Study

Buddy

Day and Night

Vocabulary Sun – a big ball of hot gas that makes the day sky bright star – a big ball of hot gas rotation – the act of turning around and around planet – a large body of matter that moves around the Sun telescope – makes things that are far away look closer and brighter moon – an object in the sky that moves around the Earth sunrise – when the Sun first appears above the horizon sunset – when the Sun first disappears below the horizon motion – moving from place to place pattern – something that repeats solar system – the Sun and all the objects that move around it season - one of the four times of the year that has a certain type of weather Concepts

• The Sun makes the day sky bright.

• Sometimes, you can see the Moon in the sky during the day.

• The Sun is bigger than the Earth. The Sun looks small because it is far away from us.

• The Earth is always moving. It rotates.

• The Earth makes one rotation every day. This rotation causes day and night.

• It is night when the Earth is facing away from the Sun. It is day when the Earth is facing

the Sun.

• Stars give off light. Most stars can be seen at night.

• The Earth is a planet. Planets do not give off light.

• Planets move around the Sun.

• Stars look tiny because they are far away.

• The Sun is the closest star to the Earth.

• Saturn, Mars, and Venus are planets. Sometimes you can see these planets in the day

sky.

• The Moon moves around the Earth.

• The Moon does not have air, animals, or plants.

• The Sun’s light shines on the Moon. You only see the part of the Moon lit by the Sun.

• The Moon looks different each night. It takes about 29 days for the Moon to look the

same again.

Weather and Seasons

Vocabulary

weather - what it is like outside thermometer - a tool that measures temperature temperature - how hot or cold something is water vapor - a form of water in the air that we cannot see cloud - a form in the air made of pieces of ice when water vapor cools sleet - frozen rain season - one of the four parts of the year

Concepts

• Weather can change from day to day.

• A weather vane is a tool that tells the direction of the wind. It points into the wind.

• A rain gauge measures how much rain falls.

• Clouds have many shapes and sizes

• There are four seasons.

1. Spring is warm.

2. Summer comes after Spring. Summer is warmer than Spring.

3. Fall comes after summer. It is cooler than summer.

4. Winter comes after Fall. Winter is the coldest season of the year.

Living and Nonliving

Vocabulary

living – things that are alive and can grow and change

shelter – a safe place for animals and people

nonliving – things that not alive, don’t grow, and don’t change on their own

Concepts

• Plants, animals, and people are living things.

• Living things can grow, change, and move on their own.

• A need is something living things must have to live.

• Plants need the Sun, air, water, and space to live and grow.

• Animas need food, air, water, space, and shelter to live and grow.

• Nonliving things do not need food and water.

• People make some nonliving things, like toys.

• Nature makes some nonliving things, like water and rocks.

Habitats

Vocabulary

habitat – a place where plants and animals live

forest – a habitat with many trees and other types of plants

wetland – a habitat that is covered with water

ocean – a large deep habitat that has salt water

desert – a very dry habitat that gets little rain

Concepts

• A habitat has everything plants and animals need to live.

• Habitats have food, water, air, and shelter.

• The wetland habitat gets more rain in the summer than in the winter.

• Some animals that live in the wetland are ducks, cranes, dragonflies, and bullfrogs.

• An ocean is large and deep.

• Some animals that live in the ocean are sea turtles, whales, and fish.

• A desert gets lots of sunlight. Deserts are very hot during the day.

• A camel is a desert animal that can live without water for a long time.

• A cactus is a desert plant that can store water in its stems.

• In the forest, there is more food in the spring and summer than in the winter.

• Some animals that live in the forest are deer, raccoons, and squirrels.

How Plants and Animals Live

Vocabulary

antennae – feelers that help some animals know what is around them

camouflage – a color or shape that makes an animal or plant hard to see

root – the part of a plant that holds the plant in place and takes in water to the plant

stem – the part of a plant that carries water to the leaves

leaf – a part of the plant that makes food for the plant

flower – the part of the plant that makes seeds

Concepts

• Some animals’ body parts help them live in their habitats.

• Mountain goats live in a cold habitat. It has thick fur to keep it warm.

• A hermit crab has antennae. Antenna help the hermit crab feel, smell, and taste.

• A clownfish uses its fins to swim quickly. It uses sea anemone for shelter. A sea

anemone is an animal.

• Animals use different body parts to find food.

• Birds use their wings to fly to find food. It uses its beak to break seeds.

• An owl uses its sharp beak to tear meat.

• The fat in a camel’s hump helps it live without food for a long time.

• A giraffe’s long neck helps it reach leaves to eat.

• A snowshoe hare uses camouflage to help it hide. It is brown in the summer to help it

hide among the trees. In the winter, its fur turns white to help it hide in the snow.

• A katydid uses camouflage to help it hide. Its wings look like leaves.

• A hippopotamus closes its nose and ears when it is under water.

• A kangaroo thumps the ground to warn others of danger.

• The stone plant is hard to see. It is camouflaged. Its leaves look like stones and it covers

the flower. The stem is underground.

• Spines help keep some plants safe. It keeps the animals away.

How Plants and Animals Grow

Vocabulary

life cycle – the changes that take place as a plant or animal grows and changes

tadpole – a very young frog

larva – young insect that has a different shape from the adult

pupa – the step after larva in some insects’ life cycle

seed coat – the protective shell that covers and protects a seed

seedling – a very young plant

Concepts

• The Frog Life Cycle

1. A frog begins as an egg

2. A tadpole hatches and swims in the water.

3. The back legs begin to grow.

4. The front legs begin to grow.

5. The young frog grows into an adult frog

and lives on land and water.

• The Butterfly Life Cycle

1. A buttterfly begins as an egg.

2. A larva hatches from the egg. It is a

caterpillar.

3. The caterpillar becomes a pupa. It is changing inside a hard covering.

4. An adult butterfly comes out.

• Plant Life

1. The plant begins in a seed.

2. The seedling grows.

3. The seedling continues to grow into a

grown plant.

The grown plant will produce more seeds.

• Plant seeds grow in flowers, in fruit, or in pinecones.

• Plants will grow into the type of seed it is. For example, a daisy plant grows from a daisy

seed.

• Young animals may look like their parents when they grow up.

• Some animals will not look like parents when they grow up. They may be a different

color, size, or shape.

• A young salamander lives in water and a grown salamander lives on land.

Sounds

Vocabulary

vibrate - to move back and forth very quickly.

pitch – describes if sounds are how low or high

volume – describes if sounds are loud or soft

Concepts

• Sound is made when something vibrates. The strings of a guitar vibrate when it is

plucked.

• Vibrations make sound waves.

• The sound waves move through the air to your ear. The outer ear catches sound waves.

The eardrum and inner ear parts begin to vibrate. The nerve takes the message to the

brain and tells you what you are hearing.

• Sea animals can hear under water. Seals have tiny holes on the side of their heads to

help them hear. Dolphins hear sounds by feeling sound vibrations on their lower jaws.

• Sounds can be loud or soft. This is called volume.

• High pitched sounds, such as a squeaking mouse, are made when vibrations are fast.

• Low pitched sounds, such as a deep voice, are made when vibrations are slow.

• Some sounds keep us safe. Some of these sounds are a car horn honking, a police car

siren, and a fire alarm.

• Sound can travel through air, liquids, and solids.

• Be familiar with the simple ear parts:

Light

Vocabulary light – energy that travels and allows us to see things reflection – when light hits something and bounces off of it shadow – a dark shape that appears when light is blocked transparent – Light can pass through an object. translucent – Light can partially see through an object. opaque – you cannot see through it. Light gets observed. absorb – when light or sound is soaked up by an object refraction – when light passes from one object to another and it bends Concepts

• Light travels in a wave that follows a straight path.

• There are natural sources of light that help us see. For example, the Sun is our biggest source of natural light, but there are smaller sources as well. Think of fireflies. They give off a natural source of light too.

• There are many sources of artificial or manmade light. A light bulb is an example of artificial light. Computer screens, T.V.’s, video game monitors, and many other objects give off light so that our eyes can see.

• Light can bounce off an object to light it. This is called reflection.

• Sometimes light bends. When the light hits an object and bends, it is called refraction.

• When light hits an opaque object, a shadow is formed. The opaque object blocks the

light. Light travels around the opaque object and then it makes a shadow in the shape of

that object.

Communication

Vocabulary communication – the way we share ideas verbal – communicating by using words nonverbal – communicating without using words Concepts

• We can communicate with each other through verbal and nonverbal ways.

• Nonverbal communication sends messages without using words. Some examples of nonverbal communication are facial expressions, hand signals, signs, lights, and dancing.

• Verbal communication shares ideas by using words. Some examples are talking, writing,

sign language, texting, emailing, singing, and video chatting.

• We can use our senses to help us communicate. We can see light and objects with our eyes. We can hear sounds with our ears. We can feel objects by touching.

• When we watch a television show, we use our senses to tell us what is going on. We use our eyes to see lights from television and the pictures. We use our ears to hear the sounds.

• Communication has changed over the years.

• Forms of communication long ago are cave paintings, writing in clay, smoke signals, drumbeats, dancing, carrier pigeons, telegraph, and morse code.

• Some modern devices and forms of communication are telephones, cell phones, ipads, computers, radios, televisions, emailing, text messaging, and facetime.

Technology

Vocabulary technology – the use of scientific knowledge to solve problems simple machines – tools with few or no moving parts that do work.

wedge – a simple machine used to push things apart

wheel and axle – a simple machine used to move things. Example – wheelbarrow

screw – a simple machine used to hold things together

lever – a simple machine used to lift something

pulley – a simple machine that uses a wheel and rope to move things up and down

inclined plane – a simple machine that is high at one end and low at the other Concepts

• Technology helps make a farmer’s job easier than a long time ago. They use machines.

o A plow gets the soil ready to plant the corn seeds.

o A seed drill plants the seeds.

o A harvester machine picks the corn.

o A truck takes the corn to the store.

• We use tools for dinner. Examples – fork, spoon, knife, measuring cup, and grater

• Loggers also use technology.

o Tree shearers are used to cut down trees.

o A grappler moves the logs.

o A long-arm knuckle boom machine loads the logs onto the truck.

o The truck takes the logs to the sawmill.

o The logs are cut into boards to make lumber.

• Technology helps with communication. Some types of technology used for

communication are computers, cell phones, digital cameras, radios, and televisions.