wh

ich

the

a

utho

r

w

as

una

ble

to vis

it.

Th

ese il

lust

ratio

ns

spr

ead

o

ut for

s

tudy

filled

a

spa

ce

about

170

meters

in

length and

a

meter

in

width and represented

4522

obje

cts.

A

ddi

ng

to t

his

tota

l over

90

0 c

aref

ully

stud

ied

and

rep

orte

d

upo

n

FIG .

7

S . 1

-1. )

Gorg

et s

hield

-shap

ed.

F. P.

Th

omps

on

M

ontg

omer

y

Co.

Ohi o

.

T

he b

ands

are

esp

ecial

ly cle

ar.

Ma

t

erial:

strip

ed slat

e.


13/234

2

6

ST

ONE

ORN

M

ENT

S

b

y Profes

sor W

illiam

C. Mi

lls,

300

by

Arthur

C. P

arker,

Es

q., and

1385

in

the table

mad

e by

A. E

. Dou

glas, Esq

., an

d ma

ny loc

al collec

tions

throug

hout New

Engl

and, tr

acings

or d

rawing

s of wh

ich were

secured

by an

assist

ant sent

ou

t

b

y me,

gives

a

g

rand

tot

al of 11

,221 orn

amen

tal-

proble

matica

l

f

orms

seen

by

the

au

thor or h

is friends

.

On the

Susqu

ehann

a

riv

er in

the eig

ht lar

gest collec

tions

at Lock

Ha

ven,

Oneon

ta, W

ilkesb

arre,

A

thens

, Wav

erly,

William

sport

, and C

olum

bia there

are

at

leas

t 500

o

rna

ment

al

s

tones,

mo

st of

wh

ich we

re exami

ned

in

Ma

y August 1916.

In

this

tota

l th

e object

s ill

ustrate

d

i

n vari

ous repo

rts an

d books

are

e

stimat

ed

at

on

e

tho

usand

. I

t is

not ne

cessary

to sto

p and co

unt

them all,

bu

t the

auth

or

feels sa

fe in

assu

ming

that in

the

e

xtensiv

e wri

tings of

the

fo

llowin

g gen

tle

men, M

oore,

Mills,

Be

aucha

mp, Holm

es, Br

own,

F

owke an

d Boyle

,

the

re a

re more

than

one t

housa

nd spec

imens

show

n, to

sa

y nothin

g

of

th

e

nu

mber

in pa

pers or w

orks

of

oth

er aut

hors.

The

spre

ading out

o

f

al

l

the

se pho

tograp

hs an

d illus

tration

s e

nabled

on

e,

almost

a

t

a gla

nce,

to

n

ote, no

t on

ly th

e geog

raphic

al d

istribu

tion of th

ese form

s,

b

ut

al

so

to

obse

rve t

he ch

ange o

f type

s from one

are

a to a

nother

.

It see

ms

to th

e aut

hor

that all th

ese il

lustrat

ions, p

hotog

raphs

or

o

utline

s m

any of w

hich

are exce

edingl

y

well made

) give

the s

tudent

a

bette

r ide

a of thi

s sub

ject

than coul

d ha

ve been

obt

ained

in any

other

ma

nner.

Omit

ting A

ndov

er's 1

592 a

nd th

e Smith

sonian

's one t

housa

nd

approx

imate

), in n

o three

insti

tution

s, or

for

tha

t matter

in no do

zen

in

stituti

ons, are

there

more th

an thr

eetho

usand

ofth

eseobj

ects one

xhibiti

on.

In

the hall

dev

oted t

o th

e arch

aeolog

y of

the Unite

d

State

s

in

t

he

Smithsonian

Institution,

one sees

scattered

through

the

cases

something

lik

e on

e tho

usand

of th

ese form

s,

yet ther

e a

re man

y

m

ore

stor

ed. Th

e

sa

me is

true o

f

ot

her ins

titutio

ns,

all o

f

w

hich

is

n

o ref

lection

on a

ny

of

t

he

muse

ums since

it i

s man

ifestly

im

possib

le fo

r them

to

exhibi

t every

thing.

The p

oint

is this,

that by

assem

bling al

l these i

llustra

tions o

ne has b

efore

h

im practic

ally

the

entir

e ra

nge of

form

s

in

th

e

U

nited S

tates.

Such

arrang

e

men

t

inclu

des e

nough f

orms

from

th

e vario

us

i

nstitut

ions

to give

an ide

a of

the

char

acter of the

ir

extens

ive collect

ions.

After

all th

is m

ateria

l was

as

semble

d

and s

tudied

, it w

as

again

assem

bled a

ccord

ing

to

form

or

ty

pe.

This

was a

ver

ificatio

n of t

he facts

o

btaine

d in

the

geogr

aphica

l

stu

dy,

and

the tw

o put to

gether

en

abled one

to

correc

tly dr

aw

the maps

sh

owing

distr

ibution

of types

.

A

lthoug

h all t

hose wh

o aid

ed in

the

und

ertakin

g

ha

ve b

een

thank

ed,

the

auth

or

de

sires

to onc

e m

ore expre

ss his

app

reciati

on

of the

exten

sive

ass

istanc

e ren

dered b

y pe

rsons in n

early

every

Sta

te in

the Unit

ed

State

s,

an

d the

Pro

vinces

of Can

ada. B

ecause

each

man

c

ontrib

uted

h

is

p

art

i

t

was possible

to cover

the

entire

field.

The assembling and

study

of

these

s

everal

th

ousand

obje

cts

natura

lly resu

lted in

a grea

t deal

of du

plicati

on,

H

OW

PR

EP

RE

D

2

7

an

d in s

pite

of cons

iderab

le

ef

fort

it

has

cr

ept

in

to

the pa

ges of

thi

s volum

e.

It was

fou

nd im

possi

ble to give

siz

es of

all t

he obje

cts p

resente

d.

A

suffici

ent nu

mber

of

these,

with si

xes ap

pende

d, give

an idea

of th

e

pr

e

vailin

g

length

, bre

adth and

thi

ckness

.

F

IG.

8. S. var

ying,)

Philli

ps Acad

emy co

llection. T

hree ov

ate pen

dants

dri

lled

at

eit

her end

. The

one

to

the

right

is decora

ted wi

th eight

incise

d lines on

th

e

right

end, and

se

ven a

t

the

left.

The speci

men to

the left i

s full size,

the centre

one,

a pendant

of

veined quartz,

is

two-thirds

size, while th

e

s

maller

one is one-t

hird size

.

Localitie

s: Ohio

and

Iowa.

Material

s: Bla

ck slate

and granite

.


14/234

CHAPTER

III.

THE

CLASSIFICATION OF ORNAAFENTAL-

PROBLEMATICAL FORMS

That

we

have no proper

archaeological

nomenclature has often

been

lamented. There

is

no more reason why there should not be a proper

terminology

in

archaeology

than

in

geology or mineralogy.

Until recently

no

one attempted

it,

and

writers

followed their own

fancy in

naming these

things,

with

the inevitable result that we have many names which

are confusing, others ambiguous and still others

that

are crude and

grotesque.

I

showed a

sheet

of outlines of types described in this volume to

Professor Charles H. Forbes,

head

of

the

Department of

Latin, Phillips

Academy.

Professor Forbes,

after some reflection, furnished m with a

list of names derived from the Latin, such as lunate, spatulate, ovate,

geniculate,

bilunate,

bipennate,

and

so forth.

There s ms

to be

no valid

reason why

some

of

these

names should

not be

applied

to

type

series

of

problematical forms, and I intend to use a number of them in this volume.

The general use

of these terms

would simplify

our

descriptions and render

our work

more uniform.

Each of these terms would

take

the

place of

several words which we are compelled to utilize in our descriptions, and

which carry no definite meaning. The term ovate

was

used in the

bulletin

on gorgets

and

also

in

the

Baltimore

classification;

lunate

refers

to

the

moon-shaped or

crescent

forms; bilunate to the double crescents; bipennate

covers the double-winged forms;

and

spatulate the spade-shaped

and

such

objects which were

formerly

classed under the

wretched

term

spuds .

A

somewhat

limited class of objects

formerly

called the

L

shaped

or

three-cornered ,

Professor

Forbes

placed

under

the general

title

of

geniculate forms. Whether these will

be generally accepted

I

do not

know,

but they certainly are an improvement over

the

multiplicity of indefinite

words,

terms,

and

phrases

W

have

been compelled to use in the past.

Twenty-two

years ago, in

the

A

rchaeologist ( May,

1894, page 156), I

called

attention to the

need in

this country of

an

archaeological nomenclature

and classification. Whether some one had preceded me, or whether I had

made

similar suggestions earlier, I am

unable

to state,

but

I amof the opinion

that the matter had

been suggested

in one of

my articles previous

to the

date

mentioned.

However, be

that

as

it

may, no one paid

attention

to

the

suggestion, which

was afterwards

repeated in two or three articles over

my signature. About

five

years

ago,

after

several

attempts

at

such

a

classification, I had a long conference with Dr. Charles Peabody, and

FIG. 9. S. 2-3.)

Rectangular gorget from Michigan. This was

originally a winged-stone and was later made into

an

ornament. Slate.

FIG.

10.

S. 1-1.) Small circular

and other pendants.

New

York

State

Museum, Albany.

See

Chapter X

VIII.

8/18/2019 Stone Ornaments Used by Indians in the US and

stone ornaments used by indians in the us and canada

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