study guide - hsc

HISTORIC SECURITY COUNCIL

RBSMUN 2013

STUDY GUIDE

Chair: Kritika Lama

Vice Chair: Biswash Adhikari

Moderator: Biraj Koirala

RBS MUN

2013

Rato Bangala School Model United Nations 2013

2 Study Guide: Historic Security Council

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 3

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE ............................................................................................... 4

OVERVIEW OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL .............................................................................. 5

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ....................................................... 6

CURRENT SITUATION ....................................................................................................................... 11

QARMQARMA: QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER .............................................15

POSITION PAPER REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................16

BLOC POSITIONS ....................................................................................................................17

CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................19

REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................20


INTRODUCTION

The Historical Security Council has on its docket one issue to center on for the duration of this conference:

the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Before leaping into the matters at stake, I want to outline my vision for the committee. The HSC is all

about deciding global events of a world past. I envision that the committee will function as a blend of a

standing and crisis committee. Every session as a committee you must be able to produce a resolution

advocating actions, radical and reforming.

The year is 1962, delegates, and world peace is a meager dream for the leaders of the globe. It is a

perilous time; one that is filled with political tension, turmoil, and a looming nuclear holocaust on the

cards. The nations of earth are innocent bystanders as the USA and USSR fight it out in in proxy wars. The

Cuban Missile Crisis, however, is unlike any other. The first documented instance of the threat of mutual

assured destruction, it was perhaps the closest the world ever came to nuclear war.

The committee begins on October 22, as Kennedy announces the discovery of the missile installations to

the public and his decision to quarantine the island. He decrees that any nuclear missile launched from

Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the United States by the Soviet. As delegates your challenge will

be to overcome the deadlock which might result from the spirit of the Cold War, the ability of the Great

Powers to veto and still find a solution for the most dangerous crisis which the world has ever faced.


HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

The Historic Security Council is among

one of the most elite committees in

the United Nations and holds

unsurpassed global influence. The

Historic Security Council is granted the

ability to take enforcement measures

so as to sustain or reinstate

international peace and security. Such

measures encompass sanctions, either

economic or others, as well as other

methods which do not involving the

use of armed forces in case of

international military action. With five

permanent members: UK, USA, China, France, and Russia, it contains many of the worlds most significant

and influential voices. This year, the Historical Security Council committee will have to undertake

challenges which will push the committee to its limits. With new challenges and perspectives, the

Historical Security Council will have to attempt to quickly and resolutely solve the entrancing issues which

once had the world on edge.

HSC will give you an opportunity to model a conflict from the past, pondering over different outcomes,

perhaps even different from the ones in the past. In the conference, the HSC will look upon history from

the perspective of the year 1994. However, from that moment onward, the HSC members exercise

freedom based on the series of all the choices within the capabilities of them and their governments.

Effective role playing for an HSC Member State will not just be a replay of the nationwide decisions as

they once evolved in 1994. Indeed, the problems of the age may not emerge as they once did. While role

replays must be in character, it is not a sure that, given a second chance to look at events in the past, any

given national government would do things exactly the same way. The delegates are responsible to make

use of their countries national policies to solve the problems and issues.

The conference will follow a timeline based on the actions as they occurred, modified by the delegates

policy decisions in the committee. As their nations voice, the delegates have the freedom to make any

declarative statements they like. The Historic Security Council thus holds a great responsibility as it has to

address questions that can change the course of history.


OVERVIEW OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL

The creation of the United Nations was initiated by the Second World War: millions of people had lost

their lives not only in battles but also in methodical exterminations of civilians in concentration camps and

gas chambers the most inhumane ways possible. The call for collective peace was overwhelming and

when the war finally ended, thus, the United Nations emerged out of this innate yearnings.

At its inception in 1945, 51 countries signed the UN charter: an international treaty that aimed at the

elimination of war and the promotion of peace around the world. Since its inception, 192 nations have

become signatories to the UN charter and hence, become member nations. Although the aspirations that

the UN hoped to fulfill when it was created have not yet been reached, it still remains the chief

organization for the promotion of international peace and security.

The Security Council is not only one of the fundamental organs of the United Nations, it is also the most

powerful all member states are bound to follow its directions. The Security Council has a total of 15

member states, of which 5 are permanent members and the rest, non-permanent members. The 10 non-

permanent members are elected for two year periods by the General Assembly. Each of the five

permanent members has veto power which gives them the right to stop any decisions and overturn any

resolution that does not match their policies.

Being one of the principal organs of the United Nations, the Security Council is charged with the

maintenance of international peace and security. The United Nations Charter chapter IV and chapter VII

- gives the Security Council the power to establish peacekeeping operations, international sanctions and

even authorize military actions along with the means to respond with examination and recommendations.

The Security Council comes up with resolutions that allow these powers to be exercised.

With great power comes great responsibility; and because the Security Council has greater powers than

other organs, it has greater duties. Although there are only 15 member states in the Council, it is one of

the hardest platforms to bring forth an agreement. The veto power of the permanent members means

that they wont allow actions to take place if urgent issues threaten their authority or their influence

across the world. An excellent example of this phenomenon of inaction is the Rwandan Civil War itself,

which reflects that these differences can stymie appropriate actions in pressing situations where lives of

millions of people are at a risk.


CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In April 1992, Premier Nikita Khrushchev of the USSR shared his idea of putting medium range missile in

Cuba with Fidel Castro who was trying to take over Cuba. The Cuban being vulnerable after the Bay of

Pigs agreed with the USRR to put the missile after some conflict between them. The conflict escalated

when USSR tried to keep the mission a secret. The Cuban government however did not want to surpass

any International Law.

On October 16, an American U2 spy plane photographed nuclear missile site built by the USSR in Cuba.

The President of USA, John F. Kennedy, did not show any reaction to this event recently. He made a secret

group where he discussed the matter for several days. The American bloc did not want the opponent to

know about their discovery. However on October 22, President Kennedy announced about the secret

mission during his speech on TV where he claimed naval blockade would be imposed to Cuba. He


specified that any attack to USA from Cuba would mean an attack from USSR and were warned to remove

the entire Soviet Army from the nation. On the other hand the Soviet Army was instructed to use the

missile and forces in any case of emergency.

On the 23rd Kennedy ordered six Crusader jets to fly a low level reconnaissance mission. On the same day,

the Organization of American States (OAS) unanimously approved of the quarantine against Cuba.

President Kennedy used the word quarantine instead of blockade. This suggestion, made by George Ball,

Under Secretary of State, was an important one. A blockade, as defined under international treaties is an

act of war. Quarantine, on the other hand, is merely an attempt to keep something unwanted out of a

particular area. In sum, the U.S. could have its blockade but the international community would not

consider it an act of war.

The trusted unofficial assembled groups of President Kennedy known as the Executive Committee of the

National Security Council or EX-COMM held a meeting to sum up the situation to three possible actions

that the USA could take which are as follows:

The political course of action. To engage Castro and Khrushchev on the diplomatic stage in a

gamble to resolve the crisis openly an option which most members of EX- COMM deemed

unlikely to succeed.

A course of action that would involve declaration of open surveillance combined with a

blockade against offensive weapons entering Cuba.

Military action directed against Cuba, starting with an air attack against the missiles, and then followed

by an invasion.


National security must come first...we cant negotiate with a gun at our head... if they wont remove

the missiles and restore status quo ante, we will have to do it ourselves.

-President John F. Kennedy

The USA bloc was ready for war. Defensive Readiness Condition (DEFCON) was on high alert. Two plans,

OPLAN 316 and OPLAN 312 were considered. On 26 October USA espionage CIA reported no halt in the

missile development of the sites. Rather the Soviet armies were trying to camouflage it. The next day on

27 October was one of the most crucial days of this 13 day event. One U-2 was shot down. Another flew

off course over Russia; a low-level reconnaissance mission was shot at over Cuba. Secretary of Defense

McNamara had stated This means war with the Soviet Union.

The EXCOMM finally came to know that the shorter range missile of the USSR could only target small

countries of Europe but the missile of USA could target the entire Russia. However with new missile in

Cuba they could easily target the USA.

However the Soviets feared the American Nuclear attack. To secure them Russian started stockpiling

more missiles in Cuba. In 1961, President Kennedy told that the missile gap was in their favor. The USA

has started building new warhead and missiles. By the end of the time, USA had more than ten times as

many as the USSR.

After the EXCOMM decided the naval blockade the Rio Treaty was invoked for legal justification. The

treaty emphasized the collective defense that was such an integral part of the American States. (Treaty

can be read for further information). A new draft was sent to Ambassador Stevenson highlighting the

precipice the world was on and overlooking the abyss of Nuclear War.


A series of letter was exchanged between Premier Nikita Khrushchev and President John F Kennedy.

Some important experts that show the heat of the situation can be read below:

This government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military

buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week unmistakable evidence has established the

fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The

purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the

Western Hemisphere....

I have directed that the following initial steps be taken: First, to halt this offensive build up, a

strict quarantine of all military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. Second, I

have directed the continued and increased close surveillance and its military buildup. Third, it

shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any

nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States,

requiring a full retaliatory response on the Soviet Union.

President John F Kennedy

I must say frankly that the measures indicated in your statement constitute a serious threat to

peace and to the security of nations...We reaffirm that the armaments which are in Cuba,

regardless of the classification to which they may belong, are intended solely for defensive

purposes...

I hope the United States Government will display wisdom and renounce the actions pursued by

you, which may lead to catastrophic consequences for world peace.

Premier Nikita Khrushchev

You, Mr. President, are not declaring quarantine, but rather are advancing an ultimatum and

threatening that if we do not give in to your demands you will use force.... No Mr. President, I

cannot agree to this, and I think that in your own heart you recognize that I am correct. I am

convinced that in my place you would act the same way.

Therefore the Soviet Government cannot instruct the captains of Soviet vessels bound for Cuba

to observe the orders of the American naval forces blockading that Island.... Naturally we will not

simply be bystanders with regard to piratical acts by American ships on the high seas. We will

then be forced on our part to take the measures we consider necessary and adequate to protect

our rights. We have everything necessary to do so.



Esteemed Mr. President:

I have received your message of October 27, 1962. I express my satisfaction and gratitude for the

sense of proportion and understanding of the responsibility borne by you at present for the

preservation of peace throughout the world...

In order to complete with greater speed the liquidation of the conflict... the Soviet Government...

in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at building sites for

the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as

offensive, and their crating. .


I welcome Chairman Khrushchevs statesmanlike decision to stop building bases in Cuba,

dismantling offensive weapons and returning them to the Soviet Union. . . I think that you and I,

with our heavy responsibilities for the maintenance of peace, were aware that developments

were approaching a point where events could have become unmanageable. So I welcome this

message and consider it an important contribution to peace

President John F Kennedy.


CURRENT SITUATION 1962 began with the USA designing a second scheme to cripple Castros regime. Operation Mongoose

intended to stir up socio-political discontent in Cuba, which, of course, the USA would clandestinely

support to unbridle a full-scale insurgency, finally leading to an armed intervention by the United

States.

Members of the OAS (Organization of American States) conference, held in Uruguay, effectively

suspended Cuba from the Organization as well as from the collective defense mechanisms deliberated

at the time. Selling artillery to the Cuban Government was also forbidden.

In late April, Khrushchev, severely fretful about the missing superiority of the Soviet long-range missiles,

is exacerbated when he finds out about United States bases in Turkey. He presents the idea to carry out

a similar plan in Cuba, facing rigid disapproval from his own Deputy Prime Minister. The Soviet

contingent suggested entailed 24 Medium Range Ballistic Missile bases and 16 Intermediate Range

bases along with four elite combat regiments, 24 SA-2 surface to air missile batteries, 42 MIG 21

interceptors, 42 IL 21 bombers, 12 Komar-class missile boats and coastal defense cruise missiles.

On the 30th of May, Castro makes the historic announcement, claiming that Cuba was now newly

equipped with the means to repel any and all impending invasions by an intimidating USA.

Throughout August, the United States received scattered reports on the growing presence of Soviet

armaments in Cuba. In tandem with these reports, demands for a more antagonistic Operation

Mongoose grew in incidence and confidence. However, Kennedy firmly stayed put on moderation from

any unswerving martial intervention.

On September 11th, the Telegraph Agency of the USSR responded to recurrent censures and rebukes by

the USA, claiming that the armaments were positioned for purely defensive purposes.

9 days later, the American Senate passed a decisive bill, formally sanctioning the use of military force

against The Cuban regime, declaring it a threat to American Safety. In the House of Representatives an

additional bill is passed with the purpose of cutting of aid to countries militarily backing the Cuban

Government. September 15th sees the first MRBMs deployed to the Cuban Island. Matters spiraled on

October 14th morning when American U-2 aircrafts captured images of Medium Range Ballistic Missiles.

The first occurrence of concrete evidence had its expected effect. The next morning, President Kennedy

was notified.

On Monday, October 22, and preparations are made for Kennedys 7:00 address to the nation. The

State Department informs American allies around the world of Kennedys decision.

U.S. Senate leaders are called to Washington for a briefing. They come out of the briefing surprised and

doubting the effectiveness of quarantine many want an airstrike. About 300 Navy ships set sail, thus


far not having received the orders for quarantine. Military vigilance was raised to DEFCON 3 and

directions were given to be ready to launch missiles within minutes of Kennedys speech. 20 airplanes

equipped with nuclear bombs were also in the air prepared to strike the Soviet Union.

At 7:00 p.m., exactly as Kennedy is beginning his speech, fighter jets take off from bases in Florida and

head towards Cuba. If Castro decided to react militarily, they would be prepared.

In answer to Kennedys speech Castro marshals all of Cubas armed forces.

The public phase had begun.

Timeline:

January 1, 1959

Fidel Castro assumes power after the Cuban Revolution.

October 19, 1960

The Unites States stops all exports to Cuba

December 19, 1960

Cuba openly aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies.

January 3, 1961

The U.S. ends all diplomatic relations with Cuba.

April 12, 1961

President Kennedy states that the U.S. will not intervene militarily to overthrow Castro.

April 17th -19th , 1961

Cuban exiles, assisted by U.S forces, invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to overthrow Castro.

This anti-Castro rebellion fails and numerous Cuban rebels are captured by Castro's forces.

June 4th, 1961

Kennedy and Khrushchev meet at Vienna to discuss international relations. It is said that during this

meeting Khrushchev and Kennedy had differing viewpoints.

January 21, 1962 January 31, 1962

At the Organization of American States meeting of ministers of foreign affairs, the United States

convinces the other Western Hemispheric countries to expel Cuba from the OAS.


February 3, 1962

Economic, financial and commercial embargo of Cuba announced by the U.S.

May 13, 1962 May 20, 1962

This is the time at which Khrushchev decided to place nuclear missiles in Cuba. He informed members of

the Politburo of his plans soon after.

May 29, 1962

Khrushchev remitted a delegation from the Soviet Union to discuss the placement of nuclear missiles in

Cuba. This was accepted by Castro a day later.

July 27, 1962

Castro announces that with the help of the Soviet Union, Cuba is taking measures to protect itself

against any direct U.S military attack.

August 10, 1962

CIA Director John McCone expresses his fear of the presence Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles

(MRBMs) in Cuba, to Kennedy.

August 31, 1962

Senator Keating tells the Senate that there is evidence of Soviet missile installations in Cuba. Keating

urges Kennedy to take action.

September 15th, 1962

The first Soviet vessel carrying missiles (mostly MRBMs) arrive in Cuba.

October 9, 1962

A U-2 reconnaissance flight over western Cuba is ordered.

October 10, 1962

Senator Keating claims that 6 intermediate-range ballistic missile bases are being built in Cuba.

October 14, 1962

The U-2 flight discovers missile sites. Photographs obtained by this flight provide evidence that the

Soviets have missiles in Cuba.


October 15, 1962

The National Photographic Intelligence Center studies the photos and identifies the MRBM components.

McGeorge Bundy decides not to inform Kennedy of the missile discovery till the next day.

McNamara is shown the photographic evidence of the MRBMs.

October 16, 1962

Kennedy is told of the news and a meeting of ministers is called, later came to be known as the EX-

COMM.

At that meeting Kennedy and his advisors discuss possible diplomatic and military courses of action.

October 17, 1962

The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Air Force urge for an air strike.

The military discovers intermediate range (IRBMs) SS-5 nuclear missiles as a result of another U-2 flight

that takes place at night on the 17th.

October 21, 1962

General Maxwell Taylor tells the U.S President that an air strike cannot guarantee destruction of all

Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Kennedy decides on a quarantine of Cuba in the interim period.

Another U-2 flight reveals bombers and cruise missile sites being built on Cuba's northern shore.

October 22, 1962

Congressional leaders who assemble at the White House are shown pictorial evidence of the Soviet

missiles.

The President addresses the nation, announcing the presence of offensive missile sites in Cuba.

U.S. military forces go to DEFCON 3.

The base at Guantanamo Bay is fortified by the U.S. Marines.


QARMA: QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST

ANSWER 1. What sort of diplomatic agreement can be made between Capitalism and Communism?

2. What is the role of UN in preventing a war between the USA and USSR?

3. How should the delicate balance of power between the two countries be maintained so that either one

of the countries does not become powerful enough to invade the other?

4. What efforts can be made by both blocs to resolve the crisis?

5. Should any sanctions be imposed on the USSR for stockpiling without consulting the UN?

6. Should restrictions be placed over Joint Defense Treaties to prevent circumvention of International Law?

7. How can we ensure a control over nuclear warfare in the future?

8. To what extent should military treaties play a part in such conflicts?

9. If an international treaty is created, what should it entail?

10. If a war takes place, how should the countries near nuclear plants deal with the threat posed upon

their citizens?


POSITION PAPER REQUIREMENTS Committee: Historic Security Council Country: Delegate: Topic: Introduction to the Topic

In your countrys view, what are the main elements of the problem?

What are the roots of these problems and give a brief history concerning the topic and committee?

Current Situation

What are your national interests in the situation and briefly explain the stance on the topic?

What is your country doing to support or condemn the topic?

What past resolutions or treaties have the country supported regarding the topic? Solution

What does your nation believe needs to be done to solve the problem?

What would your country want to be included in the committees resolution?


BLOC POSITIONS

1. United States of America (USA): The intense mistrust between Nixon and Castro was mirrored by their country policies. After The Bay of Pigs invasion, their bilateral relations were always strained by their opposing policies. The main fear of the United States was that the crisis would spillover, first priority being Berlin. Khrushchev had ignited a spark once during the Berlin Blockade and again by the construction of the Berlin Wall. Based on that, Kennedy considered the implementation of missile sites in Cuba as the preparation of a confrontation regarding Berlin. 2. Cuba: Having declared its political goals during the revolution, the USA tried every tactic to suppress the revolution or overthrow the Communist leader, Castro. Hence, fearing an American invasion, Cuba, an avid Marxist Communist-Socialist state, received financial, military and psychological support from the USSR. Cuba had initiative to begin stockpiling Nuclear weapons and secretly did so, until the USA caught it through reconnaissance photographs, throwing the World into panic. The Western Bloc believed it was likely that the USSR was stockpiling these weapons in Cuba to attack the USA, whereas Cuba and the Eastern Bloc claimed to have done it for defense purposes only. 3. Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSR): An archetypal satellite state of the USSR, CSR was signatory to the Warsaw Pact as well as COMECON, and subject to unconditional agreement with Stalins, and then later, Khrushchevs demands. The absence of both, democracy, as well as strong Communist leaders, left the country with not such a strong foothold in global affairs at the time. With Antonin Novotny as General Secretary of the nation, CSR was at Khrushchevs beck and call 5. France: A significant member of the Western Bloc, France was one of the first nations to accept the quarantine suggested by the Kennedy administration, and was keen to restore peace in the world. However, determined to be on an equal footing as the USA and UK, after receiving an unsatisfactory response to a memorandum on the issue, it withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet from the NATO, and began to construct its Defense Force. Furthermore, France banned the stationing of Nuclear Weapons in their territory. 6. United Kingdom- Americas oldest and strongest ally, the UK was vital and thoroughly instrumental in reaching a state of peace after the Cuban Missile Crisis. Having dubbed Castro as stubborn in a letter to the Cuban External Affairs Department from the British Ambassador to Cuba, the UK warned Cuba that the Americans would consequently not give them a formal guarantee against invasion. Being one of only 3 Nations with working Nuclear Missiles, the UK had as many as the USSR as well as was looking after American Nuclear


Bombers and Submarines stationed in British territories. Playing a pivotal role with NATO, the UK was prepared to retaliate like for like to any Soviet attack on the USA. 8. India: Though by policy Non Aligned, Indias position during the Cold War remained absolutely ambivalent only for a couple of decades after its independence. Great support was shown to India by the USSR and received more aid than China by 1960. Nehru and Castro also showed signs of strong friendship and mutual appreciation for Socialism. Delegates must note that India was neck deep in the Sino - Indian War at this time. Also, remaining somewhat true to her Non Aligned nature, India never shows any hostility to the Capitalist Bloc. 9. China: China also, obviously, was warring with India at this point in time. The conflict over the Mcmahon Line is something the two concerned delegations might want to look into. China is placed in a strange situation in this committee, due to the timing. Owing to Maos belligerent absolutism, China had aggressive foreign policy towards the Capitalist bloc and was also two years into the Sino Soviet split, owing to differing ideas on Communism itself. However it is very important to note that China was one country that openly and loudly voiced its utter disgust at Khrushchev compromise and decision to demilitarize Cuba, after the Cuban Missile Crisis. 10. Italy Italy was fully a member of the Capitalist bloc at this time, having also severed diplomatic ties with Cuba over an unrelated event. Italy held several US missile bases too, a point of comparison for the USSR. However, there were, very obvious Communist elements in Italy, who had to struggle to keep them out of the government. Italy also had a slightly anti American national policy, which was given the backseat during these critical years of the Cold War.


CONCLUSION

Thus the committee ensues on October 22nd, 1962. The Security Council has just congregated. News of

Kennedys speech has just been broadcast. Delegates, prepare yourselves for existing in a world of

espionage and war, diplomacy and debate.

Everything you say or do has a consequence. Use your time wisely to research and make debate

worthwhile and exciting. If the committee is to fail, then the consequences will be severe and

Armageddon will be the catastrophic result. It is your duty, delegates, to determine a comprehensive

and far reaching solution to the crisis at hand.


REFERENCES

Cuban Missile Crisis. History.A & E Television Networks, LLC.Web. February 5, 2013.

http://www.history.com/topics/cuban-missile-crisis

Fulgencio Batista. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2013.Web. February 5, 2013.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56027/Fulgencio-Batista

Fulgencio Batista. Spartacus Eduational. Spartacus Educational Publishers Limited.Web. February 5, 2013.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDbatista.htm

Quotation Details.The Quotations Page.Quotations Page.com and Michael Moncur. 2012. Web. February

5, 2013.

http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/24962.html

The Bay of Pigs.John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library

and Museum. Web. February 5, 2013.

http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bay-of-Pigs.aspx

The Cold War.AtomCentral.com: the atomic bomb website. Web. February 5, 2013.

http://www.atomcentral.com/the-cold-war.aspx

Truman Doctrine. Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library.Lillian Goldman Law Library. 2008. Web.

February 5, 2013.

http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp

Ramcharan, B.G. (retrieved on 3rd

August, 2013). U Thants preventive diplomacy during the Cuban missile

crisis. Retrieved from

http://www.unspecial.org/UNS680/t23.html

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