construction phases

Assignment No:1Professional practice I

a conctruction story

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construction phases

SitepreparationThisinvolvesclearingofthesiteandpeggingoutofthesitebythesurvey-or.Sometimesretainingwallswillalsobebuiltatthisstageifrequired. SlabTheplumberwillneedtolayplumbingthatwillbelocatedbeneaththeslabofthedevelopment.Thisneedstobedonebeforetheslabcanbeformedup.Theslabpieringisthencompletedaspertheengineersspecificationsandplansandthentheslabcanbepoured.Itsveryexcitingtoseetheslabsgodown. FramesandrooftrussesTheframesaregenerallypreparedbeforebeingdeliveredtositeandcanbeerectedveryquicklywithadayorso.Itsgreattowalkaroundthesiteoncetheframesareupandgetafeelforeachroom. RooftilingofmetalroofingSomebuildersprefertocompletetheroofbeforestartingthebrickworkandotherbuildersworktheotherwayaround.Ivefoundpredominatelybuilderswanttogettheroofonasquicklyaspossibletoprotecttheframes. BrickworkThisstagereallygivesthedevelopmenttruestructure,andyoucanfeelthedevelopmentmakinggoodprogresswhenyouseethebrickworkcom-pleted. RoughinsThisinvolvestheelectricalandplumbingwiringandpipestobeinstalledbeforetheinternalliningstotheframes. InternalliningsAftertheroughiniscomplete,theinsulationwillbeinstalledintothewallandceilingsandthentheplasterwillstartonliningthewallsandceilings.Youreallygetagoodsenseofspacewithinthedwellingsatthisstage. WaterproofingandtilingThewetareaswillbewater-proofedinpreparationforthetilerstostartwork,generallyafterorevenduringthetimbermouldout. TimbermouldoutThisstageinvolvesthecarpentersinstallingtheskirtingboards,architraves,doorjamsanddoorsandkitchens. Lockupiswhenallexternaldoorsincludinggaragedoorsareon. P.C.fitout.P.C.isatermforaprimecostitemandincludestapware,bath,mirror,vani-tiesandotheraccessories,whichareinstalledatthisstage. Practicalcompletion.This isthepoint intimewhenan inspection isconductedwhenbuilderis almostfinished.Youwillwalk through thedevelopmentwith thesitemanagerandpointoutanyitemsthatstillneedattention.Bythistimeitshouldonlybetouchupsandminoritemsrequiringinstallation. HandoverThisiswhenyouarehappytheconstructionhasbeencompletedtoyoursatisfactionandtotheplansandafterpayingthebuildersfinal invoice,keyswillbehandedovertoyou.

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Climate: Special considerationsmustbemade forbuilding in flood, hurricane, intense heat,frigidcold,andotherextremeweatherandclimaticconditions.

Ground stability:Housesbuiltonshiftingsand,muckysoil,orotherunstableearthwill likelyfailoverashortperiodoftimeunlesstheyarebuiltonspecialfoundationsorpilings.

availability of utilities:Ifyouintendtohaveelectricpower,potablewater,telephone, and other conveniences, make suretheseutilityprovidersofferthematyourlocation.

Community infrastruCture:If you plan to raise children or have kids,makesuregoodqualityschoolsareavailable.Checktoseeifyouareinapolicejurisdictiontoprotectyoufromcrime,lookatthedistanceyouwillhavetotraveltoacquirebasiccommodities,andwhethermedicalhelpisnearby.

Pre-ConstruCtion:Beforeanyconstructionbegins,plans forthehomearedeveloped,finalizedandsub-mittedtothemunicipalbuildingpermitof-fice for review. Permitsmay be requiredforallorsomeofthefollowingwork:build-ing, electrical, plumbing, septic systemandsewerconnections.Priortothis,anumberofsitetestsmaybeconductedtoexaminethewatertable,thesoilandthebearingcapacityofthegroundandtoconductenvironmentaltests.Withthis information, the final engineeringtouchescanbeappliedtotheplans.

ConstruCtion beGinsWith the Foundation (1-2 weeks) Thehouse is staked out and the land is pre-pared.Often, the topsoil is removed andpiledelsewhereforlateruse.Excavationisdone,andthefootings(concreteslabstosupport the foundationwalls) are formedand poured.Water, electricity, telephoneand cable servicesmay be brought in atthistime.The foundation walls are erected (mayusepouredconcreteintemporarywoodenformsorpermanentinsulatedblocks,con-creteblocksorpreservedwood).Thefoun-dationmaybeinsulatedanddamp-proofed.Weepingtilesareinstalledtodraingroundmoistureaway fromthehouse.Once thefoundation has passed municipal inspec-tion,theoutsideperimeterisbackfilled.Atthistime,thebuildermayaskyoutobe-ginmakingyourselectionssuchasdecid-ingonflooring, tiles,cabinetsandsoon.Whileitwillbeweeksbeforetheseitemswillbeinstalled,theymustbeorderedear-lytopreventdelayslater.

1MAIN STEPS IN THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE INCLUDE

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construction phases

Thismaybeahurdle,dependingonthecost,andyouravailablefunds.Buildingahouseisanexpensiveprocess,butpurchasingsuitablepropertyisalsoamajorinvestmentjustasimportantashomebuilding.Decidehowyouregoingtopayforyourbuildingprojectgoingforwardandstartthatprocesswiththeland.

Somehomebuilderswillelecttogetaconstructionloantopurchasethelandandsecurefundingforthebuildingproject.Thisrequiresthatyouenterintoacontractwithabuilderoracontractor,andtheloanmustreferencethatbuildersresumeandserveasacontractbetweenyouandthebuilder,aswellasasourceoffundingfortheproject.Todothis,youllneedtowaituntilyouvehiredandvettedabuilderbeforepurchasingtheland.

Thisisnotabsolutelynecessary,es-peciallyifyouarebuildingonalargeparcel of land, but if there is anydoubtaboutthepropertylines,havethisdonetoassureyouarenoten-croachingonaneighborsproperty,or the citys. Thiswill be useful asyoumove forwardwith thebuildingprocess.

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SELECT THE PROPERTY WHICH GOING TO BUILD IT.

PROPERTY SURVEYED AND THE FOOTPRINT OF THE PROJECT

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Onlargeparcels,especially,youwillneedtoascertaintherouteforausabledrivewayifyoudependonacarfortransportation.Lookatanylowareathatwouldbecomeimpassableinwintermudorheavysummerrain,howinstallingdrivewaywillaffectthelandscape,andwhetheradrivewaywillbeinconflictwithundergroundutilities.

Payparticularattentiontothewaysurfacewaterwilldrainofftheproperty.Everyeffortshouldbemadesothatwaterdrainsoffandawayfromthedriveway.Thismayrequiretheplacementofculvertsorpipesunderthedrivewaytoavoidpuddlingalongitssides.

4CONSIDER ACCESS ISSUES.

Designyourownhome,orconsultanarchitect.Architectsandengineershavespecialtrainingandyearsofexperienceinde-signinghouses,andarenecessaryformostbuildingandzon-ingjurisdictioncoderequirements.Regardlessofwhetheryoucontracttheirservicesorelecttodesignyourown,thehouseyoubuildwillbebuiltforyou,soyoushouldbeinvolvedcloselyinthedesignprocess.

Beforeyouhireorconsultanarchitect,findoutwhatmanage-mentservicesthefirmmayormaynotprovide.Somearchi-tecturefirmswill help hire contractors they knowand trust,aswellasconsultandinspectthecontractorsworkasitpro-gresses,makingnecessaryrevisionsandadditionsastheworkprogresses.Thiscanbeasignificantheadachereliefinthepro-cess.

Beforebuilding,youllneedtosubmitplanstothecityorcountybuildingcommissionforapproval.Unlessyoureanexperiencedarchitect,itllbeverydifficulttoproducethenecessaryto-scaleproductiondrawingsandengineeringspecsnecessaryforap-proval.Tosavetime,energy,andmoney,itsrecommendedthatyouconsultaprofessionalandworkalongsidethemtodesignthehomeyouwant.

5DESIGNING YOUR PROJECT.

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Designtheutilityareaswithaneyetowardfunction.Forfamilylife,havingalaundryroom,andpossiblyevenagaragecanbearealhelpinmanagingdaytodaychores.Planningouttheneces-saryhouse-runningspacesisacriticalpartofthedesignprocess.Itsalsoimportanttodesignthemtobeaseasy-to-wireandoutfitwithplumbingaspossible,makingitimportanttoconsultanarchitecturalengineerwhendesigningthehome.Carefullydesignyour:

Spaces:KitchenGarageLaundryroomStoragearease.t.c

Thefunpartofdesigningahomeisimaginingyournewlifeinyournewspace.Spendsometimere-searchingpre-drawnfloorplansforinspirationandconsiderusingthemasaguideforyourownspace.Homebuildingguidesarecommonlyavailable for freeonline.[3]Give lotsof thoughttowhatkindofroomsyouwant,thenumberofbedroomsthatwillbenecessaryforyourfamily,andwhatsortofastyleyouwantintheroomsyoullbespendingthemosttimein.

Bedrooms:Forafamilyhousewherethepossibilityofadditionsexists,rememberitissimplertoaddaroomduringinitialconstructionthantoremodelorbuildanadditionlater.Ifyouonlyneed2bedroomsatpresent,anextraroommightbeusedforanoffice,storage,orevenleftunfinishedandunfurnisheduntilsuchtimeasitisneeded.

Bathrooms:Inpracticalterms,onebathroomcansufficeinalmostanycircumstances,butifthehouseisformultiplepeople,twomakeslifemucheasier.Havingtwoormorebathroomswillalsoincreasetheresalevalueintheconveniencemindedhomebuyersmind.

Specialfunctionrooms:Considerifyourlifestylerequiresroomssuitableforspecialfunctions,suchasformaldining,officespace,aden,oraplayroom.

6DETAIL PLANNING.

7DESIGNING YOUR PROJECT.

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Partaestheticsandpartenergy-efficiency,designingyourhomewithaneyetowardsunlightwillen-surethatyourhomestaysfullofwarmradiantlightwhenitneedsitthemost.Ifyouarebuildingahomewithlargewindowsinalivingroom,considerfacingthesetowardthemostappealingviewandatananglethatmaximizesthenaturallightingwhenyoullwantitmost.

Kitchensmaybenefitthemostfromexteriorlight,sothinkaboutwhattimearayofsunshineinthekitchenwillofferthebestresults.Lateafternoonmaybecookinganddishwashingtime,soitmaybebesttoorientthekitchentowardsthewesttotakeadvantage.Largerwindowsonthesouthfaceofyourhousewillalsohelpheatthehousethroughsolargainincolderclimates.

8MAXIMUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

surfacewater(rain,snowmelt,drainagefromseasonalsprings)movesacrossthebuildingsite.Itiscriticaltokeepwaterawayfromyourhome,especiallyincolderclimates.Freezingpipesandfoundationdamagecanresultfromafailuretoplanatthisstage.Youwanttokeepyourbasementdryandlessenthechancethatyouwillhavedampwood,whichinvitestermitesinanyclimate.Simpleswalesorgrassyditcheswillgoalongwayincontrollingsurfacewaterdrainage.

9PREPARE TO TACKLE SERVICES

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construction phases

Toengageinahomebuildingproject,youllneedthreetypesofconstruction-relatedinsurance,someofwhichmaybeprovidedbythebuilder,someofwhichwont,dependingonthestateyouliveinandthenatureofthecontractyouvesigned.Typically,itsrequiredthatyouprovide:

CourseofConstructionInsurancetocoveragainstunforeseenlossincludingdamagesfromfire,ac-cident,vandalismandmaliciousmischief.

GeneralLiabilityInsuranceissometimesprovidedbythebuilderandsometimesnot.Itisacompre-hensiveliabilitycoverageagainstaccidentontheworkplace.Youshouldonlyhirebuilderswhoprovidethisinsurancethemselves,asitcanbequiteexpensiveandcouldbeindicativeofshoddyworkman-shipifabuilderdoesntprovideit.

WorkmansCompensationInsuranceisnecessaryifyourbuilderhirestheirownworkers.Iftheworkissubcontracted(acommonpractice)youllneedtoprovideworkmanscompandthebuildermustwritealetteracknowledgingthattheydonothaveemployeesandwillnotprovidecompensation.

Ifyouhaventalreadystartedthisprocesswhensecuringtheland,youllneedtofigureoutawaytofundtheprojectandaconstructionloanisthemostrecommendedmethodofdoingso.Applyforaconstructionloanbyfillingoutaloanapplication,calleda1003,andsubmittingittoaloanofficeralongwithacreditreport.Thecompletedloanapplicationwillneedtoincludeinformationlike.

ThetypeofloanrequestedTheamountofmoneyrequestedYourcurrentlivingsituationYoursocialsecuritynumber

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GETTING THE NECESSARY PERMITS

CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE

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GETTING THE NECESSARY PERMITS

CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE

Abuildingpermitisabasicrequirementinmanyareas,particularlyforpermanentconstruction.Toobtainthis,youllneedtoprovidedetailedarchitecturaldiagrams,engineeringloadspecs,andothermaterialstoyourstatesDepartmentofHousing.Itslikelyyoullalsoneedthefollowingtocomplywithlocalcodesandzoningrequirementsbyobtaining:

AseptictankpermitAnelectricalpermitAplumbingpermitAmechanical(HVAC,orairconditioning)permitYoumayalsofindyouarerequiredtoapplyforandreceiveanenvironmentaland/orimpactpermit.Havingthehouselocationmarkedpriortoobtainingyourpermitswillhelptoworkdetailsoutintheenvironmentalpermittingprocess.

12PROPER CONSTRUCTION PERMITS.

particularcostofconstructionofthehome.Thefoundation,lumber,framing,plumbing,heating,elec-trical,painting,andbuildersprofit,etc.Whenyouhireabuilder,theywillusuallycompletethisformtoshowyouexactlywhatitwillcosttobuildyournewhome.

Pricebuildingmaterialsinthearea.Howmuchisthecostofwoodintheprospectivearea?Labor?Vinyl?Itshelpfultogivesomethoughtohowmuchtheprocesswillendupcosting,asidefromthelandpurchaseitself.Trytogetaroughestimateofhowmuchitllcosttobuildthekindofhouseyouwanttobuildatthelocationyoureconsidering.

13ESTIMATED COST BREAKDOWN (ECB).

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construction phases

Everythingwillbemadeeasierifyouhireanexperiencedbuildertooverseetheproject.Youwontneedtoworryaboutdoingeverythingyourself,hiringoutparticulartasks,andsecuringtheper-mitsyourself.Itsalsomucheasiertosecureaconstructionloanifyoureworkingwithanexpe-riencedbuilderwhocanincludeastatement,resume,bankingandexperiencereferences,alineitemcostbreakdownofexpectedcosts(anECB),amaterialslist,andaconstructioncontract.[6]Thecontractshouldinclude:

TheindividualresponsibilitiesofeachpartyTheexpecteddateofthebeginningandendingoftheprojectThepaymentexpectedbythebuilderAcompletedEstimatedCostBreakdown(ECB),signedanddatedProvisionsforchanges

Buildingahouseinvolvesseveralspecifictradestoensurequalitywork,soitisusuallybettertohavetrainedcraftsmenperformthingsyoureunabletodoatanexpert-level.Youcanprobablypaintthehouseandputupdrywallyourself,butmaybeyouwanttohirethosejobsout.Trytofindaneconomicandpracticalbalancebetweendoingprojectsyourselftosavemoneyandhiringoutmoreintricateanddifficultwork.Considerhiringout:

Siteworkerstoclearandgradetheland,preppingitforbuildingBricklayerstolaythefoundationFramerstoperformroughcarpentry, frameupthewalls,and install the trussesorstick-framedraftersRooferstoinstalltheroofandinsulatethehouseElectricians,plumbers,andHVACworkerstodothedifficultinteriorworkofoutfittingthehomeforlivingTrimandfinishcarpentersforinteriordesignworkFlooringinstallerstolaythecarpet,hardwood,ortile

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DECIDE ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION AREA.

HIRING A BUILDER ON CONTRACT.

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DECIDE ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION AREA.

HIRING A BUILDER ON CONTRACT.

Laythefoundation.Afterasitecrewexcavatestheplot,youllbegintheworkoflayingthefoundation.Thetypeanddesignofthefoundationwilldependuponthesizeofyourhouse,thegroundinwhichitslaid,localbuildingcodes,andwhetherornotyourhomewillhaveabasement.Themostrecommend-edandstrongesttypeoffoundationisconcreteblock.

Theexcavationcrewshouldfirstsurveyandstakethedimensionsofthefoundationandexcavateittothedesireddepth,thensmoothitouttoaworkablesurface,sometimesoverlayingdirtorgraveltobuildupon.

16BREAKING GROUND.

Theseareusedtodistributetheweightevenlyandshouldbesomewhatwiderthanthefoundationwalls,formingtheperimeterofthehome.

Buildtheformworkandfillinwithconcrete.Theformworkisbasicallyamoldforconcrete,usedtopourintoandremoveaftertheconcretehasset.Alternatively,ablockfoundationcanbelaidwhichwontberemoved,inwhichcaseyoullinlayrebarintotheblockandfillinthegapsintheblockwithconcrete.Thethicknessofthefoundationshouldbedeterminedcarefullybyastructuralengineer,takingintoconsiderationtheheightofthewallandtheloaditwillberequiredtobear,bothintermsofthebuildingitselfaswellastheforcesofgravity,wind,andearththataffectthestructure.

17POUR THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION

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construction phases

Thismeansputtingeitherbatterboardsorcornerstakesateachcornerofthehousefoundationtolevelandsquareupthefoundation.Useatransitorbuildingleveltomakesurethebuildinglinesarelevelandsquare,andcheckbymeasuringcornertocorner,diagonally,tomakesurethewallsandcornersaresquare.

18SET UP BUILDING

Therearetwocommonfloortypes,calledslabongradeorpierandbeam/joistfloors.Beforepouringtheslabfloor,youneedtomakesureyouveinstalledroughplumbinglinessothattheyareaccuratelyplaced.Aftertheslabispoured,itllbetoolatetoadjust.

Foraslab-on-gradefloor,formupthefootingtotheproperspecsandlayrebar.Generally,thesefloorsaremadeonconcreteblockfoundations.Afterinstallingyourplumbingrough-ins,backfillaroundthefoundationwithdirtandgravel,compactingitappropriately.Atthispoint,youmayalsowanttopre-treatfortermitesandinstallmoisturebarrier.Foroff-gradeorabove-gradefloors,layoutandinstallwoodenflooringpiersandinstallyourfloorjoistframingsystemtotheproperspecifications.Installsubfloor/finishfloordecking.

19INSTALL FLOORING.

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SET UP BUILDING

INSTALL FLOORING.

Youwillneedtolayoutthewalllinesonthefloor,beginningatonecorner,markingyourbottomplate(calledtheratsill)toattachtoanchorbolts.

Asyouwork,markthelocationofdoors,windows,andinteriorwallcornersonthesill.Besuretousespecialmetalconnectors/strapsatthefloorandtopsofwallsasrequiredbycodeforstormandearthquakeproofing.[8]Use teesatwall intersections, substantial headers for openings in loadbearingwalls, andallowspaceateachroughopeningforthefeaturetobeinstalled.

20WALLS AND ROOF.

Installsheathingifrequired.Otherwise,usesheetmetalstrapstodiagonallybraceallexteriorwallcor-ners.Makesureallstuds(verticalframingmembers,usually2inchby4inch(5cmby10cm)nominallumber,gradedstandardorbetter)aresecurelynailedinplace,straightandsquaretothewallline.

21PLUMB THE WALLS AND BRACE THEM SECURELY

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construction phases

Generally,thismeans24inches(61.0cm)apartfromoneanother,sometimes16inches(40.6cm)forstick-bracingstructures.Attachhurricaneclipsorotherconnectorstosecurethem,plumbthecenterofeachtruss,andtemporarilysupportthemwitharatrunbracingnearthepeak.Installdiagonalgablebracingforaroofwithgableendstopreventtheroofframefromleaningwhenyouinstalltheroofdecking.Forahiproof,installkingraftersandhiprafters,beingcarefultokeeptheadjacentplaneoftheroofconsistentandstraight.

Youmaywanttostickframeyourroof,cuttingandinstallingraftersandceilingjoistsyourself(espe-ciallyifyouwantausableatticspace).Prefabtrusses,however,areengineeredwithlighter,smallerlumberformaximumstrength.Therearesometrussesforatticswithhigh-pitchedroofsanddor-mers,aswellasmoretraditionalroofs.Researchyouroptionsandchoosesomethingthatworkswellforyourhome.

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SETTING UP ROOF TRUSSES.

SET EACH MODEL

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SETTING UP ROOF TRUSSES.

Buildoutlookerstosupportthegableoverhangandgablefaciaboards, ifused.Deckthetrussesorrafterswithplywood,orientedstrandlumber,ornominallumbersuchas1x6inch(2.5cmx15cm)tongueandgrooveboards.

Inareaswherehighwindsorsnow-loading(accumulation)ispossible,makesuretheroofdeckingissecuredandstructurallyabletowithstandthesesevereforcesandconditions.Useappropriatebracingandfastenersforthisscopeofwork.

24 BOARD TO CONNECT THE ENDS

Tomakesuretheelementsdontsetyoubackasyoureworking,itsimportanttoinstallamoisturebar-rieronyourroofevenbeforeitscompleted.Use15or30pound(6.8or13.8kg)roofingfelttarpaperandsimplexnails,roofingtacks,orplasticcappedfeltingtackstosecureit.Beginfeltingthedeckingattheloweredge,allowingittohangoverslightly,andoverlapsubsequentlayerstokeepwaterfromgettingunderthismoisturebarrier.

25INSTALL ROOFING

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construction phases

Youmaychoosepaintedsheetmetalpanels,rolledsteelformedtolengthsneededonsite,orshin-gles,terracottatiles,orothermaterials,dependingonyourpreference,costs,andproductsavailableatyourlocation.Considerridgevents,atticexhaustfans,venteddormers,andotherarchitecturaldetailswhichcanincreasethecomfortofyourhousewhiledecreasingcoolingcostsinhotclimates.

Manylocationsrequiresometypeofmetalflashingtopreventwaterfrompenetratingtheedgesandthegables,butyoumaybeabletosealthemsufficientlywithcaulkingifitispermittedandyouareable.

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WINDOWS AND DOORS.

INSTALL YOUR FINAL ROOF.

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WINDOWS AND DOORS.

Thesecanbecappedofftotrimoutafterthewallsarefinished,especiallyifthelocalcodesrequirepressuretestingbeforefinishingmaybedone.

28STARTING ON THE INTERIOR

Stuboutyourductworkforreturnairandsupplyairregisters.Insulatetheductworkifitisnotpre-in-sulated,andsealall joints.Fastenductworkasneededtopreventmovementandensuretheyourconduitsareflush.

29INSTALL SERVICES

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construction phases

Insulatewallswhereit isrequired.Dependingontheclimate,youwillwanttogetlocation-specificguidelinesforthisareaofwork,aswarmerclimateswillusesubstantiallylessinsulationinthewallsthanwarmerareas.Insulatethespacesbetweenceilingjoistsandwalls.

WallsareusuallyinsulatedwithaminimumR-valueof13,andceilingswithaminimumof19,butasmuchas30,orevenmoreforloweringfuelandutilityusage.

Mostlikely,therewillbeelectricaloutlets,lightfixtures,andspecialwiringrequiredforlargeappli-anceslikewaterheaters,stoves,andairconditioningthatwillbenecessarytodoassoonaspossi-ble.Installthemainelectricalpanelbox,andanysub-panelsyourdesignrequires,andinstallwiringfromthesetoeachdevice.

Commonly,#12Romexcableisusedforordinarylightingandoutletcircuits,andnail-inelectricalboxesareattachedtothewallstuds,withthefrontedgeprotrudingtoallowforthefinishedwallmaterialtobeflush.

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ROUGH-IN ELECTRICAL OUTLETS

INSTALL INSULATION.

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ROUGH-IN ELECTRICAL OUTLETS

Gypsumwallboardmadeof drywall or sheetrock is a commonmaterial used for this application,butthereareotherproductsincludingacousticalceilingtiles,beadedplywoodpaneling(tosimulateplanking),andevennaturalwoodlumberthatarecommonlyusedforcreatingsolidceilings.

32INSTALL YOUR CEILINGS.

Installthebathtub,showerenclosure,andanyotherlargeplumbingfixtureswhichwillinterfacewithfin-ishedwalls.Makesureplumbingrough-insarecorrectlylocated,andpipesareprotectedandsecurelyanchored.

33INSTALLING THE ESSENTIALS

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Putupanytrimyouareusingforbaseboards,crownmouldings,andcorners,andinstallyourinteriordoorsandjambs.Ifyouareusingnaturalwoodtrimandmouldings,youwillwanttopaintthewallspriortothisstep.Pre-finishingthetrimbeforeinstallingwillmakethefinalfinisheasier,butanynail-holeswillprobablystillneedattentionafterinstallation.

Traditionally,builderswillusegypsumwallboard,wood,ormasonitepanelingforthispurpose.Pan-elsaregenerally jacked38 inch(1.0cm)abovethefloortoavoidmoisturefromfloorspillsandregularmoppingwhenyoucleanthehouse.Therearemanyinteriorwallproductsavailable,sotheinstallationprocesswilldependonthematerialused.Applyfinishtogypsumwallboard,tapingandskimming/floatingalljointstoanacceptableleveloffinish.Finish/textureanyceilingsduringthisstepifapplicable.

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WALL BOARD OR PANELING.

PLACE WALL TRIM.

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WALL BOARD OR PANELING.

Mostlikely,youwillwanttoprimewallboard,thenapplyafinishcoat.Useapaintrollerwherepossi-ble,cutting-inwithbrushesaroundappurtenancesandincorners.\

Besuretotrimouttheelectricaldevices, install lightsandotherfixtures,andinstallbreakersinpanelboxesiftheywerenotpre-installed.

36PAINT, AND INSTALL WALL COVERINGS.

Youwillprobablyneedatleastbasickitchenstoragecabinetsandabathroomvanitycabinetforasink,othercabinetsmayincludeabar,upperstoragecabinets,andlowerunitswithdrawersforkitchenutensilsandsupplies.

37INSTALL CABINETS AND OTHER MILL WORK.

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construction phases

Tostartcheckingtomakesureeverythingisworkingappropriately,activatethewaterandelec-tricity tostartexperimentingwith yourhandiwork.Adjust the jobsasnecessaryandworkonfinishingthehousetoastateatwhichyoullwanttomoveinandstartenjoyingyournewhome.

Notethatforcarpetfloors,baseboardsareinstalledpriortoflooring,leaving38inch(1.0cm)forthecarpettotuckunderneathit.Forhardwoodorcompositefloors,thistrimisinstalledafterthefloorisfinished.

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INSTALL FLOORING.

INSTALL APPLIANCES.

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INSTALL FLOORING.

ExcavationConstruction begins with home site excavation. Your homes position isstakedonthelotandpreppedforthefoundation.Forhomeswithabasementorblockwallconstruction,theconcretefooting-thebaseonwhichyourhomesfoundationwillrest-ispoured,andwhenitsset,agravelfillisplacedaroundthefootingorunderthebasementslabfordrainage.FoundationDependingontheregionyourhomeisbuiltin,yournewhomesfoundationconsistsofaslab,blockorpouredwallfoundation.Slabconstruction:Formsaresetandanoutlineof thenewhomebeginstotakeshape.Undergroundplumbing is installedandtied intothepublicsewersystem.Afterabitofprepwork,theslabispouredwhichcreatesthefoundationforyourhome.Blockwallconstruction:Concreteblockis laidtocreateyournewhomesfoundation. Once set, waterproofing is applied and the garage slab ispreppedandpoured.Pouredwall foundation: Concrete is poured into foundation form panels.Oncetheconcreteisset,foundationwaterproofingisapplied,anddraintilepipingisinstalled.Undergroundplumbingisinstalledandtiedintothepublicsewersystem.Nextyourbasementslabispoured,andtheconcretefloorsarefinished.FramingFramingisthephasewherethingsreallystarttotakeshape.Manyhome-ownersthinktheirhomeisnearcompletionattheendofthisstage.Actu-ally,wearestillonlyaboutonethirdofthewaythroughtheconstructionprocess!Sowhilethephasesbeyondthisonemayseemmuchslower inprogress,itsbecausewearegettingintothefinedetailswhichmaynotbeapparentbutarevitaltoyourfinishedhome.Intheframingphase,thesubfloor,walls,androofstructurearebuilt,andyourroofisshingled.Windowanddoorunitsareinstalled,andanybackfill-ingaroundthefoundationisdone.Rough MechanicsRoughmechanicsisthetermusedforthemechanicalportionsofbuildingincludingheating,airconditioning,plumbingandelectric.Thisconstructionphase is a swarm of activity, as plumbing and indoor sewer pipes, yourfurnaceandducts,andelectricwiring,outlets,andswitchesareinstalled.Insulationisinstalledinthewalls,anddrywall isstagedineachroomforfuture installation.Water,gasandelectricutilitiesarealsoconnectedtoyourhome.Towardtheendofthisphase,theBuilderwillperformapre-drywallreviewwithyou.Thisreviewisanopportunitytogoovertheworkalreadydoneonyourhomeanddiscussworktobecompletedinthenextfourphases.DrywallThe drywall phase of home construction shows progress rather quickly.Roomsareseparatedanddivided,givingyouthevisualeffectofeachspace.Drywallishungandfinished,andtheceilingsareinsulated.Outsidebrick,stoneandsidingareinstalled;andyourhomesiteisgradedfordrainageandtoprepareforthedriveway,patios,walks,andsoon.FinishThefinishingphaseisprobablyoneofthemostexcitingphases.YoullseemanyoftheselectionsyoumadeatyourDreesDesignCentercometolife.This iswhentheBuilder installskitchenandbathcabinetry,countertops,mirrors,medicinecabinets,interiordoorsandtrim,stairrails,andmanyotherdetailfeatures.Kitchenappliancesandhardflooring-vinyl,ceramic,andhardwood-areinstalled,andboththeinteriorandexteriorofyourhomearepainted.

University of Gujrat Hafiz hayat campus

Muhammad Ghulam Mustafa Joyia11011505-119

Muhammad Ehsan11011505-120

Farooq Arshad11011505-154

Afnan Javed10060605-092

Adil Ali11011505-011

SCHOOL OF ART DESIGN & ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY:

Submitted to: Mam Ayesha Anwar