study guide spanish 1 fall semester practice questions vocab lists and practice questions can be...
TRANSCRIPT
Study GuideSpanish 1 Fall Semester
Practice questions
Vocab lists and practice questions can be found at:
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/realidades/program_page.html
Select Realidades 1 (Purple) book
Review Part 1 of 3Part 1 covers Para Empezar and Unit 1.
InfinitivesP. 32
Realidades 1
Infinitives
Verbs are words that are most often used to name actions.
Verbs in English have different forms depending on who is doing the action or when the action is occurring:
I walk, she walks, we walked, etc.
Infinitives
The most basic form of a verb is called the INFINITIVE.
In English, you can spot infinitives because they always have the word “TO” in front of them:
to swim, to read, to write
Infinitives
Infinitives in Spanish, though, don’t have a separate word like “to” in front of them.
Spanish infinitives are only one word, and always end in -ar, -er, or -ir:
NadarLeerEscribir
NegativesP. 36
Realidades 1
Negatives
To make a sentence negative in Spanish, you usually put “no” in front of the verb or expression.
In English you usually use the word “not.”
No me gusta cantar.I do not like to sing.
Negatives
To answer a question negatively, in Spanish you often use “no” twice.
The first “no” answers the question.
The second “no” says, I do not … (don’t).”
Negatives
This is similar to the way you answer a question in English.
¿Te gusta escribir cuentos?Do you like to write stories?No, no me gusta.No, I don’t.
Negatives
In Spanish, you might use one or more negatives after answering “no.”
¿Te gusta cantar?Do you like to sing?No, no me gusta nada.No, I don’t like it at all.
NegativesIf you want to say that you do not like
either of two choices, use ni…ni:No me gusta ni nadar ni dibujar.I don’t like either swimming or
drawing.I like neither swimming nor drawing.
AdjectivesP. 55
Realidades 1
Adjectives
Words that describe people and things are called adjectives (adjetivos).
In Spanish, most adjectives have both masculine and feminine forms.
The masculine form usually ends in the letter -o and the feminine form usually ends in the letter -a.
Adjectives
Masculine adjectives are used to describe masculine nouns.
Marcos es ordenado y simpatico.
Marcos is organized and nice.
Adjectives
Feminine adjectives are used to describe feminine nouns.
Marta es ordenada y simpática.
Marta is organized and nice.
Adjectives
Adjectives that end in -e describe both masculine and feminine nouns.
Take a look
Adjectives
Anita es inteligente.Anita is smart.Pedro es inteligente también.
Pedro is also smart.
Adjectives
Masculine
ordenadotrabajadorpaciente
deportista
Feminine
ordenadatraqbajadora
pacientedeportista
Adjectives
When an adjective ends in -or, an -a is added to describe a feminine noun.
Juan es trabajador.Luz es trabajadora
Adjectives
Some adjectives that end in -a, such as deportista, describe both masculine and feminine nouns.
You will need to learn which adjectives follow this pattern.
Adjectives
Tomás es deportista.Tomás is sports-minded.Marta es deportista también.Marta is also sports-minded.
Definite and Indefinite Articles
P. 60Realidades 1
Definite Articles
El , La , Los and Las are called definite articles.
Definite Articles
In English they mean “the”
Definite Articles
We use El and Los with masculine nouns and La and Las with feminine nouns.
Indefinite Articles
Un, Una, Unos, and Unas are indefinite articles.
Indefinite Articles
Un and Una mean
“a or an” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Unos and Unas mean “some” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Un and Unos are masculine and Una and Unas are feminine.
Word Order: Placement of
AdjectivesP. 62
Realidades 1
Placement of Adjectives
In Spanish, adjectives usually come after the noun they describe.
Margarita es una chica artistica.
noun adjective
Placement of Adjectives
In English sentences the adjective comes before the noun, but in Spanish adjectives mostly come after the noun.
Memorize this pattern
Placement of Adjectives
Subject + Verb + Noun + AdjectiveMargarita es una chica muy
artistica.Pablo es un estudiante inteligente.La Sra. Ortiz es una profesora muy
buena.
Review Part 2 of 3Unidad 2
Subject PronounsP. 82
Realidades 1
Subject Pronouns
The subject of a sentence tells who is doing the action.
You often use people’s names as the subject:
Gregorio escucha música.Ana canta y baila.
Subject PronounsYou also use subject pronouns
(I, you, he, she, we, they) to tell who is doing an action.
The subject pronouns replace people’s names.
Here are all the subject pronouns.
Subject Pronouns (Singular)
YoTúUsted (Ud.)ÉlElla
IYou (informal)You (formal)HeShe
Subject Pronouns (Plural)NosotrosNosotrasVosotrosVosotrasUstedes (Uds.)EllosEllas
We (males)We (females)You All (informal)You All (informal)You All (formal)They (males)They (females)
Subject Pronouns
Tú, usted, ustedes, and vosotros(as) all mean “you.”
Use tú with family, friends, people your age or younger, and anyone you call by his or her first name.
Subject Pronouns
Use usted with adults you address with a title, such as señor, señora, profesor(a), etc. Usted is usually written as Ud.
Subject Pronouns
In Latin America, use ustedes when speaking to two or more people, regardless of age. Ustedes is usually written as Uds.
Subject PronounsIn Spain, use vosotros(as)
when speaking to two or more people you call tú individually:
Tú + tú = vosotros(as)Use ustedes when talking to
two or more people you call usted individually.
Subject Pronouns
If a group is made up of males only or of both males and females together, use the masculine forms: nosotros, vosotros, ellos.
Subject Pronouns
You can combine a subject pronoun and a name to form a subject.
Subject Pronouns
Alejandro y yo = nosotros
Carlos y ella = ellosPepe y tú = ustedesLola y ella = ellas
Present Tense of -ar Verbs
P. 84Realidades 1
VERBS
A verb usually names the action in a sentence.
We call the verb that ends in -r the INFINITIVE
VERBS
The INFINITIVE is the form you would find in a Spanish dictionary.
In English it means “to + (verb)”
These are some INFINITIVES you already know:
EnseñarEstudiarHablarBailarCantarDibujarEscuchar
EsquiarEsquiar JugarJugar MontarMontar NadarNadar Pasar tiempoPasar tiempo PatinarPatinar And several And several
more!more!
IN SPANISH:
The last letter or letters of the verb tell you who does the action.
IN SPANISH:
To change an INFINITIVE to a form that tells who is doing the action, remove the -ar and add the appropriate ending.
IN SPANISH:
This action is called CONJUGATION
TO STUDY (English)
I study
You study
HeShe
studiesit
We study
They study
ESTUDIAR (Spanish)
Yo estudio
Tú estudias
Ud.Él estudiaElla
Nosotros estudiamos
NosotrasVosotros estudáisVosotrasUds.Ellos estudianEllas
STEM / ENDING
For every INFINITIVE in Spanish there is a STEM and an ENDING.
STEM / ENDING
For example, for “estudiar,”…”estudi” is the stem.
“ar” is the ending.
STEM / ENDING
So, the endings for -ar verbs are:
o, as, a, amos, áis, an
THE VOSOTROS
Verb forms ending in áis, such as estudiáis, are used mainly in the country of Spain only.
Let’s CONJUGATESome more -ar verbs!
TOCAR
Yo toco
Tú tocas
Ud.Él tocaElla
Nosotros tocamos
nosotrasVosotros tocáisvosotrasUds.Ellos tocanEllas
Enseñar
Yo enseño
Tú enseñas
Ud.Él enseñaElla
Nosotros enseñamos
Vosotros enseñáis
Uds.Ellos enseñanEllas
NEGATING A SENTENCE
When you want to say that you do not do something, use no before the verb form
NEGATING A SENTENCE
Yo no cocino en la clase de educación física.
ASKING A QUESTION
When we ask a question in Spanish, we usually put the subject after the verb or sometimes at the end of the sentence.
ASKING A QUESTION
Cocina Juan en la clase de ciencias?
Estudia mucho Paulina?Verb Subject
Page 107Realidades 1
ESTAR
The Verb Estar
Estar is an IRREGULAR verb.
It means “to be” in English.
The Verb ESTAR
It does NOT follow the pattern of REGULAR
-AR VERBS.
The Verb ESTAR
In writing, be sure to use the accent mark on all forms except the “yo” and “nosotros” forms.
TO BE (In English)
I am
You are
HeShe isIt
We are
They are
ESTAR
Yo estoy
Tú estás
Ud.Él estáElla
Nosotros estamos
Uds.Ellos estánEllas
USE OF ESTAR
Estar is used to tell “location” of a person or a thing.
USE OF ESTAR
For example:
El libro está en la mesa.
The book is on the table.
USE OF ESTAR
Maria y Carlos están en clase.
Maria and Carlos are in class.
USE OF ESTAR
Estar is also used to tell the condition of something or someone.
USE OF ESTAR
For example:
Maria está enferma.
Maria is sick.
USE OF ESTAR
Elisa y tú están ocupados.
Elisa and you are busy.
Page 110Realidades 1
Nouns
NOUNS
Nouns refer to people, animals, places, and things.
NOUNS
In Spanish, nouns have gender. They are either masculine or feminine.
Masculine / Feminine
Most nouns that end in -o are masculine.
Masculine / Feminine
Most nouns that end in -a are feminine.
Masculine / Feminine
For example:
el libro
la calculadora An exception: el día
Other Spanish Nouns
Other Spanish nouns end in -e or a consonant.
Other Spanish Nouns
For example:
el cine el marcador
la clase la televisión
Other Spanish Nouns
Some can be both masculine and feminine: el/la estudiante
Making Nouns Plural
To make nouns plural you usually add -s to words ending in a vowel and -es to words ending in a consonant.
silla sillas teclado teclados cartel carteles
Making Nouns Plural
Singular nouns that end in z change the z to c in the plural.
El lápiz los lápices
Definite Articles
El , La , Los and Las are called definite articles.
In English they mean “the”
Definite Articles
We use El and Los with masculine nouns and La and Las with feminine nouns.
Indefinite Articles
Un, Una, Unos, and Unas are indefinite articles.
Indefinite Articles
Un and Una mean
“a or an” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Unos and Unas mean “some” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Un and Unos are masculine and Una and Unas are feminine.
It’s a good idea to learn a noun with itsdefinite article, el or la, because that will usually tell you the gender.
Review Part 3 of 3Chapter 3a
COMERYo como
Tú comes
Ud.Él comeElla
Nosotros comemos
Vosotros coméis
Uds. Ellos comen Ellas
BEBERYo bebo
Tú bebes
Ud.Él bebeElla
Nosotros bebemos
Vosotros bebéis
Uds.Ellos bebenEllas
LEERYo leo
Tú lees
Ud.Él leeElla
Nosotros leemos
Vosotros leéis
Uds.Ellos leenEllas
To SEE or To WATCHI see
You see
HeShe seesIt
We see
Theysee
VERYo veo
Tú ves
Ud.Él veElla
Nosotrosvemos
Vosotros veís
Uds. Ellos ven Ellas
TO SHAREI share
You share
He
She shares
It
We share
They share
COMPARTIRYo comparto
Tú compartes
Ud.
Él comparte
Ella
Nosotros compartimos
Vosotros compartís
Uds.
Ellos comparten
Ellas
Me gustan, me encantan
P. 135Realidades 1
Me gustan, Me encantan
Use me gusta and me encanta to talk about a singular noun.
Me gusta el té pero me encanta el té helado.
Me gustan, Me encantan
Use me gustan and me encantan to talk about plural nouns.
Me encantan las fresas pero no me gustan mucho los plátanos.
Me gustan, Me encantan
When you use me gusta(n) and me encanta(n) to talk about a noun, include el, la, los, or las.
Me gustan, Me encantan
Me encanta el jugo de naranja pero no me gusta la leche.
¿Qué te gustan más, las hamburguesas o los perritos calientes?