strategies adopted by mid level colleges to cope with challenges of globalization_timothy mahea

8/3/2019 Strategies Adopted by Mid Level Colleges to Cope With Challenges of Globalization_Timothy Mahea

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SRVDRKMLKS DBHPRKB F\ OLB/AKYKA CHAAKMKS LE JKE\D

RH CHPK ]LRN CNDAAKEMKS HI MAHFDALWDRLHE7 D CDSK

SR[B\ HI JKE\D LESRLR[RK HI ODEDMKOKER

F\

RLOHRN\ JLODEL ODNKD

D VKSKDVCN PVHGKCR S[FOLRRKB LE PDVRLDA

I[AILAAOKER HI RNK VKT[LVKOKERS IHV D]DVB HI RNKBKMVKK HI ODSRKV HI F[SLEKSS DBOLELSRVDRLHE!

SCNHHA HI F[SLEKSS! [ELYKVSLR\ HI EDLVHFL

HCRHFKV 6044


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BKCADVDRLHE

Rnls pvhgkcr ls o| hvlmleda }hvj deb nds ehr fkke s{folrrkb ihv d bkmvkk le de| hrnkv

{elykvslr|%

Slmekb Bdrk

Rlohrn| J% Odnkd

Vkm Eh% B94(=0429(600>

Rnls pvhgkcr nds fkke s{folrrkb ihv k~doledrlhe }lrn o| dppvhyda ds [elykvslr|

S{pkvylshv

Slmekb Bdrk

Bv% Odvrle Hm{r{

Skelhv Akcr{vkv! Scnhha hi F{slekss

[elykvslr| hi Edlvhfl


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DCJEH]AKBMKOKERS

O| mvdrlr{bk mhks rh o| idola| deb ivlkebs }nh pvd|kb deb s{pphvrkb ok he ode|

hccdslhes spker d}d| ivho rnk nh{sk hv fknleb cahskb bhhv sr{b|lem%

Spkclda rndejs rh o| vkskdvcn s{pkvylshv Bv% Odvrle Hm{r{ ihv nls s{pphvr deb m{lbdeck

rnvh{mnh{r rnk pvhgkcr% L do lebkfrkb ihv nls alolrakss s{pphvr! m{lbdeck deb nls rlok rh

kes{vk rndr rnk sr{b| }ds rnhvh{mn deb okr rnk vkt{lvkb srdebdvbs%

Rh o| ikaah} sr{bkers Ivdecls! Bdodvls deb Ghskpn ihv rnk kech{vdmkoker deb rlok

spker rhmkrnkv sr{b|lem! le blsc{sslhes deb ihv rnk k~pkvlkecks sndvkb: |h{ }kvk de

lesplvdrlhe rh ok%

Dcjeh}akbmk chervlf{rlhes ivho cdsk vkskdvcnkvs }nhsk kiihvr nds odbk rnls vkskdvcn

phsslfak%


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BKBLCDRLHE

Rh o| Pdvkers Srkpnke! Odvmdvkr deb daa rnhsk }nh ndyk lesplvkb ok dcdbkolcdaa|%


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RDFAK HI CHERKERS

BKCADVDRLHE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ll

DCJEH]AKBMKOKERS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% lll

BKBLCDRLHE%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% lyDFSRVDCR%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% yllCNDPRKV HEK7 LERVHB[CRLHE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4

4%4 Fdcjmvh{eb hi rnk Sr{b| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 44%4%4 Checkpr hi Srvdrkm| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 44%4%6 Checkpr hi Mahfdalwdrlhe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34%4%3 Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2

4%6 Vkskdvcn Pvhfako %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;4%3 Vkskdvcn Hfgkcrlyks %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =4%2 Yda{k hi rnk Sr{b| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =

CNDPRKV R]H7 ALRKVDR[VK VKYLK]%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >

6%4 Lervhb{crlhe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >6%4 Rnk Checkpr hi Srvdrkm| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >6%6 Mahfdalwdrlhe deb lrs Cndaakemks %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 446%3 Srvdrkmlks rh Chpk }lrn Mahfdalwdrlhe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 42

CNDPRKV RNVKK7 VKSKDVCN OKRNHBHAHM\ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 493%4 Lervhb{crlhe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 493%6 Vkskdvcn Bkslme %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 493%3 Bdrd Chaakcrlhe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 493%2 Bdrd Deda|sls %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=


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CNDPRKV IH[V7 BDRD DEDA\SLS! VKS[ARS DEB BLSC[SSLHE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4>2%4 Lervhb{crlhe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4>2%6 Vksphebkers Pvhilak %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4>2%3 Cndaakemks hi Mahfdalwdrlhe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4;%2 Alolrdrlhes hi rnk Sr{b| %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 30;%; S{mmksrlhes ihv I{vrnkv Vkskdvcn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 30;%9 Vkchookebdrlhes ihv Phalc| deb Pvdcrlck%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34

VKIKVKECKS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 36DPPKEBLCKS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3;

DPPKEBL^ L7 Lervhb{crlhe Akrrkv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3;DPPKEBL^ LL7 Lerkvylk} M{lbk %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 39


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DFSRVDCR

Mahfdalwdrlhe kiikcrs dvk spvkdblem daa hykv rnk }hvab }lrn lecvkdskb spkkb deb

hvmdelwdrlhes o{sr dalme rnkoskayks dcchvblema| hv fk idckb h{r hi f{slekss% Olb/akyka

chaakmks dvk ehr de k~ckprlhe le rnls deb rnk| }laa ndyk rh dbhpr ek} }d|s hi bhlem rnlemsle hvbkv rh vkodle vkakyder deb chopkrlrlyk .Deshii deb OcBheekaa! 4


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4

CNDPRKV HEK

LERVHB[CRLHE

4%4 Fdcjmvh{eb hi rnk Sr{b|

Rnk cndaakemks le rnk f{slekss keylvheoker cdaas ihv hvmdelwdrlhes rh bkykahp d vhdbodp

le hvbkv rh srkkv le rnk vlmnr blvkcrlhe dolb rnk keylvheokerda r{vf{akeck deb cndaakemks

hi mahfdalwdrlhe% Rnls odjks lr ekckssdv| ihv de hvmdelwdrlhe rh bkylck de dppvhpvldrk

srvdrkm| rh kedfak lr cvkdrk d ilr% Rnk f{slekss keylvheoker ls fkcholem lecvkdslema|

chopkrlrlyk deb nkeck rnkvk ls rnk ekkb rh kes{vk rndr rnk| p{r le padck okcndelsos rh

kedfak rnko chopkrk ehr hea| dr rnk edrlheda akyka f{r dash dr rnk lerkvedrlheda akyka%

Mahfdalwdrlhe leyhayks rnk blii{slhe hi lbkds! pvdcrlcks deb rkcnehahmlks% Lr ls shokrnlem

ohvk rnde lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe deb {elykvsdalwdrlhe% Mlbbkes .4


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6

srvdrkm| ls! f{r rnkvk ls eh {elykvsdaa| dcckprkb bkilelrlhe% Scnhaks deb ]nlrrlemrhe

.600>, bkilek srvdrkm| ds rnk blvkcrlhe deb schpk hi de hvmdelwdrlhe hykv rnk ahem/rkvo

}nlcn dcnlkyks dbyderdmk le d cndemlem keylvheoker rnvh{mn lrs cheilm{vdrlhe hi

vksh{vcks deb chopkrkeck }lrn rnk dlo hi i{aila srdjknhabkv k~pkcrdrlhes% Olerwfkvm

.4=, ylk}kb srvdrkm| ds d pade! pah| pdrrkve! d phslrlhe deb pkvspkcrlyk% Ds d pade!

srvdrkm| spkclilks chesclh{sa| lerkebkb ch{vsk hi dcrlhe hi rnk ilvo% Ds d pah|! srvdrkm| ls

skke ds d odehk{yvk lerkebkb rh h{r}lr chopkrlrhvs% Ds d pdrrkve! srvdrkm| ls skke ds d

pdrrkve kokvmlem le d srvkdo hi dcrlhes% Ds d phslrlhe! srvdrkm| ls skke ds d okdes hi

ahcdrlem de hvmdelwdrlhe le lrs keylvheoker% Ds d pkvspkcrlyk! srvdrkm| cheslsrs hi d

phslrlhe deb de lemvdlekb }d| hi pkvcklylem rnk }hvab%

Lvvkspkcrlyk hi rnk phslrlhes rdjke f| ydvlh{s d{rnhvs! d srvdrkm| d choolroker rh

{ebkvrdjk hek skr hi dcrlhes le hvbkv rh drrdle ckvrdle spkclilkb mhdas% Srvdrkmlks dvk

{elykvsdaa| dppalcdfak rh daa r|pks hi hvmdelwdrlhes lvvkspkcrlyk hi slwk! edr{vk hi f{slekss

hv hpkvdrlem keylvheoker% Le bvd}lem rnk srvdrkmlks! hvmdelwdrlhes snh{ab cheslbkv rnklv

pvksker slr{drlhe! }nkvk rnk hvmdelwdrlhe ekkbs rh mh! nh} snh{ab lr mkr rnkvk deb }ndrs

lrs pvksker slr{drlhe% Rnk cvdirlem hi srvdrkm| vkpvkskers d odedmkvlda choolroker rh

p{vs{k d pdvrlc{adv skr hi dcrlhes le mvh}lem rnk f{slekss! drrvdcrlem deb pakdslem

c{srhokvs! chopkrlem s{cckssi{aa|! cheb{clem hpkvdrlhes deb lopvhylem rnk chopde|s

iledeclda deb odvjkr pkvihvodeck .Deshii deb OcBheekaa! 4


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3

chnkvker srvdrkm| ls aljka| rh fk h{rodek{ykvkb f| lrs vlydas deb idck bkcalelem odvjkr

sndvk hv kyke bkcalelem sdaks%

4%4%6 Checkpr hi Mahfdalwdrlhe

Rnk nlsrhvlcda hvlmles hi mahfdalwdrlhe dvk rnk s{fgkcr hi he/mhlem bkfdrk deb ydvlh{s

d{rnhvs nhab bliikvker ylk}s% Shok scnhadvs dvk hi rnk hplelhe rndr mahfdalwdrlhe ls ds hab

ds n{ode clylalwdrlhe }nlak hrnkvs sd| rndr mahfdalwdrlhe pvhpkva| fkmde le rnk adrk

ilirkkern cker{v| }nke hek pdvrlc{adv shclkr| cheslsrlem hi rnk edrlhes hi ehvrnkve K{vhpk

fkmde rh lophsk lrs }d|s herh rnk vksr hi rnk }hvab rnvh{mn k~pahvdrlhe! rvdbk deb

chet{ksr% Nh}kykv! rnk kylbkeck hi mahfdalwdrlhe cde fk skke kykv|}nkvk7 le rnk nhoks!

le rnk }hvjpadck! le rnk vkrdla srhvks! le f{slekss! le rnk ek}spdpkvs deb f{slekss gh{vedas!

le rnk iah} hi oherna| mhykveoker srdrlsrlcs! deb le dcdbkolc alrkvdr{vk%

Dcchvblem rh Rnhopshe! Srvlcjadeb deb Mdofak .600>,! lecvkdskb mahfdalwdrlhe nds fkke

lbkerlilkb ds hek hi rnk ihvcks bvlylem leb{srvlks% Rnk mvkdrksr fkekilcldvlks hi

mahfdalwdrlhe dvk rnk ahem/s{iikvlem ches{okvs ivho edrlhes rndr ndb fkke &pvhrkcrkb&

ivho mahfda chopkrlrlhe% Mahfdalwdrlhe k~pdebs rnk vdemk hi cnhlck! lopvhyks pvhb{cr

t{dalr|! deb k~kvrs bh}e}dvb pvkss{vk he pvlcks% Lr bkalykvs de lookbldrk mdle rh }hvjkvs

f| vdlslem rnk vkda yda{k hi rnklv }dmks .Sdsjld! 6009,% Lr dash rvdesikvs }kdarn ivhoihvokva| pvhrkcrkb pvhb{ckvs rh ek}a| alfkvdrkb ches{okvs! }lrn rnk mdles rh ches{okvs

k~ckkblem rnk ahss rh pvhb{ckvs fkcd{sk rnk bkdb}klmnr ahssks rh rnk kcheho| dvk

vkcdpr{vkb rnvh{mn kiilclkec| mdles% Ivlkbode .600>,! nds k~dolekb rnk lopdcr hi rnk

&iadrrkelem& hi rnk }hvab! deb dvm{ks rndr mahfdalwkb rvdbk! h{rsh{vclem! s{ppa|/cndlelem!

deb phalrlcda ihvcks ndyk cndemkb rnk }hvab pkvodekera|! ihv fhrn fkrrkv deb }hvsk% Nk

dash dvm{ks rndr rnk pdck hi mahfdalwdrlhe ls t{lcjkelem deb }laa cherle{k rh ndyk d

mvh}lem lopdcr he f{slekss hvmdelwdrlhe deb pvdcrlck%

]lrn lecvkdskb mahfdalwdrlhe hi ode| leb{srvlks! rnkvk nds fkke d ohyk d}d| ivho

lerkvedrlheda bkclslhes hv s{fslbldvlks rh }ndr nds fkchok d mahfda pvhb{cr hv lerkmvda

srv{cr{vk% Chopkrlrlhe nds davkdb| fkm{e rh snlir ivho fklem pvlodvla| d vkmlheda hv

edrlheda ihc{s rh de lerkvedrlheda ihc{s hv mahfda ihc{s% Leb{srv| okofkvs dvk eh}


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2

skkjlem h{r c{srhokvs le ihvklme odvjkrs deb pvhb{crlhe dcrlylrlks dvk davkdb| olmvdrlem

rh ch{ervlks }nkvk chsrs dvk ah}ksr aljk Cnled deb Lebld% Nh}kykv! Ghneshe! Scnhaks deb

]nlrrlemrhe .600>, vkchookeb rndr mlyke rnk chopak~lr| hi lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe!

lerkvedrlheda srvdrkm| snh{ab fk {ebkvpleekb f| d cdvki{a bldmehsls hi rnk srvkemrn deb

blvkcrlhe hi rvkebs le d pdvrlc{adv odvjkr%

Olb/akyka chaakmks idck {elt{k cndaakemks }nlcn diikcr rnklv pvhilrdflalr|! mvh}rn deb

srdflalr|! rnkvkf| alolrlem rnklv chervlf{rlhe rh kcheholc bkykahpoker% Ch{pakb f| rnk

kiikcrs hi mahfdalwdrlhe! rnkvk hpkvdrlhes ndyk fkke srvhema| ndopkvkb deb lr ls fkcholem

lecvkdslema| bliilc{ar ihv rnko rh s{vylyk% Nh}kykv! sleck mahfdalwdrlhe ls {esrhppdfak!

rnk| ndyk rh fkchok leehydrlyk le rnk }d| rnk| bh rnklv dcrlylrlks rh lecvkdsk rnklv

cndecks hi s{vylyda deb kyker{da mvh}rn lerh advmk kerkvpvlsks% Olb/akyka chaakmks leJke|d ndyk le d advmk }d| ikar rnk kiikcrs hi mahfdalwdrlhe f| ehr hea| ndylem rh chopkrk

}lrn ahcda advmk hvmdelwdrlhes! f{r dash lerkvedrlheda hvmdelwdrlhes% Olb/akyka chaakmks

ndyk fkke ihvckb rh }hvj k~rvd ndvb deb ah}kv rnklv pvhilr odvmles le hvbkv rh vkrdle hv

vkcadlo rnklv snkai spdck le rnk vkrdla srhvks hv skc{vk calkers le rnk skvylck skcrhv .Ckervda

F{vkd{ hi Srdrlsrlcs! 4


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dccadlokb ckervk hi k~ckaakeck ihv rnk bkykahpoker deb blsskoledrlhe hi leehydrlyk lbkds

he rnk rnkhv| deb pvdcrlck hi pvhiksslheda odedmkoker%

Rnk edrlheda srv{cr{vk hi rnk lesrlr{rk rvdesckebs dcvhss 66 fvdecnks le Jke|d ahcdrkb le

Edj{v{! Ede|{jl! Cn{jd! Jdpsdfkr! Jdfdvekr! Jkvlcnh! Jdjdokmd! Jls{o{! Kabdod

Vdylek! Odcndjhs! Kabhvkr! Jlsll! E|kvl! Rnljd! Kof{! Odcndjhs! Ohofdsd! E|dn{v{v{!

Edlydsnd! Edvhj! Okv{ deb V}debd% Rnk lesrlr{rk fkalkyks rndr Pvhiksslheda

Odedmkoker pvdcrlcks dvk ekckssdv| ihv kcheholc deb shclda bkykahpoker hi d ch{erv|

deb ihv rnk lopvhykoker hi d pkhpaks }kaidvk% Rh pvdcrlck pvhiksslheda odedmkoker!

odedmkvs hi p{falc deb pvlydrk vksh{vcks vkt{lvk pvhpkv kb{cdrlhe deb rvdlelem le

odedmkoker% Rnk| }laa dash ekkb d ihv{o }nkvk rnk| cde lerkvdcr }lrn hrnkvs deb

k~cndemk rnklv ylk}s deb sndvk k~pkvlkecks% Dfhyk daa! rnk| ekkb rh idolaldvlwk

rnkoskayks }lrn pvhiksslheda odedmkoker srdebdvbs deb krnlcs deb bkohesrvdrk lerkmvlr|

le rnklv }hvj% Ihv rnksk vkdshes! rnk| ekkb d pvhiksslheda okofkvsnlp/fdskb

hvmdelwdrlhe rndr fvlems rnko rhmkrnkv le p{vs{lr hi rnksk cheylcrlhes% Rnk lesrlr{rk nds

dcnlkykb mvkdr mvh}rn f| k~pdeslhe lerh rnk ydvlh{s vkmlhes }lrnle rnk edrlheda

fh{ebdvlks deb dash }lrnle rnk vkmlhe% Nh}kykv! chopkrlrlhe nds fkke lerkesk deb rnkvk

nds fkke d mvkdr ekkb rh hiikv fkrrkv skvylcks deb le leehydrlyk }d|s .JLO! 6044,%

4%6 Vkskdvcn Pvhfako

Mahfdalwdrlhe hi chopkrlrlhe vkdaa| srdvrs rh mkr nhab }nke hek hv ohvk doflrlh{s

chopdelks pvkclplrdrk d yda{k ihv }hvab}lbk odvjkr akdbkvsnlp f| ad{ecnlem lelrldrlyks rh

k~pdeb lerh ohvk deb ohvk ch{erv| odvjkrs% Mahfdalwdrlhe cde dash fk pvkclplrdrkb f|

rnk fahssholem hi ches{okv bkodeb! }nkvk edrlheda hvmdelwdrlhes ileb rnkoskayks

chopkrlem }lrn lerkvedrlheda hvmdelwdrlhes dr rnk edrlheda akyka% Rnk ihvcks hi

mahfdalwdrlhe dvk shokrloks s{cn d srvhem bvlykv rndr chopdelks ileb lr nlmna|

dbyderdmkh{s! li ehr ekckssdv|! rh spvkdb rnklv hpkvdrlem vkdcn lerh ohvk deb ohvk

ch{erv| odvjkrs .Hsrkvndooka deb Elkas! 600;,% Mahfdalwdrlhe ls ykv| o{cn d bvlykv hi

leb{srv| cndemk le s{cn ds rnk kb{cdrlheda skcrhv rnvh{mn rnk ydvlh{s dcdbkolc pvhmvdos


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9

hiikvkb% Ydvlh{s kb{cdrlheda lesrlr{rlhes ndyk bkykahpkb ydvlh{s srvdrkmlks rh rdjk rnk

n{mk hpphvr{elrlks rndr dvk hpkelem {p ds d vks{ar hi mahfdalwdrlhe% Shok hi rnk srvdrkmlks

leca{bk bkykahpoker hi pdvrekvsnlps! hiikvlem hi lerkvedrlheda pvhmvdos rnvh{mn

chaadfhvdrlhes! k~pdeslhe rh ek} odvjkrs deb fvhdbkelem hi rnk dcdbkolc pvhmvdos%

Rnk kb{cdrlhe skcrhv nds fkke mvh}lem vdplba| }lrn rnk lecvkdsk hi olb akyka chaakmks

deb lesrlr{rlhes hi nlmnkv akdvelem% Rnkvk nds fkke lecvkdskb chopkrlrlhe fhrn ahcdaa| deb

lerkvedrlhedaa|% Ohsr hi rnk chaakmks idaa {ebkv rnk cdrkmhv| hi sodaa deb okbl{o

kerkvpvlsks deb rnk akyka hi chopkrlrlhe odlea| srkos ivho advmkv lesrlr{rlhes% Le hvbkv rh

vkodle chopkrlrlyk! rnk olb akyka chaakmks ndyk bkykahpkb srvdrkmlks rndr kedfak rnko rh

vkodle vkakyder! hiikv chopkrlrlyk pvhmvdos deb dr rnk sdok rlok hiikv nlmn t{dalr|

kb{cdrlhe% Shok hi rnk dcrlylrlks rnk| ndyk kemdmkb le dvk bkykahpoker hi dcdbkolcpvhmvdos rndr dvk {elt{k deb dash ndylem rnko ydalbdrkb deb vkchmelwkb f| rnk

mhykveoker% Hrnkv dcrlylrlks leca{bk bkykahpoker hi pvhmvdos le chaadfhvdrlhe }lrn rnk

{elykvslrlks deb lerkvedrlheda lesrlr{rlhes% Nh}kykv! lr nds fkke de {pnlaa rdsj ihv ohsr hi

rnko sleck rnk| ndyk fkke hpkvdrlem le d ahcda akyka hv edrlheda akyka! deb ds d vks{ar hi

mahfdalwdrlhe! rnk| ndyk s{bbkea| ih{eb rnkoskayks k~pkvlkeclem vkmlheda deb

lerkvedrlheda chopkrlrlhe le rnklv hpkvdrlem akykas%

Rnk olb akyka chaakmks rndr ndyk fkke dppa|lem ydvlh{s srvdrkmlks le hvbkv rh chpk }lrn

rnk cndaakemks fvh{mnr dfh{r f| mahfdalwdrlhe% Nh}kykv! rnk srvdrkmlks bkykahpkb ndyk

ehr pvhyke ds fksr pvdcrlcks le rnk hpkvdrlhes% Pvkylh{s sr{blks cdvvlkb h{r le rnk sodaa

deb okbl{o kerkvpvlsk skcrhv f| Hohebl .600


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4%3 Vkskdvcn Hfgkcrlyks

l% Rh ksrdfalsn rnk cndaakemks idckb f| Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker rh chpk }lrnmahfdalwdrlhe%

ll% Rh bkrkvolek rnk srvdrkmlks dbhprkb f| rnk Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker rh chpk}lrn rnk cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe

4%2 Yda{k hi rnk Sr{b|

Rnk vks{ars hi rnls sr{b| od| fk fkekilclda rh ydvlh{s mvh{ps hi pkhpak le ydvlh{s }d|s7/

Rnls sr{b| }laa fk lophvrder rh mhykveoker dmkeclks }nh dvk rnk ihvo{adrhvs hi phalclks!

deb le lopvhylem rnk dvkd hi skvylck bkalykv| deb f{slekss hpkvdrlem keylvheoker f|

phlerlem h{r dvkds hi bliilc{ar| le daahcdrlem vksh{vcks rh}dvbs dbbvksslem pvlhvlr| ekkbs%

Rnk ileblems hi rnk sr{b| }laa nkap mhykveoker ihvo{adrk d phalc| he rnk vkm{adrhv|

pvhckss le rnk kcheho| le rnk dvkds rndr vkt{lvk drrkerlhe le vkmdvbs rh mahfdalwdrlhe! rh

kes{vk hvbkva| kcheholc mvh}rn deb bkykahpoker%

Rnk vks{ars hi rnls sr{b| }laa dash fk lophvrder rh rnk olb/akyka chaakmks deb rh shok

k~rker dash rh rnk {elykvslrlks le kedfalem rnko bkrkvolek rnk dppvhpvldrk srvdrkmlks rh

dbhpr le bkdalem }lrn rnk cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe% Lr }laa dash pvhylbk leslmnrs dfh{r

rnk k~lsrlem cndaakemks le vkikvkeck rh mahfdalwdrlhe }lrnle rnk kb{cdrlhe skcrhv%

Hrnkv fkekilcldvlks hi rnls vkskdvcn sr{b| dvk i{r{vk scnhadvs% Rnk Vkskdvcn ileblems ivho

rnls sr{b| }laa odjk chervlf{rlhes rh rnk dydladfak leihvodrlhe vkmdvblem rnk srvdrkmlks

olb/akyka chaakmks dvk dbhprlem rh chpk }lrn rnk cndaakemk hi mahfdalwdrlhe% Rnls }laa

pvhylbk vkt{lvkb leihvodrlhe rh i{r{vk scnhadvs ds rnk cdvv| h{r i{vrnkv sr{blks% Rnk sr{b|

pvhylbks d padrihvo ihv i{vrnkv vkskdvcn le rnk dvkd hi mahfdalwdrlhe kiikcrs deb

pdvrlc{adva| nh} rnk| diikcr hrnkv skcrhvs hi rnk kcheho|! hv }d|s hi bhlem f{slekss%


15/47

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CNDPRKV R]H

ALRKVDR[VK VKYLK]

6%4 Lervhb{crlhe

Rnk odle p{vphsk hi rnls cndprkv ls rh {ebkvsrdeb }ndr hrnkv chervlf{rlhes }vlrkvs ndyk

he rnk s{fgkcr odrrkv hi rnk idcrhvs diikcrlem pvhc{vkoker le vkrdla hvmdelwdrlhes% Rnls

cndprkv }laa nkap rh dppvkcldrk }ndr hrnkv }vlrkvs: fhrn ahcda deb lerkvedrlheda ndyk

}vlrrke dfh{r rnk ilkab hi sr{b| deb dsskss }ndr phsslfa| ekkbs rh fk vkskdvcnkb i{vrnkv%

Ohsr lophvrdera| rv| deb ilaa le rnk fadejs rnk hrnkv vkskdvcnkvs ndyker ilaakb% Rnk

cndprkv checa{bks f| cvlrlcdaa| deda|wlem rnk vkskdvcnkvs vkdshes ihv cdvv|lem h{r rnk

vkskdvcn deb d s{oodv| hi ileblems%

6%4 Rnk Checkpr hi Srvdrkm|

Dcchvblem rh Rnhopshe Srvlcjakv deb mdofak .600>,! d chopde|s srvdrkm| cheslsr hi rnk

chopkrlrlyk ohyks deb f{slekss dppvhdcnks rndr odedmkvs kopah| rh mvh} rnk f{slekss!

drrvdcr deb pakdsk c{srhokvs! chopkrk s{cckssi{aa|! cheb{cr hpkvdrlhes dcnlkyk rnk

rdvmkrkb akykas hi hvmdelwdrlheda pkvihvodeck% Rnls pvkclska| okdes rndr dohem rnk

ode| bliikvker f{slekss dppvhdcnks deb }d|s hi chopkrlem! de hvmdelwdrlhe cnhhsks rh

kopah| d pdvrlc{adv chofledrlhe hi chopkrlrlyk deb hpkvdrlheda dppvhdcnks le ohylem

rnk chopde| le rnk lerkebkb blvkcrlhe! srvkemrnkelem lrs odvjkr phslrlhe deb

chopkrlrlykekss deb fhhsrlem pkvihvodeck% Phvrkv .40, srdrks rndr b{k rh rnk idcr rndr

keylvheoker ls chesrdera| cndemlem! lr ls lopkvdrlyk rndr de hvmdelwdrlhe nds rh chesrdera|

dbhpr lrs dcrlylrlks rh vkiakcr rh rnk ek} kcheholc vkt{lvkokers% Ds pdsr k~pkvlkeck

cdeehr fk {skb rh dcc{vdrka| pvkblcr }ndr rh k~pkcr le rnk i{r{vk! chopdelks }nlcn }h{ab

aljk rh s{vylyk o{sr dbhpr rh rnk cndemk% Ghneshe deb Scnhaks .4


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Rnkvk ls eh slemak bkilelrlhe hi srvdrkm|% ]ndr kokvmks nh}kykv ls rndr srvdrkm| nds rh bh

}lrn nh} d ilvo vkadrks rh lrs keylvheoker% Rnls nds rh rdjk lerh dcch{er rnk lerkveda

cdpdflalrlks hi rnk ilvo le vkadrlhe rh k~rkveda hpphvr{elrlks deb rnvkdrs% Ds de

hvmdelwdrlhes keylvheoker cndemks lr ls ekckssdv| rndr rnk ilvo cherle{h{sa| dbdpr lrsdcrlylrlks deb lerkveda cheilm{vdrlhes rh vkiakcr rnk ek} k~rkveda slr{drlhe% Idla{vk rh bh

rnls kebdemkvs rnk i{r{vk s{cckss hi rnk hvmdelwdrlhe%


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44

6%6 Mahfdalwdrlhe deb lrs Cndaakemks

Mahfdalwdrlhe vkikvs rh rnk srvdrkm| hi dppvhdcnlem }hvab}lbk odvjkrs }lrn srdebdvblwkb

pvhb{crs% S{cn odvjkrs dvk choohea| cvkdrkb f| keb ches{okvs rndr pvkikv ah}kv pvlckb!

srdebdvblwkb pvhb{crs hykv nlmna| pvlckb! c{srholwkb pvhb{crs deb f| mahfda

chvphvdrlhes rndr {sk rnklv }hvab}lbk hpkvdrlhes rh chopkrk le ahcda odvjkrs .Nlvsr )

Rnhopshe! 6006,% Mahfda chvphvdrlhes nkdbt{dvrkvkb le hek ch{erv| }lrn s{fslbldvlks le

hrnkv ch{ervlks k~pkvlkeck bliilc{arlks rndr dvk {ebkvsrdebdfa| dsshcldrkb }lrn hpkvdrlem

le skykvda blsrlecra| bliikvker chopkrlrlyk dvkeds%

D}dvkekss hi srvdrkmlc hpphvr{elrlks idckb f| rnk mahfda chvphvdrlhes deb hi rnk rnvkdrs

phskb rh rnko ls lophvrder rh padeekvs le kykv| leb{srv| hv skcrhv% [ebkvsrdeblem hi rnko|vldb deb shokrloks s{frak e{decks hi chopkrlem le mahfda chvphvdrlhes ls vdplba|

fkcholem d vkt{lvkb chopkrkeck hi srvdrkmlc odedmkvs% Fkcd{sk rnk mvh}rn le e{ofkv hi

mahfda ilvos cherle{ks rh hykvsndbh} hrnkv cndemks le rnk chopkrlrlyk keylvheoker! rnls

skcrlhe }laa ihc{s he rnk edr{vk! h{rahhj! deb hpkvdrlhes hi mahfda chvphvdrlhes .Gkiivk| S%

) Debvk} ]! 4


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adeb deb cdplrda! }nlcn daah} rnko rh ah}kv rnklv chsr srv{cr{vks deb fhhsr pvhilrs% D

chopde| ls dash k~phskb rh d }lbk phha hi s{ppalkvs rndr dvk dydladfak lerkvedrlheda

.Hsrkvndooka deb Elkas! 600;,% Ds ihv rnk mahfdalwdrlhe hi odvjkrs! lr nds fkke dvm{kb

rndr rnk }hvab kcheholc s|srko ls ohylem ivho hek le }nlcn edrlheda odvjkrs dvk

blsrlecr kerlrlks! lshadrkb ivho kdcn hrnkv f| rvdbk fdvvlkvs deb fdvvlkvs hi blsrdeck! rlok

deb c{ar{vk! rh}dvb d s|srko }nlcn edrlheda odvjkrs dvk okvmlem lerh hek n{mk mahfda

odvjkrpadck% Lecvkdslema|! c{srhokvs dvh{eb rnk }hvab bkodeb deb {sk rnk sdok fdslc

pvhb{cr hiikvlems% Pkdvck! Vhfleshe deb Olrda .6040,! dmvkk rndr odedmkoker lss{ks ndyk

fkchok ohvk chopak~ ds chopdelks lecvkdslema| rvdesckeb edrlheda fhdvbkvs%

Rnk rvkeb rh}dvbs rnk mahfdalwdrlhe hi pvhb{crlhe deb odvjkrs nds skykvda lophvrder

lopalcdrlhes ihv chopkrlrlhe }lrnle de leb{srv|% Ilvsr! leb{srv| fh{ebdvlks bh ehr srhp dr

edrlheda fhdvbkvs% Fkcd{sk ode| leb{srvlks dvk fkcholem mahfda le schpk! dcr{da deb

phrkerlda chopkrlrhvs k~lsr ehr hea| le d chopde|s nhok odvjkr f{r dash le hrnkv

edrlheda odvjkrs% Odedmkvs }nh deda|sk hea| rnklv nhok odvjkr cde fk cd{mnr

{epvkpdvkb f| rnk kerv| hi kiilclker ihvklme chopkrlrhvs% Rnk mahfdalwdrlhe hi odvjkrs

deb pvhb{crlhe lopalks rndr chopdelks dvh{eb rnk mahfk dvk ileblem rnklv nhok odvjkrs

{ebkv drrdcj ivho ihvklme chopkrlrhvs%

Skcheb! rnk snlir ivho edrlheda rh mahfda odvjkr b{vlem rnk pdsr r}ker| |kdvs nds

lerkeslilkb chopkrlrlyk vlydav| le leb{srv| dirkv leb{srv|% Edrlheda odvjkrs rndr heck }kvk

cheshalbdrkb halmhphalks! bholedrkb f| rnvkk hv ih{v chopdelks deb s{fgkcrkb rh vkadrlyk

alrrak ihvklme chopkrlrlhe! ndyk fkke rvdesihvokb lerh skmokers hi ivdmokerkb mahfda

leb{srvlks! }nkvk d advmk e{ofkv hi chopdelks fdrrak kdcn hrnkv ihv odvjkr sndvk le

ch{erv| dirkv ch{erv|% Rnls vlydav| nds bvlyke bh}e pvhilr vdrks deb odbk lr daa rnk ohvk

cvlrlcda ihv chopdelks rh od~lolwk rnklv kiilclkec|! t{dalr|! c{srhokv vkspheslykekss! deb

leehydrlyk dflalr|%

Rnlvb! ds chopkrlrlhe lerkesli| nds lecvkdskb! sh nds rnk vdrk hi leehydrlhe% Chopdelks

srvlyk rh mdle de dbyderdmk hykv rnklv chopkrlrhvs f| plhekkvlem ek} pvhb{crs! pvhckssks!

deb }d|s hi bhlem f{slekss% Rnk vks{ar nds fkke rh chopvkss pvhb{cr alik c|caks deb


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odjk lr ylrda ihv chopdelks rh srd| he rnk akdblem kbmk hi rkcnehahm|% Le vkmdvb rh nlmna|

chopkrlrlyk mahfda leb{srvlks! }nkvk rnk vdrk hi leehydrlhe ls dcckakvdrlem! rnk cvlrlclsos

rndr phvrkvs ilyk ihvcks ohbka ls rhh srdrlc od| fk pdvrlc{adva| vkakyder% Iledaa|! darnh{mn

mahfdalwdrlhe nds lecvkdskb fhrn rnk rnvkdr hi kerv| deb rnk lerkeslr| hi vlydav| }lrnle

ode| ihvokva| pvhrkcrkb edrlheda odvjkrs! lr nds dash cvkdrkb kehvoh{s hpphvr{elrlks ihv

chopdelks fdskb le rnhsk odvjkrs% Rnk srkdb| bkcalek le fdvvlkvs rh cvhss fhdvbkv rvdbk

nds hpkekb {p ode| heck pvhrkcrkb odvjkrs rh chopdelks fdskb h{rslbk rnke%

[ebkvsrdeblem rnk o|vldb deb shokrloks s{frak e{decks hi chopkrlem le mahfda odvjkrs

hv dmdlesr mahfda chvphvdrlhes ls vdplba| fkcholem d vkt{lvkb chopkrkeck hi srvdrkmlc

odedmkvs .Rnhopshe Srvlcjakv deb mdofak! 600>,%

Cvlrlcs hi mahfdalwdrlhe }dve hi d bksrv{crlyk &vdck rh rnk fhrrho!& ds dbydeckb edrlhes

dvk ihvckb rh }kdjke adfh{v deb keylvheokerda srdebdvbs rh chopkrk }lrn akss/vkm{adrkb

pvhb{ckvs le bkykahplem edrlhes .Srkykeshe deb Hemk! 600;,% Shok keylvheokerda

dcrlylsrs chopadle rndr rnk mahfda rvdblem s|srko! ds kofhblkb le rnk ]RH! idyh{vs ivkk

rvdbk dr rnk k~pkesk hi keylvheokerda pvhrkcrlhe% F{r ]RH v{aks padck eh vksrvdlers he

rnk dflalr| hi d okofkv mhykveoker rh lophsk de| keylvheokerda vkm{adrlhes bkrkvolekb

rh fk ekckssdv| rh pvhrkcr lrs h}e keylvheoker ivho bhoksrlcdaa| pvhb{ckb hv lophvrkb

pvhb{crs% Dvrlcak ^^ hi rnk Mkekvda Dmvkkoker he Rdvliis deb Rvdbk 4


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le bkykahpkb ch{ervlks rndr dvk vkadrlyka| hpke rh rvdbk% Rnls alfkvdalwdrlhe hi lerkvedrlheda

rvdbk deb leyksroker nds fkke dcchopdelkb f| kykv/vlslem keylvheokerda srdebdvbs%

6%3 Srvdrkmlks rh Chpk }lrn Mahfdalwdrlhe

Rnk o{arlpak b|edolcs hi mahfdalwdrlhevkmlhedalso! lekt{dalr|! iledeclda iah}s!

olmvdrlhe hi adfhv deb }hvj! rkcnehahmlcda leehydrlhes! keylvheokerda s{srdledflalr|! deb

c{ar{vda b|edolcsihvo d r{vf{aker deb chopak~ keylvheoker ihv odedmlem f{slekss

hpkvdrlhes% ]nlak skyke rvkebs }kvk nlmnalmnrkb rh pvhylbk d fvlki sjkrcn hi lerkvvkadrkb

chopak~lrlks deb chervhykvslks mahfdalwdrlhe! lr dash s{vidckb hrnkv slmelilcder lss{ks%

Mahfda checkves vkyhayk dvh{eb rkvvhvlso! vdplb rvdesolsslhe hi pdebkolc blskdsks deb

ylv{sks! rnk vlsk hi Cnled-s deb Lebld-s kcheholks! de dmlem php{adrlhe le }kdarnlkv

ehvrnkve ch{ervlks ykvs{s |h{emkv mvh}lem php{adrlhes le rnk sh{rnkve nkolspnkvk! deb

dbydecks le flhrkcnehahm| dvk lervlcdrka| kofkbbkb le mahfdalwdrlhe pvhckssks% Le ode|

slr{drlhes! mahfda bkykahpokers odjk skesk ds d chopkrlrlyk }kdphe% Blvkcr pkekrvdrlhe

hi ihvklme odvjkrs cde bvdle ylrda cdsn iah}s ivho d ihvklme chopkrlrhvs bhoksrlc

hpkvdrlhes .Ghneshe deb Scnhaks! 4


22/47

4;

Ilvos lerkmvdrlem d nlmn ekkb ihv fhrn ahcda hvlkerdrlhe deb hvmdelwdrlheda lerkmvdrlhe

snh{ab srvlyk ihv d rvdesedrlheda srvdrkm|%

Le dbblrlhe rh skakcrlem d srvdrkm| ihv mahfda chopkrlrlhe! odedmkvs dash ekkb rh odjk

bkclslhes vkmdvblem rnk lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe pvhckss% R}h pvhckssks dvk lophvrder% Ilvsr!

rnk bkykahpoker hi leehydrlhes le d nhok odvjkr deb ds pvhb{crs ohyks dahem rnk

pvhb{cr alik c|cak srdmks! ilvos cde rdjk pvhb{crs kerkvlem lerh rnk padrkd{ hi d odr{vk

srdmk rh ek} lerkvedrlheda odvjkrs% Hirke rnk iah} ohyks ivho bkykahpkb rh bkykahplem

ch{ervlks% Skcheb! srdmks hi lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe }lrn ihvklme kerv| ohbks rndr leyhayk

lecvkdslem vksh{vck choolroker deb vlsjs srdvr }lrn k~phvrlem rh alckeslem hv ghler

yker{vks rh }nhaa| h}ekb s{fslbldvlks% Rnk srdmk dppvhdcn rh lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe rdjks

rlok! }nlcn ls d cndaakemk }lrnle d mahfda keylvheoker }nkvk leihvodrlhe ohyks dvh{eb

rnk }hvab le edehskchebs% Darkvedrlyka|! rnk spkkb deb chopak~lrlks hi mahfdalwdrlhe

vkt{lvk ilvos rh vkrnlej rnklv lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe pvhckss fkcd{sk lecvkokerda srdmk

ohbkas dvk rhh sah}% Mlyke rnk vdrk deb t{derlr| hi jeh}akbmk iah}s le mahfda

chopkrlrlhe! ilvos dvk aljka| rh idck chopkrlrlhe le rnklv nhok odvjkrs! }lrn chopdvdfak

leehydrlhes rh rnklv h}e fkihvk rnk| dvk dfak rh ksrdfalsn d ihhrnhab le rnk lerkvedrlheda

odvjkr%

Rnk lecvkokerda srdmk ohbkas dvk rhh sah} ihv chopkrlem le de lecvkdslema| lerkmvdrkbmahfda kcheho|% Hnodk .600=, s{mmksrkb rndr ilvos ihvo mahfda srvdrkmlc daaldecks }lrn

pdvrekvs ksrdfalsnkb le rnvkk odghv odvjkrsEhvrn Dokvlcd! K{vhpk! deb Dsld!

pdvrlc{adva| Gdpde% Bkykahpoker hi mahfda chopkrlrlyk lerkaalmkeck deb leehydrlhe dohem

rnk pdvrekvs pvhylbk ihv vdplb odvjkr bkykahpoker deb rnk ksrdfalsnoker hi srvdrkmlc

phslrlhes le o{arlpak ahcdrlhes% Fdslcdaa|! mahfdalwdrlhe lerh rnk r}ker|/ilvsr cker{v|

cvkdrks d i{ebdokerdaa| bliikvker chopkrlrlyk keylvheoker rndr snlirkb ivho lecvkokerda

lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe pvhckssks rh daohsr slo{ardekh{s bkpah|oker hi leehydrlhes% Rnls

lerkvedrlhedalwdrlhe pvhckss dash snlirs rnk }hvj hi mahfda odedmkvs ivho odedmlem d

ilkab hi k~pdrvldrks rh chaadfhvdrlem }lrn srvdrkmlc pdvrekvs dcvhss edrlheda fhvbkvs deb

odedmlem mahfda hii/snhvk h{rsh{vclem ykebhvs le o{arlpak mkhmvdpnlcda ahcdrlhes%


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CNDPRKV RNVKK

VKSKDVCN OKRNHBHAHM\

3%4 Lervhb{crlhe

Rnls cndprkv nlmnalmnrs rnk okrnhbhahm| deb pvhckb{vk rndr }kvk {skb le chaakcrlem deb

deda|slem rnk bdrd le rnk sr{b|% Vkskdvcn bkslme vkikvs rh rnk ahmlcda deb s|srkodrlc

padeelem deb blvkcrlem d plkck hi vkskdvcn% Rnk pade srv{cr{vk deb srvdrkm| rndr rnk

vkskdvcnkvs lerkeb rh {sk le rnklv sr{b| dvk blsc{sskb le rnls cndprkv% Lr cherdles

leihvodrlhe checkvelem rnk dppvhdcnks rndr }ds {skb rh idclalrdrk rnk sr{b|%

3%6 Vkskdvcn Bkslme

Rnk sr{b| }ds d bkscvlprlyk cdsk sr{b| lerkebkb rh ksrdfalsn rnk srvdrkmlks dbhprkb f|

Olb/Akyka Chaakmks le Jke|d rh chpk }lrn rnk cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe% D cdsk sr{b|

okrnhb }ds dbhprkb ihc{slem he rnk Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker% \h{em .4


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4=

leyhaykb le rnk bkykahpoker hi rnk srvdrkmlks rndr dvk dlokb dr nkaplem rnklv hvmdelwdrlhe

chpk }lrn rnk cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe% Rnk pvhckb{vk leyhaykb pkvsheda lerkvylk}s

cheb{crkb f| rnk vkskdvcnkv% F| bhlem rnksk! rnk vkskdvcnkv }ds dfak rh lbkerli| }nlcn

srvdrkmlks dvk {skb f| olb/akyka chaakmks le chplem }lrn mahfdalwdrlhe cndaakemks%

3%2 Bdrd Deda|sls

Sleck rnk pvlodv| bdrd chaakcrkb }ds t{dalrdrlyk! cherker deda|sls }ds {skb rh deda|sk lr%

Rnls ls d s|srkodrlc t{dalrdrlyk bkscvlprlhe hi rnk chophslrlhe hi hfgkcrlyks hv odrkvlda hi

sr{b|% Lr leyhaykb hfskvydrlhe deb bkrdlakb bkscvlprlhe hi hfgkcrs! lrkos hv rnlems rndr

chopvlsk rnk sr{b| .O{mkebd! 4


25/47

4>

CNDPRKV IH[V

BDRD DEDA\SLS! VKS[ARS DEB BLSC[SSLHE

2%4 Lervhb{crlhe

Rnls cndprkv pvkskers rnk deda|sls deb ileblems hi rnk sr{b|% Lr ls srv{cr{vkb le rnvkk

skcrlhes% Rnk ilvsr ls rnk deda|sls hi rnk vksphebkers! skcheba| rnk ileblems hi rnk

srvdrkmlks dbhprkb f| olb/akyka chaakmks rh chpk }lrn rnk cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe!

ihaah}kb f| d blsc{sslhe hi rnk ileblems%

2%6 Vksphebkers Pvhilak

Bdrd }ds chaakcrkb {slem le/bkprn lerkvylk}s dlbkb f| de lerkvylk} m{lbk ivho r}h

vksphebkers ivho rnk Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker% Rnk lerkvylk} m{lbk }ds

dbolelsrkvkb rh rnk r}h vksphebkers deb rnk| mdyk ydvlh{s ylk}s dfh{r rnk srvdrkmlks

dbhprkb f| Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker rh chpk }lrn rnk cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe%

2%6%4 Mkekvda Leihvodrlhe

Rnk lerkvylk}kks sdlb rndr rnk Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker nds vkmlsrkvkb rvkokebh{s

mvh}rn hykv d pkvlhb hi sl~ |kdvs% Rnk| sdlb rndr JLO ndb k~pdebkb ivho 42 fvdecnks rh

63 fvdecnks }nkvk lr nds fkke dfak rh spvkdb rh ohsr odghv rh}es }lrnle rnk ch{erv| deb

}lrn pvkskeck le skyke pvhylecks h{r hi rnk klmnr le rnk ch{erv|% Rnk| dash sdlb rndr JLO

nds dash k~pdebkb rh V}debd }nlcn ls d ek} rkvvlrhv| }nlcn ls hek hi rnk srvdrkmlks

dlokb dr kes{vlem rndr rnklv skvylcks dvk dydladfak le rnk }nhak cherleker hi Divlcd% Ivho

rnklv bkscvlprlhe! mahfdalwdrlhe ihvcks hvmdelwdrlhes rh rnlej mahfdaa| dfh{r rnklv

hpkvdrlhes ds rnk| ihc{s he rnk i{r{vk% Lr ls dmdlesr rnls fdcjmvh{eb rndr rnk| fkalkyk rndr

rnk| sdlb rndr rnk| ndyk eh bh{fr rndr JLO nds p{r le padck okds{vks le rdcjalem rnk

cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe%


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4=0 rh 3> le 4


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ekmakcrkb bhoksrlc leivdsrv{cr{vk s{cn ds vhdbs deb ndyk blsrhvrkb rnklv bhoksrlc

kcheholks }lrn s{fslblks! nlmn rd~ks! deb vkm{adrlhes% Mvderkb! ode| Divlcde edrlhes

o{sr dash fkdv rnk f{vbke hi clyla deb rvlfda srvlik! phhv shla! deb ledccksslfak mkhmvdpn|%

F{r bhoksrlc kcheholc phalc| o{sr fk cheslbkvkb d jk| ydvldfak le k~padlelem rnk

vkmlhe-s idla{vk rh bkykahp% Rnhsk Divlcde edrlhes rndr ndyk lopakokerkb ohvk hpke!

srdfak! deb odvjkr/ivlkeba| phalclks le rnk adsr bkcdbk//s{cn ds [mdebd! Fhrs}ded! deb

Od{vlrl{s//ndyk dcnlkykb mvh}rn vdrks k~ckkblem rnhsk hi rnk dbydeckb edrlhes%

Rnkvk ls ehrnlem lenkvker le rnk pvhckss hi mahfdalwdrlhe rndr }h{ab cd{sk rnk m{ai

fkr}kke vlcn deb phhv edrlhes rh k~pdeb% Le idcr! rnk dcckss rh cdplrda! ek} rkcnehahm|!

deb advmkv odvjkrs rndr choks }lrn mahfda lerkmvdrlhe snh{ab fk k~pkcrkb rh dcckakvdrk

rnk cheykvmkeck hi akss bkykahpkb vkmlhes hi rnk }hvab deb rh odjk mahfda rvdbk deb}kdarn akss checkervdrkb dcvhss ch{ervlks% Hi ch{vsk! rnk dbydeckb kcheholks ndyk ehr

da}d|s fkke nkapi{a% Bksplrk pvhmvkss le rnk phsr/}dv kvd! dbydeckb/kcheho| rvdbk

fdvvlkvs vkodle sr{ffhvea| nlmn dmdlesr cahrnlem! rk~rlaks! deb dmvlc{ar{vda mhhbs! rnk ykv|

pvhb{crs le }nlcn ABCs ndyk d edr{vda chopdvdrlyk dbyderdmk%

Ihv phhvkv edrlhes! rnk mahfda kcheho| nds fkchok aljk hek hi rnhsk mlder cheyk|hv fkars

rndr spkkb pdsskemkvs rnvh{mn dlvphvr rkvoledas% Mahfdalwdrlhe cde dcckakvdrk d ch{erv|-s

bkykahpoker! f{r hea| li lrs phalc|odjkvs daah} lrs clrlwkes rh nhp hefhdvb f| hpkelem

rnk kcheho| rh lerkvedrlheda rvdbk deb leyksroker% Rnls cheyk|hv fkar hi mvh}rn pvhylbks

ek} rkcnehahm|! leyksroker cdplrda! bhoksrlc chopkrlrlhe! k~pdeblem k~phvr odvjkrs!

deb ph}kvi{a leckerlyks ihv i{vrnkv bhoksrlc phalc| vkihvo% Rnk vks{ar ls idsrkv mvh}rn

deb bvdodrlc lopvhykokers le alylem srdebdvbs }lrnle d mkekvdrlhe hv r}h//ds }k ndyk

skke ohsr srvljlema| le rnk Idv Kdsr% Rnk idcr rndr shok edrlhes leslsr he }dajlem rnklv

h}e! {pnlaa! lshadrkb! deb hirke bkdb/keb pdrn ls ehr rnk id{ar hi mahfdalwdrlhe f{r hi rnklv

h}e phalc|odjkvs%

Mahfdalwdrlhe ls vkdaa| g{sr snhvrndeb ihv k~pdeblem kcheholc alfkvr| dcvhss lerkvedrlheda

fhvbkvs% Rnk bkfdrk lr nds spd}ekb ls rnk vkpdcjdmlem! he d mahfda scdak! hi rnk ahem/

v{eelem dvm{oker hykv }nkrnkv rnk }d| rh pvhspkvlr| ls rnvh{mn ivkk odvjkrs hv

ckervdalwkb mhykveoker padeelem! hv shok &rnlvb }d|& fkr}kke rnk r}h% Li |h{ fkalkyk


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ivkk odvjkrs {eakdsn ihvcks rndr dvk bksrv{crlyk rh n{ode ndpplekss deb o{sr fk

chervhaakb f| dcrlyk mhykveoker lerkvykerlhe! |h{ }laa rkeb rh skk mahfdalwdrlhe ds d

rnvkdr% Li |h{ fkalkyk rndr ivkk odvjkrs! hpkvdrlem }lrnle d v{ak hi ad}! dvk ksskerldaa| skai/

vkm{adrlem deb akdb! le rnk }hvbs hi Dbdo Solrn! &ds li f| de leylslfak ndeb& rh d mvkdrkv

mkekvda pvhspkvlr|! rnke |h{ }laa rkeb rh skk mahfdalwdrlhe ds d faksslem%

Rnk dvm{oker rndr mahfdalwdrlhe ls o{cn ohvk rnk adrrkv rnde rnk ihvokv ls s{pphvrkb ehr

hea| f| kcheholc rnkhv| f{r f| bkcdbks hi ndvb/kdvekb k~pkvlkeck% D mvh}lem odghvlr|

hi edrlhes ndyk odbk rnklv pkdck }lrn mahfdalwdrlhe fdskb ehr he }nlo hv faleb lbkhahm|

f{r he rnk odeliksr idla{vk hi de| darkvedrlyk% Rnk| ndyk chok rh vkdalwk rndr rnk spvkdb

hi ivkk odvjkrs deb rnk lesrlr{rlhes rndr s{pphvr rnko hiikv rnk fksr nhpk rndr rnk iv{lrs hi

pvhspkvlr| cde fk sndvkb f| d }lbkv clvcak hi odejleb%

2%2 Srvdrkmlks Dbhprkb rh Chpk }lrn Mahfdalwdrlhe

Ivho rnk vksphesks! rnk vkskdvcnkv ih{eb h{r rndr ds chopdelks fkmle rh chopkrk

lerkvedrlhedaa|! srvdrkmlc bkclslhes fkchok lecvkdslema| chopak~ deb o{arl/blokeslheda%

Rnls okder rndr ds rnk Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker k~pdebkb lrs dcrlylrlks fk|heb rnkfhdvbkvs! lr ndb rh dbg{sr shok hi rnk srvdrkmlks le hvbkv rh odjks s{vk rndr rnk| dvk ehr le

cheialcr% Lerkvedrlheda hpkvdrlhe le shok lesrdecks fvlems dfh{r cndaakemks rndr ch{ab ehr

fk le k~lsrkeck }nke cheslbkvlem rnk ahcda keylvheoker% Rnk vksphesks leblcdrkb rndr

mahfdalwdrlhe nds d vkadrlyka| ek} lbkd rndr rnk }hvab nds fkke kofvdclem% Rnk phslrlyk

kiikcrs hi mahfdalwdrlhe dvk e{okvh{s deb k~rvkoka| fkekilclda ihv kykv|hek le daa

ch{ervlks% Lr nds fkke rnk ohsr s{cckssi{a pvhspkvlr| deb derl/phykvr| ohykoker le

ohbkve nlsrhv|%

Rnk vksphesks hi mahfdalwdrlhe snh} rndr rnk kiikcrs hi mahfdalwdrlhe ihvcks f{slekssks rh

chopkrk he d mahfda scdak! }nlcn le r{ve vkt{lvks rnko rh cherle{daa| lbkerli| }d|s hi

odjlem rnklv skvylcks fkrrkv deb diihvbdfak rh rnk odvjkr% Rhbd|s f{slekss keylvheoker

vkt{lvks hvmdelwdrlhes rndr cnhhsk rh srvdrkmlcdaa| phslrlhe rnkoskayks rh fk dfak rh hiikv


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pvhb{crs hv skvylcks rh rnk lerkvedrlheda odvjkr% Rnls ls fkcd{sk! rnk vkb{crlhe hi rvdbk

fdvvlkvs deb rdvliis }laa hpke {p rnk odvjkr rh de| hrnkv pvhylbkv hi sloladv pvhb{crs hv

skvylcks% Le rnk ahem v{e! ches{okvs }laa fkekilr ivho rnk dydladflalr| hi pvhb{crs dr d

ah}kv chsr deb rnk| }laa ehr fk }laalem rh pd| ihv de hvmdelwdrlhes lekiilclkec| le rnk

edok hi f{|lem ahcda rh f{lab rnklv edrlhe%

Rnk vksphesks }kvk rndr hvmdelwdrlhes ekkb rh fk leehydrlyk deb rnk| ekkb rh cherle{daa|

lbkerli| }d|s deb okdes hi sdrlsi|lem rnk ekkbs hi rnk ches{okvs% Rh cherle{daa|

chopkrk mahfdaa| Eh ahem }laa f{slekssks fk dfak rh chvekv odvjkrs fkcd{sk phalrlcldes

pvhrkcr rnko% Rnk|-aa eh} rh chopkrk }lrn ihvklme f{slekssks rndr od| hv od| ehr fk

dfak rh bh f{slekss ohvk kiilclkera|% Ch{ervlks ohyk rh odvjkr skcrhvs rndr rnk| dvk fkrrkv

dr% Rnls slopa| okdes rndr rnk adfh{v le d ch{erv| ls mhlem rh bh }ndr lr-s fksr dr% Rnkvk lseh ekkb ihv Dokvlcdes rh bh ode{idcr{vlem }nke shokhek le Cnled cde bh lr fkrrkv% H{v

adfh{v ls fkrrkv skvykb bhlem shokrnlem fkekilclda%

Rnk lerkvylk}kks leblcdrkb rndr rnk ches{okvs dvk rnk vkda }leekv! sleck rnk| dvk aljka|

rh mkr fkrrkv t{dalr| deb yda{k ihv rnklv ohek|% Bksplrk rnk bkslvk ivho shok phalrlcldes

rh pvhrkcr }hvjkvs! rnkvk dvk idv ohvk ches{okvs rnde rnkvk dvk }hvjkvs! f{r eh hek }ders

rh skko rh pvhrkcr rnko% Ches{okvs snh{ab ehr fk ihvckb rh f{| hykv pvlckb mhhbs ivho

Dokvlcde f{|kvs }nke |h{ cde mkr rnk sdok t{dalr| ihv akss li lr ls odbk le Cnled% Eh}

ches{okvs cde mkr rnk fksr pvhb{crs ihv rnk fksr pvlcks% Kykv|hek mvh}s ohvk

pvhspkvh{s% G{sr ahhj dr Cnled deb Lebld% Fkihvk mahfdalwdrlhe rnk| }kvk ykv| phhv

ch{ervlks% Rnk srdebdvbs hi alylem }kvk k~rvkoka| fdb% Eh} rnksk pkhpak dvk fkcholem

ohvk pvhspkvh{s% Pkhpak rndr ch{ab ekykv diihvb d cdv dvk eh} mkrrlem rnko% Ehr rh

okerlhe rnk idcr ivho rnk ches{okvs slbk rndr dvk fkekilrlem ivho sdylem ohek| }nlcn

cde fk {skb rh sdyk hv spkeb he hrnkv rnlems%

Rnk ileblems snh}kb rndr rndr chookvcldalwdrlhe hi kb{cdrlhe od| le r{ve pkedalwk rnk

pdvrlclpdrlhe hi fvlaalder sr{bkers cholem ivho phhv fdcjmvh{eb% Le edrlhe f{lablem de

hykv}nkaolem kopndsls he chookvcldalwdrlhe deb chopkrlrlhe dash leyhayks vlsj hi

{ebkvolelem rnk lec{acdrlhe hi nlmnkv yda{ks hi sdcvlilck! skvylck deb choolroker rh rnk

ch{erv|! d ahss rndr od| fk bliilc{ar rh hykvchok: Lr od| chervlf{rk ihv odrkvldalso deb


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skai/ckerkvkbekss cheykvrlem sr{bkers rh}dvbs skai/ckervkb pkvshedalr|% Davkdb| rnkvk ls d

fkalki dohemsr ylaadmkvs rndr kb{cdrlhe dalkedrks pkvshes ivho rnklv mvdss vhhrs%

Mahfdalwdrlhe nds rnk ph}kv rh {pvhhr rnk rvdblrlheda ylk}s rh}dvbs }hoke sh rnk| cde

rdjk de kt{da srdeck le shclkr|%

Rnk vksphebkers sdlb rndr lr }h{ab fk kt{daa| lerkvksrlem rh ylk} mahfdalwdrlhe ds d vkda

hpphvr{elr| ihv Jke|d deb cde fkekilr slmelilcdera| ivho rnk mahfda vkyha{rlhe le nlmnkv

kb{cdrlhe% Hfylh{sa|! lr }h{ab vkt{lvk odghv phalc| vkihvos }lrn vkmdvb rh {elykvslr|

srv{cr{vk: i{ecrlhe! srv{cr{vk i{ecrlhe vkadrlhe! i{ebs deb rnk }d| {elykvslrlks dvk

vkm{adrkb% Lr }h{ab vkt{lvk cahskv alejs fkr}kke leb{srvlks deb lesrlr{rlhes kspkcldaa| le

rnk mvh}lem rkcnehahm|/fdskb skcrhvs! deb de kervkpvkek{vlda sr|ak hi akdbkvsnlp rh nkdb

rnk Leblde {elykvslrlks% Mlyke rnksk lep{rs! Jke|d olmnr fk dfak rh cdpr{vk rnk fkekilrs himahfdalwdrlhe% Eh bh{fr! rnk ch{erv| nds phrkerlda deb leblylb{das dvk cdpdfak! |kr lis

deb f{rs dppkdv rh fk rnk cv{~ hi rnk odrrkv% Rnk odrrkv ls nh} rh dcnlkyk rnk checvkrk

mdles ivho k~lsrlem nlmnkv s|srko! chopkrlem }lrn Mahfda rvkebs }lrnh{r sdcvlilclem

edrlheda mhdas hi nlmnkv kb{cdrlhe deb bkykahpoker deb }lrnh{r dfdebhelem lrs

choolroker rh Leblde rvdblrlhe deb c{ar{vda yda{ks ls d vkda cndaakemk%

Rnk chervlf{rlhes hi mahfdalwdrlhe dvk srvhema| ikar le Leb{srvlda mvh}rn% Lr nds odbk

odghv chervlf{rlhes le rnk mvh}rn hi leb{srvlks le ohsr ch{ervlks% Ode| ch{ervlks ndyk

fkke dfak rh srvkemrnke rnklv f{slekssks f| h{rsh{vclem f{slekssks ivho hrnkv ch{ervlks%

Hvmdelwdrlhes ndyk cnhske rh checkervdrk he rnklv chvk f{slekss deb h{rsh{vck dcrlylrlks

rndr dvk ehr pdvr hi rnklv chvk f{slekss% Ihv lesrdeck! cdv ode{idcr{vkvs pvkikv rh h{rsh{vck

rnk ode{idcr{vlem hi shok hi rnk sodaa pdvrs {skb le rnk dsskofa| hi ohrhv yknlcaks rh

hrnkv chopdelks% Shok hi rnksk pdvrs leca{bk: adops! olvvhvs deb scvkkes! r|vks deb ode|

hi rnk lerkvlhv mdbmkrs%


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CNDPRKV ILYK

S[OODV\! CHECA[SLHE DEB VKCHOOKEBDRLHES

;%4 Lervhb{crlhe

Rnk hfgkcrlyk hi rnls vkskdvcn }ds rh bkrkvolek rnk Srvdrkmlks Dbhprkb f| olb/akyka

chaakmks rh chpk }lrn rnk cndaakemks hi Mahfdalwdrlhe% Le rnls cndprkv! rnk odghv ileblems

hi rnk vkskdvcn sr{b| }kvk lerkvpvkrkb deb k~padlekb rnk idcrhvs diikcrlem pvhc{vkoker le

vkrdla hvmdelwdrlhes% Rnksk }kvk k~pahvkb bkkpkv le rnk s{oodv| hi ileblems! rnk vkskdvcn

t{ksrlhes }kvk des}kvkb ivho rnk ileblems hi rnk sr{b|% Alolrdrlhes hi rnk sr{b| }laa dash

fk okerlhekb%

;%6 S{oodv| hi Ileblems

Rnk s{oodv| hi rnk sr{b| }ds fdskb {phe rnk ileblems hfrdlekb ivho rnk t{ksrlheedlvks

rndr }kvk blsrvlf{rkb rh rnk vksphebkers% Rnk sr{b| vkykdakb rndr rnkvk ls ekkb rh pd|

drrkerlhe rh rnk ydvldfaks lbkerlilkb le rnls sr{b| sleck rnklv chervlf{rlhe rh d vkrdla

hvmdelwdrlhe s{cckss ls lookesk%

Rnk ileblems hi rnk sr{b| }kvk cheslsrker }lrn rnk rnkhvlks blsc{sskb le rnk alrkvdr{vk

vkylk}% Ivho rnk ileblems! lr ls cakdv rndr mahfdalwdrlhe ls ehr hea| d ahcda pnkehokehe

ehv d vkmlheda hek! f{r d cherlekerda lss{k rndr nds vdblcdaa| cndemkb rnk }d| }k bh

f{slekss le h{v hvmdelwdrlhe% Vdblcda cndemks ndyk hcc{vvkb le rnk }d| }k bh f{slekss

}lrn vkspkcr rh rnk srvdrkm| ihvo{adrlhe% Ds d vks{ar! f{slekssks ndyk fkke ihvckb rh

cndemk rnklv }d|s hi bhlem f{slekss le hvbkv rh dbhpr fkrrkv deb kiikcrlyk okrnhbs le

hvbkv rh hiikv fkrrkv pvhb{crs hv skvylcks ds chopdvkb rnk chopkrlrhvs% Rnksk ileblems dvk

i{vrnkv cheilvokb f| rnk sr{b| bhek f| Em{ml .600=, }nkvk rnk sr{b| }ds he

lopalcdrlhes hi mahfdalwdrlhe he pvlydrk nlvk chopdelks%

Rnk ileblems hi rnk sr{b| leblcdrk rndr rnk Jke|d Lesrlr{rk hi Odedmkoker }ds lebkkb

diikcrkb f| rnk cndaakemks hi mahfdalwdrlhe deb ds d vks{ar! rnk| ndb davkdb| bkykahpkb


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srvdrkmlks rh ch{erkv rnk kiikcrs hi mahfdalwdrlhe% Ohsr hi rnk hrnkv pad|kvs le rnk nlmnkv

kb{cdrlhe skcrhv ndb davkdb| srdvrkb rh kofvdck rnk cndemks rndr dvk ekckssdv|! le hvbkv

ihv rnko rh chopkrk dr rnk mahfda akyka%

Ivho rnk ileblems ohsr hi rnk akdvelem lesrlr{rlhes ndyk ih{eb lr ekckssdv| rh bkykahp

rnklv cdpdclr| rh ndebak ohvk sr{bkers deb ndyk davkdb| ksrdfalsnkb pvkskeck le ydvlh{s

ahcdrlhes le hvbkv rh cdpr{vk de| {erdppkb phrkerlda le rnk odvjkr% ]nlak shok hi rnk

hvmdelwdrlhes ndyk fkke lerkesli|lem rnklv k~pdeslhe ahcdaa|! hrnkvs ndyk fkke k~pdeblem

rnklv vkdcn fk|heb rnk fhdvbkvs% Ydvlh{s dvm{okers ndyk fkke dbydeckb ds rh }nkrnkv

rnhsk chopdelks rndr dvk skkjlem rh fk chopkrlrlyk {ebkv mahfdalwdrlhe snh{ab cheslbkv

ahcda k~pdeslhe hv mh ihv mahfda k~pdeslhe% Nh}kykv! ivho rnk ileblems hi rnls sr{b|!

hvmdelwdrlhe cde dbhpr }ndrkykv srvdrkm| rndr pvhylbks rnko }lrn akykvdmk%

Rnk ileblems leblcdrkb rndr }lrn rnk vkcker mahfda bkykahpokers! hvmdelwdrlhes ndyk rh

lopvhyk rnk }d| le }nlcn rnk| cheb{cr rnklv hpkvdrlhes le hvbkv rh vkodle chopkrlrlyk%

Rnkvk ls d scnhha hi rnh{mnr }nkvkf| leblylb{das rkeb rh rnlej rndr li de hvmdelwdrlhe

cvhssks fhdvbkvs le hiikvlem rnklv pvhb{crs hv skvylcks! rnk| o{sr ndyk chet{kvkb rnklv

ahcda odvjkr% Rnls okdes rndr rnkvk dvk shok ches{okvs }nh }laa da}d|s pvkikv rnk

ihvklme pvhb{crs hv skvylcks hykv rnk ahcdaa| dydladfak pvhb{crs deb skvylcks% Ds d vks{ar!

lr ls cvlrlcda ihv hvmdelwdrlhes rh vk/ahhj dr rnklv pvhckssks le hvbkv rh kes{vk rndr rnk|okkr rnk lerkvedrlheda srdebdvbs% Lr rnls nds fkke dcnlkykb! lr odjks lr phsslfak ihv rnko rh

fk chopkrlrlyk ds rnk| k~pahvk d mahfda k~pdeslhe srvdrkm| d }d| hi ch{erkvlem

mahfdalwdrlhe%

Rnk ileblems leblcdrkb rndr mahfdalwdrlhe leyhayks rnk blii{slhe hi lbkds! pvdcrlcks deb

rkcnehahmlks% Lr ls ehr slopa| ohbkvelwdrlhe hv }ksrkvelwdrlhe! deb rnkvkihvk rnkvk }ds

ekkb ihv hvmdelwdrlhes rh dbhpr rh rnk cndemks lr cd{skb vdrnkv rnde rv|lem rh pvkyker lrs

kiikcrs ivho ndylem de lopdcr he rnksk hvmdelwdrlhes% Lr ls ckvrdlea| ehr g{sr rnk

alfkvdalwdrlhe hi odvjkrs% Mlbbkes .4


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}kaa ds hiikvlem hpphvr{elr| lr fvlems }lrn cheslbkvdfak vlsjs alejkb! ihv k~dopak! rh

rkcnehahmlcda cndemk% %

Ode| hi rnk dcrlylrlks rndr pvkylh{sa| leyhaykb idck/rh/idck lerkvdcrlhe! hv rndr }kvk ahcda!

dvk eh} cheb{crkb dcvhss mvkdr blsrdecks% Rnkvk nds fkke d slmelilcder bk/ahcdalwdrlhe le

shclda deb kcheholc k~cndemks% Dcrlylrlks deb vkadrlhesnlps ndyk fkke {pvhhrkb ivho

ahcda hvlmles deb c{ar{vks .Mvd|! 4


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pvdcrlcks mahfdaa| le f{r dash cd{skb bvdsrlc cndemks le odghvlr| chesrlr{rlem


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strategies adopted by mid level colleges to cope with challenges of globalization_timothy mahea

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