struds manual

7/30/2019 Struds Manual

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Design

R.C.C. DESIGNThis module of STRUDS allows you to design the structure you have generated in Pre-Processor andhave analysed it as Grid, Plane Frame or Space Frame. You can analyse the structure by either or allof these three methods. STRUDS Integrated Design Module reads the results of analysis and designsthe structure. The choice of idealisation of structure as Grid, Plane Frame or Space Frame is done bythe user. STRUDS does the design by Limit State Method.

When you select the Ìntegrated Design menu from the control menu of STRUDS, the following menuappears on the screen.

This menu allows you to select the structure that you want to design.

FILE

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the standard window for selecting a file. Only thebuilding files having BLD extension are displayed in this window. Select the building file by mouse andclick on the Òpen button. STRUDS will read the analysis results of this building project. Select Èxitoption if you want to quit the design module.

VIEW

The details of this option are given in Appendix A

When you select the project by using `File - Òpen options from menu to design a structure,STRUDS reads all the input and analysis data of the BLD file. It displays the plan geometry of theselected file on screen. A new menu appears on the screen.

This menu is the main menu of Design module of STRUDS. It has the submenus to design thecomponents of structure such as Slab, Beam, Column, Footing and Stair. The design loadcombinations can be controlled by using the `Load Combination menu from this menu bar. The`Tools option allows you to prefix the labels for design components for outputs. The `Cost optionallows you to work out the cost of components after design.

1 SLAB

You can design the slabs in any of the floors in the selected building project by using this option.STRUDS designs the slab as panels. So you can design slabs without even analysing the structure.This menu has following sub-options.

1.1 PROPERTIES

This option allows you to set the parameters for slab design. When you select this option STRUDSdisplays following window.


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At the left of this window has three drop down menus that allow you to choose the basic materialtypes for design.

The first drop down menu gives the list of material types (grades of concrete) such as M15, M20, M35etc. You should select the material type for which you want to design the slabs from this menu.

The second drop down menu gives the list of grades of steel that will be considered while providing

main or primary reinforcement in the slabs. The available steel grades are Fe250 (Mild Steel), Fe415(Tor Steel) and Fe500 (High strength tor steel). Select the steel grade from the drop down menu.

The third drop down menu gives the list of grades of steel that will be considered while providingdistribution or secondary reinforcement in the slabs. The available steel grades are Fe250 (MildSteel), Fe415 (Tor Steel) and Fe500 (High strength tor steel). Select the steel grade from the dropdown menu.

At the right side of this window has two options that allow you to decide the span of Trapezoidal Slabfor Design.

USE MAXIMUM LENGTH

When you select this option, STRUDS will consider the maximum length of trapezoidal slab as spanfor design purpose.

USE AVERAGE LENGTH

When you select this option, STRUDS will consider the average length of trapezoidal slab as span fordesign purpose.

REINFORCEMENT PARAMETERS

When you click on this button, STRUDS displays following window.


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This window has various fields and options.

Type the value of clear cover in the filed provided for it.

Type the values of maximum and minimum spacing for main and distribution reinforcements bars inslabs. STRUDS will provide the bar spacing in this range. If the spacing goes beyond the specifiedrange, STRUDS will change the bar diameters to adjust the spacing.

You can also select the type of detailing to be provided. If you select the `Bentup option, STRUDSprovides alternate bars bent up in the slab. If you select `Curtailment the bars are curtailed at top andbottom and their lengths are specified in outputs. If you select the `None option, STRUDS provides

straight bars without bent ups or curtailment.You can also specify the minimum bar diameters to be used while providing main and distributionreinforcement. STRUDS will follow these diameters while providing the reinforcement in design. If thespacing criteria is not satisfied; STRUDS will take higher bar diameters to satisfy the spacing criteria.

Click on the `OK button to save and apply the design parameters specified by you. If you click on the`Cancel button. STRUDS will take the default parameters for design.

1.2 LEVEL DESIGN

This option allows you to choose the floor level of which you want to design the slabs. When youselect this option STRUDS displays following window.

This window has a drop down menu showing the floor id numbers of the selected project. Select the

floor number for which you wish to design the slabs. Below the drop down menu, STRUDS displays


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the levels in the selected floor. Select the level for which you want to design slabs. Click on the ÒKbutton to proceed for design of slabs. If you click on `Cancel button, STRUDS reverts back to themain menu of design module.

When you select Òk button, STRUDS displays the floor plan geometry of the selected floor level ofthe project and a new menu appears on the screen. This menu is the main menu of slab design

module.

It has following options.

1.2.1 DESIGN

This option allows you to design, save and open the already designed slabs of the selected floor. Ithas following options.

1.2.1.1 DESIGN NEW

DESIGN NEW - ALL

When you select this option, STRUDS designs all the slabs in the selected floor. If you have alreadydesigned the slabs and you again select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

If you click on the ÒK button, STRUDS will design the slabs once again and all the previous outputfiles will be overwritten by STRUDS. Click on the `Cancel button to abandon designing.

If you have not previously designed slabs in the selected floor, the above message will not occur andSTRUDS will design all the slabs. During design process, STRUDS checks the slab for deflection andflexure. If any of the slab fails in deflection, STRUDS displays following message.


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At the top of this window STRUDS displays the slab id number, the required effective thickness tosatisfy the deflection check and clear cover. Below this STRUDS displays the dimensions of the slaband its boundary conditions.

The available thickness, area of steel provided, modification factor and base factor as per IS code aredisplayed below. Please refer to SP: 10 for the values of modification factor and base factor.

STRUDS also displays the ratio of span to depth and the product of the basic deflection factor for theslab and the modification factor. The current deflection status is also indicated in the field for thesame. If we manually want to control the deflection then we can take help of the buttons as definedbelow. But if we want the software to find the optimum thickness which would satisfy the deflectioncriterion by itself then we tick the checkbox Change thickness internally and then click on the OKbutton.

Below this are two buttons to take action on the deflection check.

CHANGE THICKNESS

When you click on this button, the field for available thickness becomes active. Type the value of newthickness in the field and click on the `OK button. STRUDS will check the slab for deflection for thenew thickness. If the check is still not satisfied, STRUDS displays the same window with computedvalues of Ast, Base Factor and Modification factor.

CHANGE AST

This option allows you to see the change in modification factor and base factor by changing the areaof steel. When you click on this button, the field for Ast (Area of Steel provided) becomes active.Overwrite the value in this filed and click on the `Compute button to see the corresponding change inBase Factor and Modification Factor.

COMPUTE


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This button becomes active only when you have selected the `Change Ast option. When you click onthis button, STRUDS computes the Modification and Base Factor as per the change in Ast anddisplays it in their fields.

IGNORE

You can click on this button, to ignore the deflection check. When you click on this option, STRUDSfinds out the extra steel to be provided to change the modification factor to satisfy the deflection checkand provides this steel in the slab design.

OK

Click on this button if you have used the `Change Thickness option to proceed for design.

Some times a slab may fail in flexure. In such case you should change the grade of concrete orthickness to satisfy the check. When a slab fails in flexure, STRUDS displays following window.

In this window, at the top STRUDS displays the dimensions of slab, available thickness and theboundary conditions. Below this STRUDS displays the moments at mid span and support for both thespans of slab. Below this are two buttons.

CHANGE THICKNESS

Click on this button if you want to increase the thickness of slab to satisfy the check for flexure.STRUDS shows the window for slab properties.


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Change the thickness of the slab in the field provided and click on the `OK button. STRUDSredesigns the slab. If the slab again fails in flexure or deflection, STRUDS shows the correspondingwindow again.

CHANGE GRADE

When you select this button, STRUDS displays the window of `Slab Properties similar to the previousoption. Select the grade of concrete from the drop down menu of material type RCC as STRUDSdisplays following window.

Select the grade of concrete from the list and click on the `OK button. STRUDS will redesign the slab.If the slab still fails in flexure or deflection, STRUDS displays corresponding window.

DESIGN NEW-ONE BY ONE

In the above method of Slab design the software automatically goes from one slab to another as soonas the design of one slab is over. But if we want to select any particular slab for design, we can usethis option and then click on the slab, which we want to design.


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1.2.1.2 DESIGN OPEN

This option is active only if you have previously designed and saved the design data for the slabs ofthe selected floor. When you use this option, STRUDS reads the previous design data and outputresults and displays them on the screen.

1.2.1.3 DESIGN SAVE

This option allows you to save the design data after you have designed the slabs. You can then openthe design data by using the previous option.

1.2.2 GROUP

This option allows you to group the slabs for preparing outputs such as design schedules and quantityreports. It has following two options.

1.2.2.1 AUTO

This option is inactive untill you have designed all the slabs. When you select this option, STRUDSwill automatically group the slabs. STRUDS finds out the slabs having same thickness andreinforcement along both spans and places them in the same group.

1.2.2.2 MANUAL

You can use this option before or after designing the slabs to prepare the outputs. When you selectthis option, STRUDS displays a new side window at the right hand side of the screen. This windowhas several options that allow you to control the grouping of slabs.

at the top of this window is a drop down menu that shows the list of slab groups present. You canselect the group from this menu to add or remove the slabs.


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1.2.3 REPORT

This menu allows you to get graphical and text reports for the design outputs of slab. The options inthis menu are inactive untill you have designed all the slabs in the selected floor.

1.2.3.1 SCHEDULEWhen you select this option, STRUDS displays the group-wise design schedule for all the slabs in textform.

1.2.3.2 DESIGN SKETCH ALL

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the graphical representation of reinforcement in all theslabs in the floor.

To the left side of the screen, STRUDS shows the floor plan geometry with the placement ofbars along both spans. The bar spacing is also indicated in both the directions and at support. At theright side, STRUDS displays the legend for colours used in displaying the bars and the units forspacing. You can print or plot this graphics by using the Print menu from the menubar.

1.2.3.3 DESIGN SKETCH ONE

When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select any of the slab on the screenby this cursor. STRUDS displays graphically the reinforcement in this slab in an enlarged manner.


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To the left side of the screen, STRUDS shows the selected slab geometry with the placement of barsalong both spans. The bar spacing is also indicated in both the directions and at support. At the rightside, STRUDS displays the legend for colours used in displaying the bars and the units for spacing.You can print or plot this graphics by using the Print menu from the menubar.

1.2.3.4 PLANWhen you select this option, STRUDS displays the floor plan geometry on the screen. This option isuseful when you have used the `Design Sketch All or `Design Sketch One option and want to goback to the floor plan geometry.

1.2.3.5 DETAIL

This option allows you to see the design details of a particular slab and modify them as per yourrequirement. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select the slab ofwhich you want to visualise/modify design details by the cursor. STRUDS displays following window.


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At the top of this window, STRUDS shows the slab id number, dimensions, thickness, andboundary conditions of the selected slab. Below this the areas of steel required at longer span andshort span at midspan and at support are displayed. At the bottom, STRUDS shows the provided barsize and its spacing along both the directions. If you want to change the bar diameter, overwrite thevalue of bar dia in the field and press enter key. STRUDS automatically computes the revised barspacing and displays it in its field. This effect will automatically be reflected in the Design Schedule,Design Sketches and Quantity Reports. If you change the spacing of bars, the dia is not changed bySTRUDS. But this change in spacing will be taken into account by STRUDS in preparing DesignSchedule, Design Sketches and Quantity Reports.

1.2.3.6 QUANTITY

This option allows you to get a text report of concrete and steel quantities required for all the slabs inthe floor. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.

1.2.3.7 DETAIL REPORT

This option allows you to get a text report for the design details considered by STRUDS whiledesigning the slabs.

1.2.3.8 REPORTS HTML FORMAT

This option generates all the reports like OneWay-TwoWay Slab schedule, OneWay-TwoWay Flat

Slab Design, Slab Quantity Report in the HTML format.

1.2.4 INQUIREThis option allows you to visualise the design moments and properties of slabs. You can use thisoption to verify the results with manual calculations.

1.2.4.1 INQUIRE - MOMENTS ALL

This option allows you to see the moment values in all the slabs in the plan geometry. When youselect this option STRUDS displays following window.


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To the left side of the screen, STRUDS shows the floor plan geometry with the momentvalues along both spans at mid and support. At the right side, STRUDS displays the legend forcolours used in displaying the moments. You can print or plot this graphics by using the Print menufrom the menubar.

1.2.4.2 INQUIRE - MOMENTS ONE

When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select any of the slab on the screen

by this cursor. STRUDS displays the moment values in this slab along both spans at mid and supportin an enlarged manner.


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To the left side of the screen, STRUDS shows the selected slab with the moment values along bothspans at mid and support. At the right side, STRUDS displays the legend for colours used indisplaying the moments. You can print or plot this graphics by using the Print menu from the menubar.

1.2.4.3 INQUIRE PROPERTIES

This option allows you to see the properties of a selected slab such as type, loads and boundaryconditions. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select a slab by cursor.STRUDS displays the following window.

At the left portion of screen, STRUDS highlights the selected slab. At the right side it displays theproperties of slab that are considered for design.

1.2.5 DISPLAY

This option allows you to control the display of graphics on screen. It has following options.

1.2.5.1 DISPLAY - PAN

The details of this option are given in Appendix A.

1.2.5.2 DISPLAY - ZOOM


1.2.5.3 DISPLAY - SLAB NO.

This option allows you to put on/off the display of slab numbers on the screen. By default the slabnumbers are put on which is shown by the check-mark before this option. This is a toggle option andyou can put on/off the display be selecting it repeatedly.


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1.2.5.4 DISPLAY - SLAB GROUP NO.

This option allows you to put on/off the display of slab group numbers on the screen. By default theslab group numbers are put on which is shown by the check-mark before this option. This is a toggleoption and you can put on/off the display be selecting it repeatedly.

1.2.6 FONT

This option allows you to change the font size and font type of the text displayed on the screen forviewing or printing purpose. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

This window has a drop down menu which gives the list of text types displayed on the screen forwhich you can modify the fonts. From the drop down menu you should select Slab No., Slab GroupNo., Bar Dia etc. to change their font type. Click on the `Printer button if you want to change the fontsfor printing purpose only. If you select `Screen, you can modify the fonts for display purpose only.Further details on this option are given in Appendix B.

1.2.7 PRINT

The details of this option are given in Appendix B.

1.2.8 CLOSEUse this option to exit from SLAB DESIGN window.

2 BEAM

Select this menu if you want to design the beams in any of the floor levels of the selected project. InSTRUDS the beams are designed for every floor by taking analysis results by any one of the three

methods. This menu shows following options.

2.1 Settings

This option allows you to set the basic parameters for beam design. When you select this optionSTRUDS displays following window.


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This window at the left displays the cross section of a typical beam and the conventions used forvarious parameters like cover, grade of steel and maximum aggregate size. At the right are the dropdown menus and fields where you can specify the parameters by overwriting default values.

MAIN STEEL (FY) :

The second drop down menu indicates the grades of steel available such as Fe250 Mild Steel,Fe415 Tor Steel, Fe500 High Strength Tor Steel. Select the grade of steel that you want to use forthe main reinforcement i.e. the longitudinal reinforcement at the top and bottom of beam from thisdrop down menu.

STIRRUPS (FYS) :

The third drop down menu indicates the grades of steel available such as Fe250 Mild Steel, Fe415 Tor Steel, Fe500 High Strength Tor Steel. Select the grade of steel that you want to use for thestirrup reinforcement i.e. the vertical reinforcement along the beam in the form of rings.

Below the drop down menus are three fields for specifying concrete covers.

TENSION (CT) :

In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for bottom bars in the beam.

COMPRESSION (CB) :In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for top bars in the beam.

SIDE (CS) :

In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for stirrups along the side face of thebeam.

MAX AGG SIZE :

This field denotes the maximum size of coarse aggregates in concrete that will decide the minimumspacing between bars.


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NO. OF DIVISIONS :

This field denotes the no. Of divisions in an element at which the design results are to be displayed.For analysis, STRUDS divides each element into 16 parts. For design you can consider the divisionsequal to or less than 16. While preparing the reports for design, STRUDS will display the results as

per the number of divisions specified by you.

Reinforcement Parameters

At the left is a button by this title, which enables you to decide the basic pattern of providingreinforcement in the beams. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.

At the top left in the window for `Reinforcement Details is a field for `Minimum Spacing for StirrupDesign. When you have specified the grade of steel for stirrups in the `Design Parameters window;STRUDS while designing takes up the minimum diameter available for the selected grade of steel.Thus if you have specified Fe250 grade of steel for stirrups, STRUDS will assume 6 dia bars forstirrups. STRUDS then calculates the spacing required for this dia. If this spacing is less than the

minimum spacing specified by you in above field, STRUDS will take the next higher dia say 8mm andrecalculates the spacing. You can specify the grade, dia and legs of stirrups to be considered if thestirrups spacing works out to be less than the specified spacing by selecting the drop down menus atleft in the `Reinforcement Parameters window.

There are three drop down menus. The first drop down menu has the grade of steel that you canselect for stirrups.

From the second drop down menu you can select the bar diameter to be used if the spacing is lessthan specified.

From the third drop down menu you can specify the number of legs that should be used if the spacingis less than specified.

At the right are two options for design considerations. The check marks before these options denote

whether they are active or not. By default both these options are active.

DESIGN AS DOUBLY?

When this option is active, STRUDS will design a beam as doubly reinforced if the available depth isnot sufficient to design as singly reinforced. If you deactivate this option by removing the check markfrom the box, and continue the design, STRUDS displays a message if the available depth for beam isnot sufficient for singly reinforced design.


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You can then click on the `YES button to design the beam as doubly reinforced. If you want tochange the properties of beam, click on the `No button. STRUDS displays following window.

This window shows the beam number, its span, section, current grade of concrete and grade of steel.There are also two drop down menus for grade of concrete and steel. You can change the grade ofconcrete by selecting a higher grade from the drop down menu and select `SAVE and `CLOSEoptions. STRUDS will then redesign the beam. The change of grade of concrete, grade of steel or

section can be done for the current beam or all the beams in the floor. If you want to change the sizeof beam, click on the `CHANGE button. STRUDS displays following window.


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In this window you can ask the program to increase the width, depth or both by providing theincrement value. Click on the option for width, depth or both and overwrite the value of increment inthe field given below.

If the section is a T section or L section, the options at the down portion of window become active andyou can type the dimensions of section in the fields to redesign the beam.

Select `CLOSE button of save & close the window. Now the previous window of `Change BeamProperties is again active. Select the buttons `SAVE and `Close. STRUDS will redesign the beam forthe revised section.

TORSION EFFECT IN DESIGNWhen this option is active, STRUDS will design the beams for torsional moments. If you put off thisoption, STRUDS will not consider the effect of torsion on beams while designing. If you do not want toconsider the torsional moment in analysis, while providing the sections, you can change the torsionalconstant of section as zero by overwriting the value in the window for section define by selecting the`PROPERTIES button for a particular section.

MINIMUM DIA OF ANCHOR BAR

A drop down menu is provided to select the minimum diameter of the anchor bar in the beam design.Struds will provide the anchor bar of the dia. provided by the user.

SUPPORT WIDTH EFFECT IN DESIGN

If we tick on this check box then the column width will be taken into consideration while designing theBeam.

2.2 DETAILING PROPERTIES

This option allows you to specify the detailing type of reinforcement in beam design. When you selectthis option STRUDS displays following window.


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Select the icon from the toolbar and click on the grid of which plane frame you want toselect for beam design. STRUDS displays the geometry of the selected frame in the right portion ofscreen. Select `Proceed To Design option from the menu bar to continue for beam design.

SPACE FRAME

When you select this option, STRUDS will read the analysis results for Space Frame of the structuregeometry of the selected project. In STRUDS design of beams will be done floor wise if you haveidealised and analysed the structure either as Plane Grid or Space Frame. When you select this

option STRUDS displays following window.

This window has a drop down menu indicating the list of floors. Select the floor for which you want todesign the beams form the drop down menu. The levels in this floor are displayed in the columnbelow. Select the level in the floor of which you want to design the beams.

2.3 STRUDS Beam Design Module

STRUDS beam design module has following options in the menu bar.


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SELECTGRID

This option again allows you to select a gridline of continuous beam for viewing of analysis and designresults. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen with the display of plangeometry. Select the gridline of continuous beam of which you want to see the results.

2.3.3.1 ANALYSIS RESULTS

This option allows you to visualise the analysis results of the selected grid graphically. It has followingoptions.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - LOAD COMBI

This option allows you to chose the Load Combination for which you want to see the analysis resultsof the selected continuous beam. STRUDS analyses all the beams for all the defined loadcombinations separately. However the analysis results of all load combinations are overlapped todesign for the worst condition if the user chooses `Worst Load Combination for design.

When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.


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The window displays the list of all the load combinations for which analysis was carried out. Youshould select any of the load combinations from this list to see the analysis results.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - SF DIAGRAM

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the Shear Force Diagram for the selected grid ofcontinuos beam.

STRUDS shows the co-ordinate of the gridline, selected load combination and the span ofbeam at the top of the screen. Below this STRUDS displays the SFD of the grid and the gridline withbeam labels. At the right side STRUDS shows the values of shear force in the beams in the gridline.You can select the beam from the list in the menu given below the values to see the values of ShearForce.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - BM DIAGRAM

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the Bending Moment Diagram for the selected grid ofcontinuos beam.


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STRUDS shows the co-ordinate of the gridline, selected load combination and the span of beam atthe top of the screen. Below this STRUDS displays the BMD of the grid and the gridline with beamlabels. At the right side STRUDS shows the values of bending moments in the beams in the gridline.You can select the beam from the list in the menu given below the values to see the values ofBending Moment.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - COMMON

When you select this option, STRUDS displays both the Bending Moment Diagram and Shear ForceDiagram for the selected grid of continuos beam. When you select this option STRUDS displaysfollowing window.

Select by clicking on the checkboxes for the options of display of gridline, SFD and BMD. By defaultall the three options are active. You can put off any of the options by clicking on their respective checkboxes. STRUDS then displays the diagrams of shear force & bending moment together.


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STRUDS displays the gridline at the top and below it the SFD and BMD for the gridline with beamlabels.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - SIMP SF DIAGRAM

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the Shear Force Diagram for the selected grid of

continuos beam considering all the beams as simply supported.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - SIMP BM DIAGRAM

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the Bending Moment Diagram for the selected grid ofcontinuos beam considering all the beams as simply supported.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - DEF DIAGRAM

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the deflected shape diagram for the selected grid.


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At the top, STRUDS shows the gridline of the continuous beam, with beam labels and below this theTorsional Diagram of the elements. The values of torsion are shown at the right side in a verticaltable. You can select the beam number from the drop down menu below this table to see its torsionalvalues.

ANALYSIS RESULTS - LOADS

When you select this option, STRUDS displays the various loads acting on the selected grid ingraphical form with values.

At the top, STRUDS displays the gridline with the graphical representation of loads from slab, wallloads and other imposed loads on the selected grid. Below this STRUDS displays a table showing theelement numbers in the grid, type of load case, type of load, values of load and their source.

At the top of the text table, STRUDS displays following menu options to control the display of valuesand diagrams of loads for the selected gridline.

SELECT LOAD SOURCE

By using this option, you can select the source of load on the elements for which you want to see thegraphics and values on the screen. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.

The loads on element can be due to wall, slab or any external load applied by the user. This windowhas the checkboxes for these. By default STRUDS displays the loads due to all the three sources. Sothe checkboxes are marked by default. You can mark or unmark the checkboxes to put on/off thedisplay of load and their values on the screen.


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In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for stirrups along the side face of thebeam.

MAX AGG SIZE :

This field denotes the maximum size of coarse aggregates in concrete that will decide the minimumspacing between bars.

NO. OF DIVISIONS :

This field denotes the no. Of divisions in an element at which the design results are to be displayed.For analysis, STRUDS divides each element into 16 parts. For design you can consider the divisionsequal to or less than 16. While preparing the reports for design, STRUDS will display the results asper the number of divisions specified by you.


At the left is a button by this title which enables you to decide the basic pattern of providing

reinforcement in the beams. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.

At the top left in the window for `Reinforcement Details is a field for `Minimum Spacing for StirrupDesign. When you have specified the grade of steel for stirrups in the `Design Parameters window;STRUDS while designing takes up the minimum diameter available for the selected grade of steel.Thus if you have specified Fe250 grade of steel for stirrups, STRUDS will assume 6 dia bars forstirrups. STRUDS then calculates the spacing required for this dia. If this spacing is less than theminimum spacing specified by you in above field, STRUDS will take the next higher dia say 8mm andrecalculates the spacing. You can specify the grade, dia and legs of stirrups to be considered if thestirrups spacing works out to be less than the specified spacing by selecting the drop down menus atleft in the `Reinforcement Parameters window.

There are three drop down menus. The first drop down menu has the grade of steel that you canselect for stirrups.

From the second drop down menu you can select the bar diameter to be used if the spacing is lessthan specified.

From the third drop down menu you can specify the number of legs that should be used if the spacingis less than specified.

At the right are two options for design considerations. The check marks before these options denotewhether they are active or not. By default both these options are active.

DESIGN AS DOUBLY?

When this option is active, STRUDS will design a beam as doubly reinforced if the available depth is

not sufficient to design as singly reinforced. If you deactivate this option by removing the check mark


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In this window you can ask the program to increase the width, depth or both by providing theincrement value. Click on the option for width, depth or both and overwrite the value of increment inthe field given below.

If the section is a T section or L section, the options at the down portion of window become active andyou can type the dimensions of section in the fields to redesign the beam.

Select `CLOSE button to save & close the window. Now the previous window of `Change BeamProperties is again active. Select the buttons `SAVE and `CLOSE. STRUDS will redesign the beamfor the revised section.

TORSION EFFECT IN DESIGNWhen this option is active, STRUDS will design the beams for torsional moments. If you put off thisoption, STRUDS will not consider the effect of torsion on beams while designing. If you do not want toconsider the torsional moment in analysis, while providing the sections, you can change the torsionalconstant of section as zero by overwriting the value in the window for section define by selecting the`Properties button for a particular section.

DESIGN RESULTS - PROPERTIES

This option allows you to change the sectional and material properties of the beams in the selectedgrid to redesign them. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.


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DETAIL DATA

This option allows you to change the bar-detailing pattern of the selected grid. When you select thisoption, STRUDS displays following window.

You can select the detailing type of bars as Bent Up, Curtailed or none of these by selecting thecorresponding options in this window. If you select `None options, STRUDS will provide the maximumrequired steel at top and bottom uniformly without curtailing the bars.

The window also has options for design considerations that can be put on or off by selecting theircheck boxes.

Click on the OK button to save the detailing type and proceed for design. Select Cancel

button if you want to consider the default detailing for design.

STEEL DIAGRAM

This option allows you to see the graphical representation of steel areas required at different places inthe selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following screen.


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This screen displays the gridline at top and the diagrammatic representation of areas of steel requiredat top and bottom of the selected grid below it.

At the top of the screen STRUDS shows the load combination for which the Steel Diagram isdisplayed and the span of beam of which the text description of steel areas are displayed at the rightside in two vertical columns.

You can select the beam in the gridline form the list menu below the text columns to see thecorresponding areas of steel.

DETAILING

This option allows you to see the detailing of reinforcement for the selected grid. it has following sub-options.

BOTTOMBARS

This option allows you to see the detailing for bottom reinforcement in the selected grid. When youselect this option, STRUDS displays following window.


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You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the dia and number of bars in theirrespective fields and clicking the `SAVE button. STRUDS will recalculate the steel area provided.

At the right side the top areas of steel required at eleven points are displayed in a text column for theselected beam. Below this are the buttons to see the BM values and BOTTOM AREA of steel of theselected beam.

BM VALUES

When you select this button, STRUDS displays the bending moment values for the selected beam ateleven places. STRUDS shows following window.

This window at the top has a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see its bendingmoment values. Below the list menu STRUDS displays the span of the selected beam. The values ofBM are shown in a text column. Select `CLOSE button to close this window.

BOTTOM AREA

When you select this button, STRUDS displays the values of area of steel required at bottom for theselected beam at eleven places. STRUDS shows following window.


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This window at the top has a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see its steelarea at bottom values. Below the list menu STRUDS displays the span of the selected beam. Thevalues of area are shown in a text column. Select `CLOSE button to close this window.

SAVE

Select this button to save the changes, if any, you have made in the detailing. Unless you use thisoption, your changes will not be reflected in design schedules & quantity reports.

CLOSE

Select this button to close the window of top bars detailing

SHEAR

This option allows you to see the detailing for shear reinforcement in the selected grid. When youselect this option, STRUDS displays following window.


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This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu fromwhich you can select the beam number to see its shear bar detailing. The span of the beam and its

section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS also displaysthe grade of concrete used for the design of this beam. The maximum allowed stirrup spacing for theselected beam in the gridline as per codal provisions and the name of the design load combinationare also shown by STRUDS.

SF VALUE

When you click on this button, STRUDS shows the shear force values for the selected beam. Thefollowing window is displayed on screen.


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This window at the top has a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see its shearforce values. Below the list menu STRUDS displays the span of the selected beam. The values ofarea are shown in a text column. Select `CLOSE button to close this window.

STRUDS displays the shear force diagram for the selected beam. The beam is divided in three zonesdepending upon the required stirrup spacings. The length of these zones is shown in the diagram.

Below this STRUDS shows the shear detailing in the form of dia of bars, number of legs of thestirrups, grade of steel, number of stirrups, spacing of stirrups and the shear capacity of providedstirrups in three rows. The first, second and third rows denote the shear detailing for left zone, middlezone and right zone in the beam respectively.

You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the values of bar dia, stirrup legs orgrade of steel and clicking on the SAVE button. STRUDS will recalculate the stirrup spacing andstirrup numbers. The change in detailing will automatically be reflected in design schedules, quantityreports and section drawing.

At the right side STRUDS displays a column of text values for theoretically computed stirrup spacingat eleven points in the selected beam.

SAVE

Select this button to save the changes, if any, you have made in the detailing. Unless you use this

option, your changes will not be reflected in design schedules & quantity reports.CLOSE

Select this button to close the window of shear bars detailing.

SIDEBARS

This option allows you to see the detailing for side reinforcement provided in the selected beam. Asper IS:456, side bars are to be provided in case the depth of beam is more than 750 mm. When youselect this option, STRUDS displays following window.


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This window shows the list of beams in the selected grid at the left side. You can select the beam forwhich you want to set the flush level from this list. STRUDS will display the current level of the beamin the field at the right side of the window. You can overwrite the value in the field for NEW LEVEL tospecify the flush level of selected beam. This way, you can specify different flush levels to differentbeams in the grid. Click on the OK button to apply the new levels to the beams. STRUDS willaccordingly change the longitudinal section diagram of the selected grid and show it on the screen.

The detailing of top bars is also changed accordingly.

DISPLAY

This option allows you to put on/off the display of bar lines and bar text in the section graphics. Itfurther has two sub-options.

BAR LINES

This option allows you to put on/off the display of bar lines in the longitudinal section of the selectedgrid. It shows the type of bar lines displayed in the diagram as-

Top

Bottom

Stirrups

Slab


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When you select this option, STRUDS displays a text report for the bar bending details showing theshape of bars, cutting lengths etc for every beam. At the end of the report STRUDS also shows thelegend for bar shapes used for detailing.

2.3.5.4 QUANTITY

When you select this option, STRUDS displays a text report for the concrete / steel quantities and theformwork area for all the beams individually as well as collectively.


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From this window you can select the type of design results that are to be displayed in the plan and thegrids along which they are to be displayed.

BMWhen you click on this option, STRUDS will display the values of bending moment along gridlines.

SF

When you click on this option, STRUDS will display the values of shear force for every beam alongselected gridlines.


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AST

When you click on this option, STRUDS will display the values of steel area for every beam alongselected gridlines. STRUDS displays following options to choose the locations where you want to seethe area values.

you can select the location of display of top steel and bottom steel in the beams at left support, rightsupport or midspan by clicking on their respective checkboxes. STRUDS will display the areas atspecified locations in the plan.

Y GRID

When you select this option, the selected design values will be displayed along the Y grids or verticalgridlines on the screen.

X GRID

When you select this option, the selected design values will be displayed along the X grids orhorizontal gridlines on the screen.

BOTH


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When you select this option, the selected design values will be displayed along both the X grids and Ygrids on the screen.

2.3.6.6 LOAD DIAGRAM

This option allows you to visualise the various vertical loads acting on the beams. When you selectthis option, STRUDS displays following screen.

At the top STRUDS displays the geometry with graphical representation of elemental loads. At thebottom, the text report for load values is shown. The text report can be controlled by selecting thefollowing options at its top.

Select Load Source

By using this option, you can select the source of load on the elements for which you want to see thegraphics and values on the screen. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.

The loads on element can be due to wall, slab or any external load applied by the user. This windowhas the checkboxes for these. By default STRUDS displays the loads due to all the three sources. Sothe checkboxes are marked by default. You can mark or unmark the checkboxes to put on/off thedisplay of load and their values on the screen.

Select Loadcase

By using this option, you can select the loadcase for which you want to see the graphics and values ofloads on the screen. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.


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This window shows the list of loadcases for which analysis is done. Select the loadcase/s for whichyou want to see the loads and click on the OK button.

Show Selected Loads

This option allows you to see the graphics for selected loads on a particular element. Select the loadsin the list in the text at the bottom of screen and click on this option. STRUDS will display the graphicsfor the element and the selected loads acting on it.

Show All Loads

This option allows you to see all the loads on the elements when you have selected the previousoption of `Show Selected Load.

2.3.7 MARKINGThis option allows you to mark the beams with appropriate labels. STRUDS automatically assignslabels to all beams once the design is completed. However when a beam has more than oneelements, STRUDS gives separate labels to each of the element. In such case you can control thebeam marking by allowing STRUDS to find out the beams having more than one element and re-labelling them accordingly. In case of primary and secondary beams, STRUDS finds out which is theprimary beam by reading the analysis results and provides the labels accordingly.

2.3.7.1 AUTO

When you select this option, STRUDS automatically finds out the beams having more than oneelement and then specifies new labels by merging them together.

2.3.7.2 MANUAL

This option allows you to impose your own discretion in merging the elements in a beam to provide asingle label. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

This window has two options.

Pick Nodes

When you select this option, the fields at right are active and you can type the node numbers betweenwhich you want to specify a single label and click on the MARK button. STRUDS will accordingly markall the elements between these nodes with same label.

Beam Labels

When you select this option, the fields at right are active and you can type the beam numbers of thetwo elements which you want to merge together to assign a single label and click on the MARKbutton. STRUDS will accordingly mark all the elements between these nodes with same label.


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2.3.7.3 WINDOW- TILE

When you select this option STRUDS creates another tile window for operations.

2.3.8 TOOLS

This menu option has several sub options to control the display on the screen.

FONT SETTINGS


DISPLAY

This option allows you to put on/off the display of entities and labels on the screen. When you selectthis option, STRUDS displays following window.

The window shows the list of entities and labels. The status of display is indicated by the presence ofcheck mark in the check boxes before the entity and label types. You can put on /off the display byclicking on the check boxes. Click on the OK button to close the window and apply the display statusas specified by you. Click on the cancel button to abandon your selection of display and close thewindow.

LABELLING

This option allows you to control the sequence of labelling of beams and beam groups. When youselect this option, STRUDS displays following window.

This window has four self-explanatory icons that show the sequence in which beam labels will beassigned in the plan geometry. The sequence can be from top to bottom or bottom to top. Select thesequence that wish to apply for labelling and click on the CLOSE button to close the window.

LABEL PREFIX


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This option allows you to specify your own label identity to the beams, beam groups, columns, columngroups, for your personal identification for different floors or types. For example, you can specify labelPb for plinth beams. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

The window shows different fields for each of the identity. Type the prefix that you want to apply for

labelling these identities and click on the OK button. Select CANCEL button to abandon the specifyingof label prefix and close the window.

SCH STIRRUP NO.

In the beam design schedules, STRUDS displays the spacing of stirrups as well as their numbers ineach zone. You can select this option to put on/off the display of number of stirrups in the schedule.The status of display on is indicated by the presence of check mark before this option.

ZOOM


PAN


2.3.9 PRINT

The details of this option are given in Appendix B.

2.3.10 CLOSE

When you click on this option STRUDS close the BEAM DESIGN window.

3 COLUMN

Select this option to design the columns in your project. When you click on this option, STRUDSdisplays following sub-menus.

ORIENTATION

GROUPING

NUMBERING


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analysis and design, you can select the check box to apply the detailing in column reinforcement asper IS 13920 code. The stirrup spacing and minimum steel criteria as per the code will be compliedwhile providing reinforcement in the columns.

On the right side at top of this window has the option for specifying the effective length of the column.By default the effective length of column is taken as its actual length. So the values of Effective

Length Factor along both X and Y axis are by default one. However you can type the value of thisfactor along both X and Y axis by overwriting the values in the fields.

Below this is a check box for option `Change Size Internally. You can select this option to ask theprogram to increase the size of the column automatically if the size provided by you is not sufficienteven when the maximum percentage of steel is provided for the column. You can select the options ofWidth, depth or both to specify the dimension that you want to be increased. While designingcolumns, STRUDS will then increase the specified dimension for safe design. The effect on analysisdue to the change in size is not however considered.

Below this option is another check box for `Consider Live Load Reduction. You can select thisoption if you want to reduce the axial load on columns due to live load at different stories as per IScode provisions.

At the bottom of this window are following buttons that help you in specifying other parameters.

SELECT BAR DIAMETERS

You can click on this button to select the bar diameters that should be considered for detailing in thecolumns for design. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

This window shows the list of all available bar diameters in a vertical text column at the left side.Select the bar diameter that you want to provide for column main bars by mouse and press on theSELECT button at the right side. The selected bar diameter is shown by STRUDS in the right textcolumn. This way you can specify the diameters that you want to provide for columns. If you want toremove any bar diameter from the list of selected bar diameters, select it by mouse and click on theDELETE button. Click on the OK button to proceed for design with chosen bar diameters. You canalso click on the CANCEL button if you want to abandon the bar diameters selection and proceed fordesign with all the available bar diameters.


This option allows you to specify the parameters that should be followed while providing vertical andhorizontal reinforcement in the column for design. When you select this option, STRUDS displaysfollowing window.


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This window has options to specify following.

Spacing Between Bars

Here you can specify the maximum and minimum spacing for main bars. The maximum spacing andminimum spacing is indicated in two fields. The default values for maximum spacing is 300mm.Similarly, the default value for minimum spacing between vertical bars is 25 mm. You can overwritethese values in the corresponding fields to specify your own criteria. Click on the CODE button toselect the IS or BS code to take the spacing criteria defined in these codes for design.

Below this is another field for specifying minimum spacing for stirrups. The default minimum stirrupspacing is 150 mm. However you can specify your own value of minimum spacing by overwriting onthis value.

steel Percentage

Here you can specify the minimum and maximum percentage of steel to be provided in the columnswith respect to the gross cross sectional area of column. The default minimum percentage of steel is

0.8 % of the gross cross sectional area. Similarly the default maximum percentage of steel is 2 % ofgross cross sectional area. Please note that STRUDS takes the minimum and maximum percentageof steel for the gross cross sectional area of the size provided to the column and not the required size.You can simply overwrite the values in this fields to specify your own criteria for minimum andmaximum percentage of steel.

r/f Placing

The placing of reinforcement in columns can be equally distributed along two faces of column or fourfaces of column. This option shows the icons for 2 sided and 4 sided reinforcement. The default typeof detailing is 2 sided. You can click on the 4 sided option to provide reinforcement along all four sidesof the column.

Steel ratio astx/asty

This option allows you to specify the ratio of reinforcement provided along X axis of the column to thatof along Y axis of the column if you have selected the 4 sided reinforcement placing in the column.For rectangular column where the difference between x and Y dimension is more, it would be moresuitable to provide unequal areas of steel along X and Y axis as the biaxial capacity of column alongboth axes will be quite different and also providing equal reinforcement along all four sides shall bedifficult to satisfy the checks of minimum and maximum spacing of main bars.

Clear cover

This option allows you to specify the clear concrete cover for reinforcement in column. The defaultvalue of clear cover is 40 mm which you can change by simply overwriting on it.

OK


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Click on this button to allow STRUDS to accept the reinforcement parameters specified by you andclose the window.

Cancel

You can click on this button to abandon specifying reinforcement parameters and proceed for design

with default parameters and close the window.

OK

Click on this button to allow STRUDS to accept the Design Parameters specified by you and close thewindow.

CANCEL

You can click on this button to abandon specifying design parameters and proceed for design withdefault parameters and close the window.

3.4.2 DESIGNYou can select this option to perform the design of columns by selected method. It has following sub-options.

3.4.2.1 DESIGN - NEW

Select this option to start fresh design of columns of the selected structure type. If you have alreadydesigned and saved the columns, STRUDS will redesign and overwrite the previous results. It hasfollowing suboptions.

DESIGN NEW AXIAL - ALL

When you select this option, STRUDS will design all the columns for axial loads only irrespective ofthe method adopted for analysis.

DESIGN NEW AXIAL ONE BY - ONE

When you select this option, STRUDS will design the column, which you select for Axial load onlyirrespective of the method adopted for analysis.

DESIGN NEW UNIAXIAL - ALL

You can select this option to design the columns for uniaxial bending. When you select this option,STRUDS displays following window.

You should select the X or Y-axis from this window for uniaxial design. STRUDS will then perform theuniaxial design of all the columns for specified axis. This option will not be effective if you haveanalysed the structure as Plane Grid.

DESIGN NEW UNIAXIAL ONE BY ONE

This option is same as that of the above but when you select this option, it will design the column

which you have selected.


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DESIGN NEW BIAXIAL - ALL

When you select this option, STRUDS will perform the biaxial design of all the columns in the buildingsubjected to axial load and moments about both axes. This option will not be effective if you haveanalysed the structure as Plane Grid.

While designing, if any check is not satisfied, STRUDS displays following messages.

Message Window 1.

When the criteria for maximum spacing of main bars in column is not satisfied, STRUDS displaysabove message. This message box has various options to counter this check.

Change Maximum Spacing for One Group

You can select this option to increase the maximum spacing criteria for the column for which thischeck is not satisfied. STRUDS at the top in the message box displays the actual spacing betweenbars along both X and Y dimensions of column. You can type the value of maximum spacing greaterthan the actual spacing in the field and click on REDESIGN button. STRUDS will then redesign thisparticular column group having maximum spacing criteria as changed by you.

Change Maximum Spacing for All Groups

You can select this option to increase the maximum spacing criteria for the present column group aswell as all other column groups. You can type the value of maximum spacing greater than the spacingpreviously provided in the PROPERTIES REINFORCEMENT PARAMETERS options in the field.Click on the REDESIGN button. STRUDS will then redesign this particular column group and the allother subsequent column groups having maximum spacing criteria as changed by you.


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STRUDS displays above window if the maximum percentage of steel specified by you inPROPERTIES REINFORCEMENT PARAMETERS options is exceeded while designing thecolumns. The message window shows following options to counter the check.

Change maximum Steel percentage for One Group

You can select this option to increase the maximum steel percentage criteria for the column group forwhich this check is not satisfied. STRUDS at the top in the message box displays the required steel

percentage. You can type the value of maximum steel percentage greater than the required steelpercentage in the field and click on REDESIGN button. STRUDS will then redesign this particularcolumn group having maximum steel percentage criteria as modified by you.

Change maximum Steel percentage for All Groups

You can select this option to increase the maximum steel percentage criteria for the present as wellas al other column groups. STRUDS at the top in the message box displays the required steelpercentage. You can type the value of maximum steel percentage greater than the required steelpercentage in the field and click on REDESIGN button. STRUDS will then redesign this particularcolumn group and all other remaining column groups with the maximum steel percentage criteria asmodified by you.

Change Size

You can select this option to increase the column size by changing X,Y or both dimensions. When youselect this option, the fields for width and depth of column become active. Type the new width ordepth in the fields and click on REDESIGN button. STRUDS will redesign the column group formodified size.

Change X dim internally for One Group

You can select this option, to allow STRUDS to increase X dimension of the column to satisfy thecheck. STRUDS will increase the X dimension of column by the increment specified in COLUMN SET PARAMETERS options. Then it will again check for maximum percentage of steel. If the check isstill not satisfied, the size will again be increased by the increment value. This process is repeated by

STRUDS until the check is satisfied.


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be for display purpose only. Whereas the design schedules will be prepared by STRUDS for worstload combination.

This option allows you to change the load combination for design results. STRUDS by default designsall the column for worst load combination. In case you want to specify some other load combination asworst load combination, you can use this option. This change will be reflected in the design schedulesby STRUDS. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

This window displays a drop down menu for the floors in the building. The worst load combination forthis floor is also displayed by STRUDS. Select the floor for which you want to change the loadcombination for design. Click on the `Select Load Combination>> button. STRUDS again displays thewindow for load combinations.

This window displays the list of defined load combinations. Select the load combination, which youwant to apply to the selected column at selected floor. Click on the OK button. STRUDS will thendisplay the design results due to this load combination in the table. You can click on the CANCELbutton to close the window without selecting the load combination. This change in table will bereflected in design schedules by STRUDS.

This option allows you to modify the units for the values displayed in the table. When youselect this option, STRUDS displays following window.


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This window displays a list menu indicating the floor numbers in the building. Select the floor numberfor which you want to modify the effective length of the selected column. Below this are two fieldsindicating the factor for effective length about X and Y axis for the column. By default the factors for

effective length are 1 for both axes. However you can modify this by specifying the factor byoverwriting the default values in the fields.

3.4.4 VIEW LOADS

This menu allows you to visualise the values of loads and moments on the columns. It has furtherfollowing options.

3.4.4.1 VIEW LOADS - CUMULATIVE LOADS

This option allows you to visualise the cumulative axial loads on all the columns in plan geometry atany floor. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

This window has a drop down menu indicating the list of floor numbers in the building. The levels in

the selected floor are shown below this menu. Select the floor number and floor level for which youwant to see the cumulative axial loads on all the columns. STRUDS displays these loads on screen.

3.4.4.2 VIEW LOADS - FLOOR LOADS

This option allows you to visualise the loads on all the columns due to any one floor in the building.When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.


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This window has a drop down menu indicating the list of floor numbers in the building. The levels inthe selected floor are shown below this menu. Select the floor number and floor level of which youwant to see the axial load on all the columns. STRUDS displays these loads on screen.

3.4.4.3 VIEW LOADS - LOAD COMBINATIONThis option allows you to chose the load combination for which the loads on columns are displayedon screen. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

This window displays the list of all defined load combinations. Select the load combination for whichyou want to see the loads on the columns. Click on the OK button. STRUDS will then display theloads on column due to this load combination when you use the CUMULATIVE LOAD, FLOOR LOADor SELECT COLUMN option.. You can click on the CANCEL button to close the window withoutselecting the load combination.

3.4.4.4 VIEW LOADS - SELECT COLUMN DESIGN LOADS

This option allows you to select a column to see the axial load and moment. When you select thisoption, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select any of the columns by the cursor. STRUDS

displays following window.


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This window at top shows the column group number and column number of the selected column. Theload combination for which the loads and moments at every floor on the column are displayed is alsoshown at top. Below this STRUDS displays the axial load P, moment about x axis Mx, momentabout y axis My for the selected column at all floors in table format. Click on CLOSE button to closethe window.

3.4.4.5 VIEW LOADS SELECT COLUMN END FORCES.

After clicking this option we have to select the column for which we want to see the end forces. Onchoosing the column the following window appears.

There is a dropdown menu at the bottom of the dialog box by which we can select the floor level. Thisdialog box will give all the information pertaining to the column segment between the selected Floor.

3.4.4.6 VIEW LOADS SELECT COLUMN WORKING LOADS :

On clicking this option it will give us the working load on the column which we choose.

3.4.5 CENTER LINE

This option allows you to obtain the centre line diagram for all the columns. Click on this option to geta diagram as follows.


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STRUDS finds out the X and Y co-ordinates of each column with respect to origin in the plangeometry. The values of these are displayed diagrammatically along X and Y axes. If you want to shiftthe origin to recalculate centre line dimensions, use SETTINGS CHANGE REFERENCE optionsfrom the menu.

3.4.6 CROSS SECTION

This option allows you to visualise the cross sectional diagram of a column. For details refer to theexplanation given for VIEW DESIGN CROSS SECTION option.

3.4.7 REPORT

This option allows you to get the text reports for design results of the columns. This has furtherfollowing options.

3.4.7.1 REPORT -COLUMN SCHEDULE

Select this option, to see the design schedule of columns. STRUDS displays a text report as shown

below.


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STRUDS shows the results of design at every floor of all columns in table format. This schedule isprepared for the worst load combination. For the menu options of Print, Settings, Page Control etc.,refer to Appendix B.

3.4.7.2 REPORT -COLUMN QUANTITY

Select this option, to see the quantities of concrete and steel for all the columns after design.

STRUDS displays a text report as shown below.

STRUDS shows the concrete and steel quantity at every floor of all columns in table format. For the

menu options of Print, Settings, Page Control etc., refer to Appendix B.


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3.4.7.3 REPORT -QUANTITY SUMMARY

Select this option, to see the summary report quantities of concrete and steel for all the columns afterdesign. In this report the quantities at every floor and for entire building are shown. The steelquantities are sorted out for different bar diameters and grades. STRUDS displays a text report as

shown below.

STRUDS shows the total concrete and steel quantity for each columns and the total quantities in tableformat. For the menu options of Print, Settings, Page Control etc., refer to Appendix B.

3.4.7.4 REPORT -COLUMN LOAD

Select this option, to see the report of axial load and moment on all the columns due to every definedload combination. STRUDS displays a text report as shown below.


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STRUDS shows the axial load (P), Moment about X axis (Mx), Moment about Y axis (My), Momentdue to slenderness about X axis (Sx) and Moment due to slenderness about Y axis (Sy) for eachcolumn at every floor due to all defined load combinations in table format. For the menu options ofPrint, Settings, Page Control etc., refer to Appendix B.

3.4.7.5 REPORT -COLUMN DESIGN

Select this option, to see the report for design details of all the columns due to worst loadcombination. STRUDS displays a text report as shown below.

STRUDS shows the design details such as size of column, reinforcement bar+dia combination, gradeof concrete (Fck), grade of steel(Fy), design axial load (Pu), design moment about X axis (Mx), design


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moment about Y axis (My), moment due to slenderness about X axis (Mux1) and Moment due toslenderness about Y axis (Muy1), load carrying capacity of column (Pux & Puy), moments due tominimum eccentricity (MuxMin & MuyMin), value of alpha and biaxial factor for design for eachcolumn at every floor due to the worst load combination in table format. For the menu options of Print,Settings, Page Control etc., refer to Appendix B.

3.4.7.6 REPORT SCHEDULE

This option allows you to get the design schedule of all the columns for worst load combination or forall the defined load combinations.

REPORT - SCHEDULE - WORST LOAD COMBINATION

When you select this option STRUDS displays a text report as follows.

This report displays the design results of each column at every floor for worst load combination in text- table format. The name of worst load combination at every floor is also displayed in the last columnof the table.

For the menu options of Print, Settings, Page Control etc., refer to Appendix B.

REPORT - SCHEDULE - ALL LOAD COMBINATIONSWhen you select this option STRUDS displays a text report as follows.


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This report displays the design results of each column at every floor for all the defined loadcombinations one by one in text - table format. The name of load combination and the column numberare displayed above every table.

For the menu options of Print, Settings, Page Control etc., refer to Appendix B.

3.4.7.7 COLUMN DESIGN DETAIL REPORT

This report displays the step by step Detailed design of each column at every floor for worst loadcombination in text - table format. For the menu options of Print, Settings, Page Control etc., refer toAppendix B.

3.4.7.8 HTML REPORTS

On clicking this option we get the HTML format for all the above stated reports.

3.4.8 DISPLAY

This option allows you to control the display of graphics on screen. For explanation of the options inthis menu, refer to Appendix A.

3.4.9 SETTINGS

This option allows you to change the physical settings to control the graphical display on screen. Ithas further following options.

3.4.9.1 SETTINGS - CHANGE REFERENCE

This option allows you to change the origin for computing the centre line dimensions of columns. Thisoption is active only when you have obtained the display of centre line diagram on screen by usingCENTER LINE option from the menu bar. When you select this option, STRUDS displays followingwindow.


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This window has two fields for X and Y offset by which you can shift the origin /reference point. Typethe value of X and Y distance by which you want to shift the origin and click on OK button. STRUDSwill recalculate the centre line dimensions of all the columns and display them on the screen.

3.4.9.2 SETTINGS ATTRIBUTES

This option allows you to put on off the display of various text matters on screen. When you select thisoption, STRUDS displays following window.

This window shows the list of text matter types that are displayed on screen. Each type is precededby a check box. The status of display on is indicated by the presence of check mark in the check box.You can put on/off the display of any of the text types by clicking at the check box. Click on the closebutton to apply the status of display on screen.

3.4.9.3 SETTINGS - FONT SETTINGS

This option allows you to change the font type and font type of the text matter displayed on screen.

For the detail explanation of this option, see the Appendix A.

3.4.10 PRINT

This option allows you to get a print out of the graphics and text on screen.

For detail explanation of this option, refer to the Appendix B.

3.4.11 USER SECTION

This option allows you to define the dimensions, properties and placement of reinforcement in a

selected column while STRUDS performs redesign of the column and checks whether it is safe

or not. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen.

Select any of the columns by the cursor. STRUDS displays following screen.


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STRUDS shows the cross section of the column at the bottom most floor and the existing placementof steel. The design load, design moments, cross sectional area etc. are also shown at the right sideof screen. At the top of screen is a pull down menu showing the list of floor numbers. You can selectthe floor from this menu to get the diagram and details of column at that floor. The menu bar at the tophas following options to specify your own properties and parameters for this selected column.

3.4.11.1 SETTINGS

This option allows you to specify the basic parameters for design of selected column. It further hasfollowing options.

SETTINGS PROPERTIES

This option allows you to set the basic parameters for design of column. When you select this option,STRUDS displays the window for `Design Parameters. For details of this window, refer to theexplanation given for PROPERTIES menu of the main menu of Column Design Module.

SETTINGS DIAMETERS

This option allows you to select the bar diameters for placing in the column. When you select this

option, STRUDS displays following window.


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This window shows the list of all available bar diameters in a vertical text column at the left side.Select the bar diameter that you want to provide for column main bars by mouse and press on theSELECT button at the right side. The selected bar diameter is shown by STRUDS in the right text

column. This way you can specify the diameters that you want to provide for the column. You canspecify maximum two types of bar diameters. If you want to remove any bar diameter from the list ofselected bar diameters, select it by mouse and click on the DELETE button. Click on the OK button toproceed for design with chosen bar diameters. You can also click on the CANCEL button if you wantto abandon the bar diameters selection.

SETTINGS - STEP VALUE

3.4.11.2 BARS

This option allows you to specify the placing of reinforcement in the selected column. It has followingsub-options.

BARS - ADD DIA1 BAR

This option allows you to place the bars of first diameter type in the cross sectional geometry of thecolumn. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Move the cursor and click itat the positions where you want to put the bars of first type in the cross section diagram of the column.

BARS - ADD DIA2 BAR

This option allows you to place the bars of second diameter type in the cross sectional geometry ofthe column. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Move the cursor andclick it at the positions where you want to put the bars of second type in the cross section diagram ofthe column.

BARS DELETE

This option allows you to remove the bars placed in the cross sectional geometry of the column.When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Move the cursor and click it on thebar positions which you want to delete from the cross section diagram of the column.


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FOOTING - PLANE GRID

Select this option to design the footings in the building by plane grid method. STRUDS reads theanalysis results of all floor grids and the design results of column due to Plane grid method. It isobvious that you must have first designed & saved the results for all the columns in the building. The

loads at the bottom of the column are taken by STRUDS to compute the design load on footing. Whenyou design footings by this method, they will be designed for axial load only.

FOOTING - PLANE FRAME

Select this option to design the footings of the building by plane frame method. STRUDS reads theanalysis results of all plane frames in X and Y directions and the design results of column due toPlane frame method. The reactions and moments at supports due the plane frame in both X and Ydirections are summed up by STRUDS to compute axial loads and moments about both axes onfootings. You can then design footings for axial load and moments along both X and Y axes.

FOOTING - SPACE FRAME

Select this option to design the footings of the building by space frame method. STRUDS reads thevalues of axial loads and moments about both axes on footings from the analysis results of the spaceframe and the design results of column due to Space Frame method. You can then design footings foraxial load and moments along both X and Y axes.

When you select any of the Plane Grid, Plane Frame or Space Frame method to design the footings,STRUDS displays the menu of footing design module as follows.

The menu options are as follows.

4.1 GROUPING

This option allows you to group the footings for design. The default groups for footings will be same asthat of columns. It has further three options.

4.1.1 GROUPING INDIVIDUAL FOOTING

You can group the footings as Individual footings by using this option. When you select this optionSTRUDS displays following screen.


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This option allows you to remove a column from its group. First select the group from which you wantto remove columns from the drop down menu and then select this option. A box cursor appears on thescreen. Select the columns by the cursor one by one to remove them from the selected group.

CLOSE

Click on this button to save and come out of the Grouping option.

4.1.2 GROUPING COMBINED FOOTING

You can group the footings as Combined footings by using this option. This option is working on thesame line of Grouping-Individual Footing. This option allows you to combine two columns into onefooting.

4.1.3 GROUPING - PILES

By using this option the Footings can be grouped into Pile footings. When we add the columns to thePile footing groups then while going for the footing design it will design them as Pile footing.

4.2 PROPERTIES

This option allows you to specify the basic parameters for footing design. When you select this option,STRUDS displays following window.

At the top-left in the window, STRUDS displays the types of footing shapes you can choose fordesign. Click on any of the Trapezoidal / Flat / Trapezoidal+Pedestal / Flat+Pedestal options to selectthe default footing type for design.

Below this, STRUDS shows the geometry of footing with a cross section diagram for the respectivefooting type. The default minimum dimensions of selected shape of footing are displayed in various

fields below the diagram. You can change these dimensions by overwriting the values in the fields.


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On the right side at top are two drop down menus for grade of concrete and grade of steel. Select theappropriate grades by selecting from these menus. Below this are two fields showing the maximumand minimum allowed spacing between footing bars. The default values of maximum and minimumspacing are 200mm and 100mm respectively. You can change these limits by overwriting the valuesin the field.

Below this are two fields to specify the Rounding Factor to increase the size and depth of footing tosatisfy the development length check. STRUDS finds out the area of footing from the load and safebearing capacity of soil. Then it performs the checks for development length for footing bars andcolumn bars. To satisfy the bond check for footing bars it may be required to increase the size offooting. This will be increased by the rounding factor. STRUDS will then again check the developmentlength. This process will go on until the check is satisfied. Similarly to satisfy the bond check forcolumn bars, the depth of footing is repeatedly increased by rounding factor by STRUDS to satisfy thecheck.

At the right side there are two more fields to specify the depth of footing from ground level andpercentage of minimum steel in the footing. The depth of footing from ground level is taken bySTRUDS to compute the surcharge load on footing. The value of minimum percentage of steel bydefault is taken as 0.12% as per code.

On the right side are following buttons to specify the other parameters.

You can click on this button to select the bar diameters that should beconsidered for detailing in the footings for design. When you select this option, STRUDS displaysfollowing window.

This window shows the list of all available bar diameters in a vertical text column at the left side.Select the bar diameter that you want to provide for footing bars by mouse and press on the SELECTbutton at the right side. The selected bar diameter is shown by STRUDS in the right text column. Thisway you can specify the diameters that you want to provide for columns. If you want to remove anybar diameter from the list of selected bar diameters, select it by mouse and click on the DELETE

button. Click on the OK button to proceed for design with chosen bar diameters. You can also clickon the CANCEL button if you want to abandon the bar diameters selection and proceed for designwith all the available bar diameters.

Select on this button to provide the properties of soil for design of footings.When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.


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This window shows various fields for values of properties of soil such as Safe Bearing Capacity,Cohesion, Unit Weight, Angle of Friction and Factor of Safety against sliding. The default values areshown in the field. You can change the values by simply overwriting in the respective fields. TheStandard penetration test values can also be specified by selecting the soil type which we have tospecify while going for Pile footing design.

This option allows you to specify the type of combined footing you want to select for design. Whenyou select this option, STRUDS displays following window.

Four types of combined footings ar

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