Nuc/. Tradu pa,4~,n Meal., Vol. 22, Nm I-4, pp. 81-84, 1993 p e g l g l l m o l l Ebevter Scieace Lid

Prmmi in Grim Bnt-,n. 096940"/8/94 $6.00+ 00

STOPPING POWER AND RANGE OF RELATIVISTIC AND NON- RELATIVISTIC HEAVY IONS IN DIFFERENT MATERIALS

INCLUDING SOLID STATE NUCLEAR TRACK DETECTORS

S. K. StUUXM&* SB~AM KUMAR* and A. P. SHAgMAT

*Department of Phymcs, Kmukshetra Umvemty, Kuru~he~ 132119, Indut; and l"Depmment of Physics, Ahgarh Mushm Untver~ty, Aiigagh 202001, Ind--

ABSTRACT

C a l c u l a t i o n s o f s t o p p i n g p o w e r and r a n g e o f yam-zeus h e a v y zone o f b o t h t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c and n o n - r e l a t i v i s t l c energ ies have been done in va r i ous e lementa l as we l l as comple:( media adopt ing the f o r m u l a t i o n s o f ~enton and Honks, Mukherjee and Nayak, Z l e g l o r s t . a l . and Hubert ~ t . ~ ; . F i n a l l y a comparison has been made w i th the e~per lmenta l r e s u l t s .

I~EYWORDS

Heavy zone, s topping power, range, s o l i d s t a t e nuc lea r t rack d e t e c t o r .

INTRODUCTION

The s t u d y o f i n t e r a c t i o n s o ~ h e a v y i o n s w i t h m a t t e r I s o f g r e a t I m p o r t a n c e t o many s c i e n t i f i c f i e l d s su~h as n u c l e a r p h y s i c s , a s t r - o p h ) , s x c s , e l e m e n t a r y p a r t i c l e phys ics , r a d i a t i o n doe lmet ry , m a t e r i a l s sc ience , r a d i a t i o n b i o l o g y and chemis t ry , hea l t h phys ics e t c . (Rhlen, 1980) and has always been a s u b j e c ~ o f v i t a l i n t e r e s t o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s due to the complex na tu re o f the phenomenon. Charged p a r t i c l e d e t e c t o r s have been main ly r e s p o n s i b l e f o r most o f the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s i n h i g h t medium and l o w e n e r g y P h y s i c s and t h e k n o w l e d g e o f e x a c t s t o p p i n g p o w e r and r a n g e r e l a t i o n s for - cha t -god p a r t i c l e s xs o n e o f t h e e s s e n t i a l requi rements f o r the c a l i b r a t i o n and use o f any charged p a r t i c l e d e t e c t o r . ( B e n t o n and H o n k s ; 1 9 6 9 ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t w o r k , a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o f t h e v a r i o u s s t o p p i n g p o w e r and r a n g e f o r m u l a t i o n s e . g . B e n t o n and Honks ( 1 9 6 9 ) , l~.tkherJee and Nayak (1979), Z l e g l e r s t . a l . (1985,1991) and Hube~'t S t . al~ (1989) ~as been done by c o m p a r i n g t h e c a l c u l a t e d s t o p p i n g p o w e r and r a n g e v a l u e s f o r d i f f e r e n t p r o j e c t i l e - t a r g e t c o m b i n a t i o n s a t d i f f e r e n t e n e r g i e s a d o p t x n 9 these f o r m u l a t i o n s w i th the cor respond ing expe r imen ta l va lues . The. t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s o f s topp ing power and Pangs havQ ~oen done u t i l L = I n g the ND-IO SUPER-32, computer f a c i l i t i e s o f Kuru~shetra U n i v e r s i t y , )¢urukshetra. The exper imenta l s topp ln 9 power da ta o f Dlan~ s~. ~ , 1990; Dtmbot ~ t - a~., 1978,1980,198a; 8auvin s t . a l . 1987,1990; Heckman et~ ~I~, 1987 have been u t i l i = e d . The N o r t h c l i f f and S c h i l l i n g (1970) t a b u l a t e d s topp ing power ~alues wherever a v a i l a b l e have a l so been taken.

R E S U L T S AND DISCUSSION

T a b l e - 1 p r e s e n t s t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s o f s t o p p i n g po~er" for " d L f f e r e n t h e a v y ions -n d i f f e r e n t s o l i d t a r g e t s a t varLous enet-g lee a long w i t h the correspond Ing t h e o r e t i c a l l y computed va lues adopt , r ig the above mentioned f o r m u l a t i o n s . The percentage d e v i a t i o n s o f the c a l c u l a t e d s topp ing power va lues from the exper imenta l values are a l s o presented in the t a b l e . From T a b l e - l , i t i s c l e a r t h a t "the Z l e g l e r mr. a l . f o r m u l a t , o n h i g h l y unds res t lma tes the s t o p p i n g p o w e r v a l u e s f o r h e a v y p r o j e c t i l e and l i g h t t a r g e t c o m b i n a t i o n s ( e . g . U, Pbw Xe, Me p r o j e c t i l e s i n Be t C, A I t a r g e t s e t c . ) w h e r e a s for" heavy p r o j e c t i l e and h e a v y t a r g e t c o m b i n a t i o n s ( e . 9 , U, Pb, Xe, Me p r o ~ e c t x l e s I n Au , Bi t U t a r g e t s e t c . ) the f o r m u l a t i o n o v e r e s t i m a t e s the ~ topp ing power va lues . With the increase In t he ' ene rgy o f the p r o j e c t i l e , these dev la t zons reduce and i t seems tha t above the p r o j e c t i l e energy 50 MeVln, these devtatzon's d i sappear and the r e s u l t s are In agreement w i t h the expe r imen ta l r e s u l t s . For a l l o t h e r p r o j e c t i l e and t a r g e t combinat ions a t a l l ens rg ,es up to about 400 P1eV/n, the Zxegler e~, ~ , f o r m u l a t i o n p rov ides the r e s u l t s In good agreement w . th the exper imenta l r e s u l t s . The comparlson o f the c a l c u l a t e d s topp ing power" va lues from the Benton and Honks f o r m u l a t i o n w i t h the e:cper imental va lues shows t h a t t h i s f o r m u l a t i o n g e n e r a l l y p rov ides r e s u l t s In agreement w l t h the expe r imen ta l r e s u l t s except f o r heavy p r o j e c t i l e s l i k e U, Fb, Xo, e t c . In dx f f~ r~ f~ t t a r g e t s f o r p r o j e c t i l e energ ies up to S MeV/n, where t h i s f o r m u l a t i o n under'ms*lea*ms the exper imenta l s topp ing power. F u r t h e r , from t a b l e i t i s Qvxdent t h a t the Ca lcu la ted s topp ing power va lues from Mukhef'jee and Nayak*s f o r m u l a t i o n d e v i a t e from the experzmental va lues except foe ~ p r o j e c t i l e s Ix~e i : r , Ca, Ar , O e t c in

81

82 S.K. SHARMA et oZ.

d i f f e r e n t t a r g e t s zn the energy ;,ange ~ 20-100 MeV/n ~*hePe the foPmulatzon prey,des a e'easonable agreement ~ i t h the e:(pePzmental r e s u l t s . N o e - t h c l l f f e and 8 h l l l i n e ' s data a l so shows l a rge day (a t ~ons f r o m the e:¢per, Imenta I va lues especza l l y f o r heavy p r o j e c t : l e e . F u r t h e r znepectzon o f the t a b l e shows t h a t - the c a l c u l a t e d s topping power va lues the from the Hubert s t . e l , f o r m u l a t i o n a re always zn best agreement w~th the e~pee-imental r e s u l t s (ma:¢zmum-dev~ation ~ 5%

)~ most o f the txme wi thzn the e:4pePzmen~al e r r o r s f o r a l l p r o j e ~ t z l e - t a P g e t ¢ombznatzons znclud~ng those where the o t h e r fo rmu la (zone sho~ l a r g e " dev ta t zons a t a l l energxes considered (maximum 400 MeV/n). This f o m u l a t i o n a l s o provxdes agreement wzth comple:c t a r g e t media,

In add i tzon to the s topping power ¢ a l c u l a t z o n s , we have a l s o c a l c u l a t e d the range values o f d i f f e r e n t pc -e jec t ( l ee zn d : f f e r e n t s o l ; d e a t vaPlous energx~s adopt ing a l l the a b o v e mentzoned f o r m u l a t i o n s ( r e s u l t s are not presented h e r e ) . Aga;n the compaPzson o f c a l c u l a t e d ~ange va lues wzth the coPPespondzng e~perzmental va lues shows t h a t the B e n t o n and Honks and Hubee-t ~ t , ~,~ f o rmu la t i ons p rov ide the best ageement w i th the e:(perxmental r e s u l t s (8harma a t . a 1 . , 1992).

TABLE-1. E:(per~mental and computed s topp ing power va lues a long wzth t h e i r percentage dev~atzons (~-esented in the p~ranth~s~s) ft'~m ~:¢pee'~mental v a l u e s .

ION TAR- £NE- CALCUL~TEO VALUE

GET RGY Szxe . z

(MeV/n) (Mev/n~/¢m) Hubert Benton & ~t~ al~ Henke

U Be 3.99 200~7" 2P0.77(0) 142.1(-29) U C 3.13 15/`±5 * 154.2( -1) 1 4 0 . 7 ( - I 0 ) U A1 4.60 125~+3 ~ 121.61(-~) 105.4(--16) Pb Be 3.9/` 175~/` ~ 176 .79( I ) 126.2(-28) Pb A1 4.58 110±3" 109.54(0) 9~,60( -15) XO Be 4.10 1 0 3 ~ * 101.89(-1) 83 ,12( -19) Xe C 4.58 89.0~3 ~ 91.20(2) 84 ,48( -5 ) KP C ~.20 57.73±1,5/`f 57.74(0) 54 ,92( -5 ) U Bz 4.92 43.0~4 ~ 45.28(5) 79 ,77( -8 ) U U 4 . 8 5 4 1 , 5 ± 2 . 5 ~ 4 2 . / - 2 ( 3 ) 3 6 , / ` 2 ( - 1 2 ) Pb Au 4.89 40.0±2.5 ~ 41.79(4) 3 / ` ,70( -8) Xe Au 4.95 25.7~1.5 ~ 2 7 . 3 9 ( 7 ) 25 ,21( -2 ) KP Ta 4 . 6 2 2 / - , 9 ± 0 . 7 " 1 7 , 4 3 ( 3 ) 1 6 , 8 ( - 1 ) Xe Be 2 4 ° 0 7 4 4 . / - ± 0 , 9 e 4 3 . 1 4 ( - - 3 ) 4 4 , 5 7 ( O ) . 0 Bo 23.14 294~08: 2 8 . 3 ~ ( - 4 ) 29,22(-1) Xs Ta 22.39 20.9~0.4 ~ 21.49(3) 21.25(2) Xe Au 2 3 . 2 3 2 0 , 4 ~ 0 . 8 e 2 0 . 4 3 ( 0 ) 2 0 , 2 5 ( - 1 ) Mo Ta 20.24 14,7~0,2 e 15.11(3) 14,82(1) Me Au 23,39 17&1±0,5 e 13./-B(4) 13,4/-(3) Au Au 25.0 7 6 . 2 3 4 . b 0 ( - 4 ) 3 5 , 0 9 ( - 3 ) AU Au 50.0 27.58o 2/-.78(3) 27,56((}) Au Au 75.0 23.4 ~.~ 29( -5) ~,~ 85( -2) AU Au 150.0 16.20 ° 15.74(-3) 1/` ,01(-1) Ar C 3.4/` 20-0~0-7 ! , 20,49(2) 21.03(5) AP Nx 5.21 10.81¢0,2~" 10,79(0) 10,81(0) AP Ag 5,36 8.02~0.45; 8.2/`(3) 8.19(2) 0 A1 /`.10 2.99±0.12 ! 3.02(+1) 3.11(4) 0 Ni 6.06 2.48±+0,2o 2.50(1) 2 .58(4) 0 Au 4.39 1.72±0,0~ T 1.73(1) 1.79(4) KP Be 24.14 21 .3±0 .3 - 20 .82( -2 ) 21,44(1) Kr A1 4 2 . 7 8 1 3 . ~ ± 0 . 6 e 1 2 , 9 1 ( - - 3 ) 1 3 , 1 0 ( - 1 ) K~ Sz 25.42 19.5~0.4 e 18./-3(-4) 19,07(-2) KP Nz 42.50 11.1~0.4 e 11.35(2) 11,44(3) t ( r Ag 41.77 9.6±0.02 a 9 .52 ( -1 ) 9 .49 ( -1 ) KP Au 24.02 10.3±0,~ e 10.46(2) 11.26(9) KP Au 43,01 7 .5±0.7" = 7./-7(2) 7 .50(0) Ca Be 70.09 3.08~0.0~ : 3 .09(1) 3 .11(1) Ca C 70.52 3.44~0.04m~ 3 .35 ( -~ ) 3 .3 / - ( -2) Ca A1 75.60 2.74±0.06~e 2.78(2) 2 .78(2) Ca N~ 75.28 2.49~0.06 2.49(0) 2 .48(0) Ca Au 72.98 ~+ ~em 1 .8~_0 .0~ 1 .79( -2) 1.7/- ( -4) Ar Be 25.94 5.75±0.10 ~ 5.38(1) 5 ,51(3)

.UES OF STOF'PING POWER~ S e e l .

Z l e g l a r M u k h e r j o o N o t ~ t h c l l Y f ~ t , a ~ • Na~ak & Sh i l zn 9

1 2 4 . 8 ( - 3 8 ) 1 / - 2 . / - 9 ( - 1 9 ) 1 2 5 . 7 4 ( - 3 4 ) 1 2 7 . 2 ( - 1 8 ) 1 4 9 . 7 ( - 4 ) 1 2 7 . 2 3 ( - 1 8 ) 1 0 5 . O ( - 1 / - ) 1 3 0 . 8 8 ( ~ ) 113. (-35) 106.2( -39) 1 0 8 , 3 8 ( - - 3 8 1 9 4 . 5 0 ( - 1 4 ) 1 1 8 . 1 0 ( 7 ) 7 4 . 4 5 ( - 2 8 ) 6 7 , 7 0 ( - 3 4 ) 6 4 . 1 9 ( - 3 8 ) 7 7 . 0 3 ( - 1 ~ ) 9 4 , 2 9 ( 6 ) 50.99( -12) 57,/`3(0) 4 4 . 4 ( - - 2 3 ) 5 0 . 5 / ` ( 1 8 ) 5 ~ , 0 3 ( 2 8 ) 4 & . 8 3 ( 1 3 ) 4 9 . 8 1 ( 2 0 ) 4 / - . b 5 ( 1 2 ) 45,78(14) 51.7/`(29) 29.49(15) 33,0/`(29) 18 ,52 ( I0 ) 20,34(20) 39 .81( -11) 42,~2(15) 2/ - .58(-10) 23, 46(12) 23.21(11) 22.43(10) 21,97(8) 1/-.30(11) 1/-. 17 (10) 1 4 . 8 1 ( 1 3 ) 14, 4 7 ( 1 0 ) 3 8 . 9 3 ( 8 ) 3 9 , 0 2 ( 8 ) 2 9 . 4 0 ( 7 ) 2 7 , 4 4 (0) 2 4 . 0 0 ( 7 ) 2 1 , 2 9 ( - 9 ) 1 A- 4/` (2 ) 13, 17 ( -19 ; ) 19.43(--3) 19, / -3(-2) 10./-9(-1) 11,/-4(8) 8.21 (2) 9. 4/- (18) 2 . 9 4 ( - 1 ) 3. 17(/-) 2 . 4 5 ~ - I ) 2 .79(12) 1.72(0) 2.05(19) 20 ,43 ( -4 ) 20, 43(-4J 1 2 . 8 9 ( - 3 ) 1- . ,31 ( - 7 ) 19.05(--2) 18,35(--6) 11.45(7) 12,17(1) 9 .75(2) 9 .72(1) 10.97 (&) 7.95 (6) 7, 65 (2) 3. 11 (1) 2.89(--b) 3 .38 ( -2 ) 3 . 0 7 ( - - I I ) 2 .79(2) 2 . 5 7 ( - 6 ) 2. 49 (0 ) 2.7b ( -5) 1.D1(-1) 1 .77 ( -5 ) 5 .48(2) 5 . 4 3 ( I )

c o n t d . .

RELATIVISTIC AND NON-RELATIVISTIC HEAVY IONS 83

c o n t d . , t a b l e 1.

'iUN TA~-- ~ 4 ~ -

( M e V / n ) ~ v ~ m l ~ , , ~ H u b e r t B e n t o n & Z z e g l e r M u k h e r # e e - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eC......al. . Hen k I . . . . . . . ~ a~.~ & N a y a k

- - : : _ Ar C 75.70 2.50¢0.07 2.58(3) 2. SB(~) 2 .59(4) Z . ~ o, A r A I 2 3 . 6 6 5 . ~ 3 ~ 0 . 0 5 = e 5 . 3 4 ( 0 ) 5 . 4 2 ( 2 ) 5 . 4 1 ( 2 ) 5 . 3 8 ( 1 ) A r Tz 7 4 . 3 5 2 . 0 4 ÷ 0 . 0 4 ~ - e 2 . 0 6 ( 1 ) 2 . 0 ~ ( - 1 ) 2 . 0 7 ( 2 ) 1 . B 6 ( - 6 ) A r A9 2 5 . 9 2 3 . 5 9 ~ 0 . 0 6 _ ~ 3 . 5 6 ( 0 ) ~ . 5 9 ( 0 ) 3 . ~ 9 ( ~ ) 3 . S 9 ( 9 ) A r Au 7 3 . 9 3 1 . 4 4 ~ 0 . 0 2 ~ 1 . 4 5 ( 0 ) 1 . 4 1 ( - 2 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 1 ) 1 . 3 9 ( - - 4 ) 0 Be 2 3 . 5 9 1 . 2 2 ~ . 0 0 2 ~ 1 . 1 9 ( - 2 ) 1 . 1 9 ( - 2 ) 1 . 2 1 ( - 1 ) 1 . 1 B ( - ~ ) 0 C 9 1 . 8 6 0 . 4 5 ± 0 . 0 1 # 0 . 4 4 6 ( - 1 ) 0 . 4 4 1 ( - 2 ) 0 . 4 4 3 ( - 1 ) 0 . 3 9 ( - 1 3 ) 0 8x 88.06 0.417~.005: 0 . 4 1 3 ( - I ) 0 .409( -2 ) 0 .414 ( -1 ) 0 .317( -11 ) 0 Ti 45.~8 0.594~.008 0.595(0) 0 .558( -6 ) 0 .599(1) 0 .549 ( -8 ) 0 Ta 90.83 0.257~.006 ~ 0.259(1) 0 .248( -4 ) 0 .255 ( -1 ) 0 .237( -B) O Au 8 4 . 3 8 0 . 2 ~ 3 ~ . 0 0 ~ # 0 . 2 6 2 ( 0 ) 0 . 2 5 5 ( - - ~ ) 0 . 2 6 2 ( 0 ) 0 . 2 4 6 ( - - ~ ) U Mylae" 4 . 7 4 1 7 6 ¢ 1 ~ ~ 1 7 7 . 2 0 ( 0 ) 1 5 6 . 0 ( - 1 2 ) 1 ~ B . 8 3 ( - 2 2 ) 1 7 8 . 7 7 ( 0 ) Au (CH~ 1 5 . 0 1 1 9 . 0 1 1 7 . 2 5 ( - 1 ) 1 2 5 ( 5 ) 1 0 ~ . 4 2 ( - 1 3 ) 1 2 3 . 3 1 ( 4 )

Au (CH~ 150.0 ~0.4 30.~8(2) ~2.&2(7) 31.77(5) 25.25(--17)

. 3 1 . 5 ~ ( 1 ) 3 3 . ~ 2 ( & ) 3 1 . 2 3 ( 0 ) 3 1 . 1 7 ( 0 ) Me Mylar ~2 76 3 1 . ~ 0 . 7 e 0 Mylar 24.95 1.26±0.0~ # 1.29(1) 1.30(2) 1.31(2) 1 .26 ( -2 ) 0 Mylar 93.10 .45¢0.04-- 0 .46(2) 0 .46(2) 0.4&(2) 0 . 4 1 ( - 9 )

• ( S t o p p i n g p o w e r zn u n x t s o f M e V / n u c l e o n ) A r C 4 0 0 . ~ 3 2 0 . 2 8 ± . 2 ~ $ 1 9 . 7 1 ( - 3 ) ~ 1 9 . b 4 ( - ~ ) 1 9 . 4 0 ( - 4 ) 1 2 . 0 0 ( - 4 1 )

( th i ckness o f C t a r g e t ' ~ 8 ~ 0 m9/cm ) P Al 362.14 100.96~.22 ° 99.1B(-2~ 99 .27( -2 ) 99 .60( -1 ) b4.3b( -3&)

( t h x c k n e s s o f A l t a r g e t ~ ~ 7 8 7 m g / c e ) N C 1 4 6 . 6 7 2 6 . & 8 ± 0 . 1 0 " 2 8 . 7 9 ( 0 ) x 2 8 . 6 8 ( 0 ) 2 9 . 2 0 ( 2 ) 2 3 . 5 4 ( - 1 8 )

( t h i c k n e s s o~ C t a r g e t ~ 1 ~ 7 3 . mg/cm ) L i A1 1 ~ 1 . 1 & 2 ~ . 7 1 ~ 0 . 0 9 ° 2 3 . 6 1 ( 0 ) ~ 3 . 4 7 ( 1 ) 2 ~ . 8 8 ( 1 ) 2 0 . 0 9 ( - 1 5 )

( t h x c k n e e e o f C t a r g e t ~ 5 7 4 7 . mg/¢m )

• Heckma~ i t . # ~ , . ( 1 9 B 7 ) I * B x m b o t I t . a l . . . ( 1 9 B O ) 1 1 B z m b o t ~ t . ~ , . ( 1 9 7 B ) ~ • 6auvln e~e F~T. (1990);o* Bimbot I t . a l . . (1986);# Gauv~n ~ t . a l . . (1987)! $ Blank I t . a l . . (1990); 6¢x P Exper lmenta l s topp:n9 power va lue .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

One o f the au thors (S. K. Sharma) zs t h a n k f u l to the Councxl o f 6 ¢ l e n t l f i ¢ and [ n d u s t r z a l R e s e a r c h , G o v e r n m e n t o f I n d i a , New D e l h z f o r p r o v x d ~ n g f z n e n c ; a l s u p p o r t . The a u t h o r s a r e a l s o t h a n k f u l t o D r . F . H u b e r t f o r many u s e f u l s u g g e s t i o n s a n d t o D r . J . F. Z i e g l e r f o r k x n d c o - o p e r a t L o n .

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Gauvxn H., R. Bzmbot~ J. H e r a u l t t B. Kubzca, R. Anne, 6. Bast in~ F Hubert (1990) "6toppzn 9 Power o f So l i ds fop Kr , Me and Xe zoos a t In ta rmed~ate e n e r g i e s (20- -45 M e V / u ) a n d t h e c h a r g e d s t a t e d x n t r x b u t z o n s a t e q u x l i b r l u m " Nuc~ Ins t rvm I M e t h o ~ . B47, 339-~50.

Heckman H.H.~ H.R. Bowman, Y .J . Karan t t J.O. Rasmussen, A . I . Narwlck and Z . Z ~ X u ( 1 9 8 7 ) . " R a n g e - E n e r g y R e l a t i o n f o r Au I o n s , E / A ~ 150 MeV. P h y s . R ~ v . , _ ~

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84 S . K . S ~ ~ .

3 6 ~ 4 - 3 6 6 8 . H u b e r t F , R. BLmbot a n d H. G a u v L n ( 1 9 8 9 ) " S e m i - e m p z r z c a | f o t - m u l a e fo r - h e a v y i o n

s t o p p i n 9 p o w e r s Ln s o l i d s Ln t h e i n t e r m e d z a t e e n e r g y f *ange* ' N ~ c l . [ n s t r u m . t t J f t h o d s , B3Q, 3 = 7 - 3 6 3 .

M u k h e t . J e e S. And A . K . N a y a k ( 4 9 7 9 ) " C a l c u l a t i o n o f h e a v y i o n i . a n g e zn c o m p l e x m e d i ~ " N u t 1 . I n s t r u m . H e t h o d s . 2 5 g , 4 2 1 - 4 3 1 .

N o r t h c l i f f e L . C . a n d R . F . 8 h t l | L n g ( 1 9 7 0 ) ' *Range a n d s t o p p z n 9 power" ~ a b l e e f o r h e a v y i o n s A A t o m i c D a t a ~ ~ D a t a T a b l e s 7 , 2 3 3 - 4 6 3 .

Skal-ma S. I ( . , Shy~m K u m a , a n d A. P. S h a r m a ( 1 9 9 2 ) R e s p o n s e o f s o d a 9 1 a s s d e t e c t o r t o - I I U a n d Fe Lens ~ R ~ d l a t ~ l e o . 4 3 , 1 4 9 3 - 1 4 9 8 .

Z L e g l e r ~ . F . , J . P . B t e , 0 s a c k auld U. LLttmalok ( 2 9 8 S ) " T h e S ~ o p p L n 9 a n d R a n g e o f Zone zn 8 o l x d l . V o l . 1. ( P e r g a m o n P r e s s , New Y o r k ) .

Z i e g l e r J . F . ( 1 9 9 1 ) TRXM-gXt The T r a n s p o r ~ o f I o n s Ln M a ~ e ~ ' . I . B . M . - R e s e a r c h , 2 8 - O ~ . Y o r k t o w n , New Y o r k ~ 0 S 9 8 U . S . A .