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STROPHANTHUS بذور االستروفانثس

STROPHANTHUS بذور االستروفانثس

• Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus Kombé, S. hispidus and S. gratus, Family Apocyanaceae, deprived of their awns.

• G. sources: Eastern Tropical Africa.• Macroscopical characters:• Shape: S. Kombé seeds are lanceolate and

flattened. • Surface: The testa is covered with closely

appressed hairs directed towards the apex giving a silky appearnace to the seed.

• Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus Kombé, S. hispidus and S. gratus, Family Apocyanaceae, deprived of their awns.

• G. sources: Eastern Tropical Africa.• Macroscopical characters:• Shape: S. Kombé seeds are lanceolate and

flattened. • Surface: The testa is covered with closely

appressed hairs directed towards the apex giving a silky appearnace to the seed.

• Raphe: A small ridge running from nearly the centre of one of the broad surfaces to the apex of the seed.

• Hilum: Near the apical part of this ridge, the hilum is present appearing as a whitish point.

• Colour: Yellowish-brown.• Odour: Faint and unpleasant.• Taste: Bitter.

• Internally: • Testa, thin endosperm and straight embryo. • Both embryo and endosperm are oily. • Microscopical characters:• Epidermis of testa: Polygonal, tabular cells

with straight, thickened and lignisfied anticlinal walls. The upper surface of each cell is extended as a unicellular trichome bent over and closely appressed to the epidermis.

• Nutritive layer: narrow collapsed cells containing few clusters and broken crystals of calcium oxalate.

• Endosperm and Embryo: thin walled parenchyma containing fixed oil globules, aleurone grains and very few simple starch granules.

• Active constituents:

• Cardiac glycosides known as K-strophanthin consisting of K-strophanthoside, K-strophanthoside B, cymarin and strophanthidin (aglycone).

• G-strophanthin (Ouabain) cardiac glycoside in S. gratus.

K-strophanthin

K-strophanthosideK-strophanthoside

BStrophanthidinCymarin

• Uses:• In congestive heart failure because it

increases the force of mycardial contraction (positive inotropic effect).

• Control of atrial cardiac arrythmia.• Diuretic (in case of congestive heart failure

only !).• Reduction of venous pressure due to the

increase in the force of myocardial contractility that leads to better systolic emptying of the ventricles and consequently the residual blood volume is diminished and heart size is reduced.

What Is Congestive Heart Failure

is a syndrome that occurs because the heart is failing as a pump. The left ventricle no longer functions as an adequate pump to maintain normal cardiac output (normal ejection fractions). This may be due to disease of the heart muscle, ischemic heart disease which leads to myocardial infarctions affecting left ventricular function, chronic long term untreated hypertension, bacterial endocarditis..etc

• Summary of mechanism:

• Exactly similar to Digitalis cardenolides in inhibiting Na+-K+ ATPase enzyme leading to accumulation of intracellular Ca++ that combines with troponin to produce forceful contraction for the myocardial cells.

Detailed mechanismDetailed mechanism

1- A rise in the concentration of Intracellular 1- A rise in the concentration of Intracellular SodiumSodium. . An enzyme called NaAn enzyme called Na+- +- KK+ + ATPase ATPase cleaves ATP to ADP and Picleaves ATP to ADP and Pi. .

2- The energy released from the hydrolysis of 2- The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP drives the NaATP drives the Na+-+-KK+ + pump which normally pump which normally pumps Napumps Na+ + out of the cell and Kout of the cell and K+ + into the into the cellcell. .

3- If this pump is disabled by the inhibition of 3- If this pump is disabled by the inhibition of this enzyme, the net effect is the malfunction this enzyme, the net effect is the malfunction of the pump and an increase of sodium inside of the pump and an increase of sodium inside the cell with a loss of intracellular potassium the cell with a loss of intracellular potassium to the extracellular spaceto the extracellular space..

4- There is a second pump called the Na4- There is a second pump called the Na+-+- Ca2+ Ca2+ pumppump. . This pump normally takes one intracellular This pump normally takes one intracellular Ca2+ ion out of the myocyte in exchange for 4 Ca2+ ion out of the myocyte in exchange for 4 extracellular Naextracellular Na+ + ions brought into the myocyteions brought into the myocyte. . This pump is turned on by a diffusion gradient This pump is turned on by a diffusion gradient difference in extracellular to intracellular sodium difference in extracellular to intracellular sodium when the extracellular sodium concentration is when the extracellular sodium concentration is higher than the intracellular sodium concentrationhigher than the intracellular sodium concentration. . When the When the [[NaNa+]+]Outside drops because the Outside drops because the [[NaNa+]+] inside rises, then the pump stops pumping Ca2+ inside rises, then the pump stops pumping Ca2+ out of the cellout of the cell. . When the NaWhen the Na+ - + - KK+ + pump is pump is disabled, there is a rise of disabled, there is a rise of [[NaNa+]+] inside the cell as inside the cell as well as a rise in the well as a rise in the [[Ca2+Ca2+]] inside inside . .

Comparison between Strophanthus and Digitalis cardenolides:

• Structure-Activity relatioship of cardenolides:

• The aglycone is responsible for the inherent activity of cardiac glycosides.

• The sugar residue render the compouns more soluble and increase the power of their fixation to the heart muscle.

• The configuration between the 4 rings of the aglycone must be cis (A, B), trans (B, C) and cis (C, D).

• The unsaturated lactone ring at C-17 must be -oriented.

• The orientation of the OH group at C-3 must be .

K-strophanthin

Ouabain

• Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum, Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).

• G. sources:

• India, Egypt and Marocco.

• Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum, Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).

• G. sources:

• India, Egypt and Marocco.

FOENUGREEK الحلبة الحلبة FOENUGREEKبذر بذر

• Macroscopical characters:

• Shape: Flattened and rhomboidal.

• On one of the sides is situated a hilum and micropyle in depression from which a deep furrow runs diagonally dividing the seed into two unequal portions, the smaller one contains the radicle and the larger contains the two cotyledons (accumbent embryo).

• Colour: Yellowish-brown.

• Odour: Faint but strong and spicy if powdered.

• Taste: Bitter and mucilagenous.

• Microscopical characters:

• 1- Testa:– Epidermis: Palisade-like cells covered

with thick cuticle. Each cell is narrow at the apex and wide at the base.

– Hypodermis: Basket cells with bar-like thickening on the radial walls.

– Nutritive layer: Collapsed parenchyma cells.

• 2- Endosperm:• The outermost layer is formed of cubical

cells with aleurone grains (aleurone layer). The rest are polygonal cells with thin walls and mucilage.

• 3- Embryo:• Radially elongated cells containing fixed oil

and aleurone grains.

• Active constituents:

• Mucilage (27% detected by methylene blue).

• Protein (22%) and fixed oil.

• Trigonelline and choline alkaloids.

• Steroidal saponins in the embryo as follows:– Furostanol type: trigofoenosides A-G.– Spirostanol type: with diosgenin and

yamogenin aglycones.

• Uses:

• Nutritive, demulcent and emolient.

• As a spice (powdered).

• Fixed oil is a lactagogue.

• Antihyperglycemic agent (preferred to be given with Lupinus).

• Antihypercholesterolemic agent.

Precautions

Abnormal menstrual cycles:

Fenugreek is considered to be an emmenagogue (promotes menstrual flow), it may cause excessive menstrual bleeding; so it is recommended to use fenugreek with caution if you have a history of abnormal menstrual cycles.

CARDAMOM SEEDS - حب الحبهان بذرالهيل

CARDAMOM SEEDS - حب الحبهان بذرالهيل

• Origin: The dried ripe or nearly ripe seeds of Eletaria cardamomum, Family Zingiberaceae.

• G. sources:• Southern India forests and in Ceylon.• Macroscopical characters:• The seed is ovoid and covered with arillus.• Colour is reddish brown while odour is

aromatic and taste is aromatic and pungent.

• Origin: The dried ripe or nearly ripe seeds of Eletaria cardamomum, Family Zingiberaceae.

• G. sources:• Southern India forests and in Ceylon.• Macroscopical characters:• The seed is ovoid and covered with arillus.• Colour is reddish brown while odour is

aromatic and taste is aromatic and pungent.

• Kernel is albuminous and formed of perisperm, endosperm and straight monocot embryo.

• Active constituents:– 2-5% volatile oil secreted from oil cells in

the testa.– Fixed oil and starch.

• Cardamom oil:• The loss of the oil from seeds kept in the fruit

is small, but loss of 30 % in 8 months takes place when seeds are removed from the fruits.

• The oil consists of high % of terpinyl acetate and cineole in addition to small quantities of monoterpene alcohols and esters.

• Uses:

• Carminative and condiment.

COLCHICUM SEEDS(MEADOW SUFFRON) اللحالح بذور

COLCHICUM SEEDS(MEADOW SUFFRON) اللحالح بذور

• Origin: The dried ripe seed of Colchicum automnale, Family Liliaceae.

• G. sources: Britain.• Macroscopical characters:1-Shape: Spherical.2- Surface is pitted and rough having a dark

reddish-brown colour. 3- The seed is very hard (why ?) and

amphitropous. 4- Odourless with bitter taste.5- The outgrowth is strophiole.

• Origin: The dried ripe seed of Colchicum automnale, Family Liliaceae.

• G. sources: Britain.• Macroscopical characters:1-Shape: Spherical.2- Surface is pitted and rough having a dark

reddish-brown colour. 3- The seed is very hard (why ?) and

amphitropous. 4- Odourless with bitter taste.5- The outgrowth is strophiole.

• Active constituents:

• A tropolone alkaloid colchicine.

• Colchicoresin and glucose.

• Fixed oil.

• Chemical test:

• Colchicine gives a yellow colour with mineral acids.

• Uses:

• Colchicine is used to relief pain of gout (in tablet form and must be used with caution).

• It is also used in biological experiments to produce polyploidy or multiplication of the chromosomes in the nucleus.

• Antileukemia.

What is gout?

• A disorder of uric acid metaboliosm characterized by hyperuricemia with deposits of urates in joints, kidney, soft tissues leading to acute arthritis especially in lower extremities (swelling and severe pain in big toes, knee and ankle).

Colchicine

Uric acid