study of existing piped water supply schemes in...

State Water & Sanitation Mission

Department of Drinking Water, Govt. of UP

STUDY OF EXISTING PIPED WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

IN THE RURAL AREAS FOR PREPARATION OF

STRATEGIC PLAN FOR O&M IN UTTAR PRADESH

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME-I [MAIN REPORT]

ENV Developmental Assistance Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd. [NABET Accreditation under Quality Council of India]

B-5/131, Indira Nagar, Lucknow- 226018 Ph: +91 522 2310576/77, TeleFax: 2340884

Email: dasindia@satyam .net.in Website: www.dasindia.o rg

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Final Report

Study of E:tJsringPiped Weter SvppJyxhemes in the fwrd A~ forP,eparOfX:Jl'I o{ModeJPlan for O&M in UnorP/Odesh

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CONTENTS

Chapter Se<.ilon Subje-c.t Page No.

VOLUM E•I [MAI N REPORT)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A-D

CHAPTER-I Profile o f Utt..arPr~-esh 1- 5

1. About thestate 1

1.1 Popu~ ion & A rea 1

1 .2 Physi~I f Qatur-es 2

1.3 am~ e 2

1.4 Rivers 2

1.5 H'ydrogQology '& W~ er Quality 2

1.6 Cov•rat* by o,;nkw,t w.i., 4

1.7 Covl:!ra~ Water Quality Vill~ E!$ 4

1.8 O.ganiz.ations rQSponsiblt! for Rural W.a:tl:!r Supply in Utt .a:r Prach:!sh 4

CHAPTER-2 Con$ultam.y MS:ignment & M ethodo l-ogy Em ployed 6-11

2. lntrodu-ction 6

2.1 N.a:tion.al Po liq Fr.a:m ewort 6

2.2 Objediw of th e Study 6

2.3 Sco pl:! oft he Work 7

2.4 M~hodologv 7

2.5 Se lection of ViOage.s for Field Study In UP 8

2.6 A~ ncywise S.Chl:!me.s ViSited 10

2.7 ~ jor Aspect.s.af the Field Studt 10

2.8 Tools for O.a:ta Collktion 11

2.9 Ho use hold Survey 11

2 .10 Vi$it of other S.t~ QS 11

CHAPTER-3 Rural w.a-mr Supply i n Uttar Pr.a-desh & Pres-ent Status 12-28

3 . H i.Story o f Rural Wat Qr Supply Pr-ogra m mE:! 1 2

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Chaptef Se<.ilo n Subje-c.t Page N o.

3.1 Launching Rusal W.at.S!r Supply Progr.atnmQ 1 2

3.2 V.arious Rur~ water Supply Program m l::! 13

3.3 Em l::!rging Opli!rational ISSUQS 13

3.4 Supply V/ S De mand Driven Appr-ci~ h 13

3.5 He, uSQ Conn Qct ion V /S H.arid Pumps 14

3.6 St.atl::!ViSion f-or Rural W~2r Sup ply 14

3.7 Strategy for Rural W /SSch e.mes in Utt~r Pradi::!sh 14

3.8 Criti~ l lSSuQS o n RW S 1 5

3.9 Priilatl::! Sector Partk ip~i-on 1 5

3.10 Presl::!nt Status 16

3.10.1 Gap ital W orks & Their St~us 16

3.10.2 Opl:!!r~ional Status (As pE!r UPJN Rl::!pcirt~ 18

3.10.2.1 RM I::! rv-o i rs 19

3.10.2.2 E:itcl::!SSive Stand Post 20

3.10.2. 3 Hi£:h Nci. of Hand Pumps 20

3.10.3 Gap ital W orks and Thi::!ir Prasl::!nt Status (As p l::!r Fi e-Id SunrQy~ 20

3.10.4 Opl:!!r~ional Status (As pE!r Fii::! ld Surwy~ 23

3.10.4.l Ad Qqu.acy, Covl::!rage, & Re &abil ity of Supply 23

3.10.4.2 W.ati::!r Q uality & Oi.s.ifect ion 24

3.10.4. 3 T.ariff, Golll::!ction, Alte.rn~e, Sour<.Q Qtc 24

3.10.4.4 Institutions & Sl::!rvic:e 01::!liw'i::!ry sat iSf .action 24

3.11 Probll::!ms 81::! ing Faad 24

3.11.1 PCIW'Qr Position- Hciursof Suppty 2 5

3.11.2 Simult.anQcluS Rl::!quirl::!ml::!n t of PoWQr 25

3.11.3 Lci ng Ri.si ng Mains 2 5

3.11.4 Vi lage Resena,;,s (CWR/OHT) 25

3.11.5 Oi.Stribution Systl::!ms 2 5

3.11.6 Stand Posts 2 5

3.11.7 Sli!par~e Fl::!S!ders 26

3.12 IS$ul::!S f-or ConSidl::!rations 26

3.12.1 ComprE!hi::!nSNQ lntegratfi!.d Appr-ciach 26

CHAPTER-4 P.anchayat Raj Institutions ( PRISI & T l\eif Roles 2-4. P.anch~ t Raj Institut ions (PRl.s) & The-ir Rcil i::!S 29

4 .1 St.at us of Pan<hayat i Raj i n Utt.ar Pr~e.sh 29

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Chaptef Se<.ilo n Subje-c.t Page No .

4 .2 Drinking l#atQr Supp ly a cd Pan.chay~ i Raj Institutions 29

4 .3 Ga pS in t he lnrtit utional Fr4mew ork 3 1

4 .4 Tsansference o f Rusal W~ er Supply Sc:heml:tS to GPs 32

4 .5 Rtvenu e of Gram Panchai,ats 3 2

4 .6 Future lvran~ ment 33

4 .7 Pancha,,at Raj Deptt's (PRO) Fund ;ons 33

4 .a Ro le o f the P.anch~ Pradhan 34

4 .9 NeQd fo r OeSig:n~ iog AgE!ncy to Provi:fe Back Stop Support 35

4.10 Wh~ iS kk S.to p Support and W hy Do W e. N el:!d It 35

4.11 Sch emas to b e Han.dQd Owr to GPs 3 7

4.12 Procedure fo r Handing Owr o f O&M tci thi:!' GPs 37

4.13 Ro le of State Panch.a:yat Raj a nd Rural o ew b pmi:!'nl OQpt t. 33

4.14 capacity OevtiOpm ent and Skill Training 39

CHAPTER-5 Fiefd Survey in Utt.af Pf~ -esh and Obs.ervat io-ns f rom othef State s 4 0-51

5.1 AdivityCoverad in Oper~io n & Maintenance 40

5.2 OpQr~iona l Param C!l:ers to Assess Se rvi::e Oe:livery 4 1

5.3 Fi ~d Survey 4 2

5.4 Present S.tatus cif o&M of S.chem QS (Fii:!ld Survey) 42

5.5 V iS:it s of Other St~asand Field Survey o bse.ruat ions in Utta r Pradl:!Sh 4 5

5.5.1 KQy Find ngs of Visit to Kar-n~ ab 4 5

5. 5.1.1 Supply Based Schem QS bythe PREO 45

5. 5.1.2 o eman<f a.ased schemQS by the KRWSSA 46

5.5.B World Bank F11ancE!d Schames 46

S. S.1.4 Problems Being Faad 4 7

5.5.2 Fi ndings cif VlSit to Haryana 4 7

5.5.3 Fi ndings cif viSit to And hra Prade.sh 43

5.5.3.1 Problems in O&M of CPWSsch emes 49

5. 5.3.2 System Staff so 5.5.3.3 Chemic.al$ so S. S.3.4 Rt pairs a nd RQn ewals so 5.5.3.5 Proposed O&M Policy (AP) so

Chap-tef-6 Suggest ions & Retommen-dailons 52-63

6 . Suggl:!Stions & Reccimmend~ ions 5 2

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6 .1 Involvem ent of PRO & PRJ 5 2

6 .2 The Problem of Fiekl LQl/e l lnsti ution.al capacity 5 2

6 .3 W.ater SoppJv Technology 5 3

6 .4 Restoration of Systems 5 3

6 .S W.ater Quality 5 3

6 .6 A.ailabiltyof PoWE!r 5 3

6 .7 Village T~nks 5 3

6 .8 ~ck Stop Support S4

6 .9 Spares for Repairs S4

6 .10 lnstituti.?naliSflg thQ Gap.a.city S4

6 .11 Institution's E.stabliShmerts S4

6 .12 H.a:nresti ng o f Ground W;;,t.e,r SS

6 .13 How to P.sses.s Oem.,a;nd Responsivenass: Additional Cri e:ria SS

6 .14 T a'"iff c.onsidesat ion SS

6.14.1 Muhi Vil .age Sc.heme: SS

6.14.2 Si ngle V i lage S:heme 59

VOLUME•! [AN NEJOJRES & APPENDIX)

AnneJwre-5(1) 1 Summ.ary of O&M st.at us o f RW Sas per Field Study 64-68

AnnQ):I.Jre-S(H~ 2 Summary of O&M st.at us o f RWSas per HH Survey 6~77

AnnQ):Ure-111 (i~ 3 Summary of O&M st.at us o f RW Sas p:erFie-td Stu<fy (UP Jal N~m 78-81

Schemes!

AnnQ):Ure-111 (ii~ 4 Summary of O&M st.at us o f RWSas per Field Study [Jaf 5.ansthan 8 2 Schemes!

... nnQ):Ure-111 (iii~ s Summary of O&M st.at us of RW Sas per Field Study (NRDWP S:heme:s] So-8s

... nnQ):Ure-111 (iv~ 6 Annual Income & E:q,end rture St.ateme,nt on O&M of PWSforthe 8 6 Fi nancial Y~r 2011-2012

... ppendix-1 7 Draft Guidelin QS for Transfer of O&M of RW SS in Utt.ar Pr~e,.sh to PRIS 87-:!02

... ppendix-ll{A~ 8 Oe-t.ail Report on viSi to Karnat~ka 10~143

... ppendix-11(9~ 9 Oet.ail Rt port on viSi to AndhraPr~QSh 14~174

... ppendix-ll(C~ 10 O et.a ii Re port on viS i to Haryan.a 175-188

Appendix-Ill 11 OiSt. W iSe- Su mmaryof UPJN PW S Dat.a Od '12 18~190

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ACRONYM

7:f'CAA 1t 4 Constitution Aml:!n<fml:!nt Act (1993~

AfrlNS A<:cl:!11:!satl:!d Rural '\r"ktl:!r Supply

BIS Bu nd et khan.cl Jal sa nst ha n

CF Common Faci lity

CPWS Comm unity PartiOp.ato,y Wate,r Supply

DOWS Oeptt . Of Drinking W.atE!r Supply

OP-M U District ProjQd Managem ent Unit

Gol Govl:!m m l:!nt c,f ln.cfia

G<>U P Govl:!m m l:!nt c,f Uttar Pradl:!Sh

GP G ram P.anch.ay.at

GPS Gram Pan,hayats

IVF In Vil~ Q Fac~itv

JE JuniorEnginl:!'l:!r

KP Kshetra Pachay.at

KRWSSA Karn~aka Rural llktl:!r Supply & 5.a:nit.ation Agency

LPCO Liters Per capita Per Day

MNP M inirrum Ne,eds Prc,gramml:!

M PWS M ini PC:,ed W .atl:!r Supp~ Scheme

MVS M ulti Village Schem e

N ROWP National Ru ral Dri nking W .atl:!r Programmt!

O&M O peration & Maintenance

O HT Ovl:!r HI:!~ Tank

PHEO Public H Qalth & Enginl:!E!ring Ol:!ptt.

PM U Project Management Unrt

PPP Public Private Partnersh ip

PREO Panch.a:yat R.aj Enpll:!1:!ri ~ DQportml:!nt

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PR!$ P4ncha:yati Raj lnstituti-ons

PRW P4nch.a:yat Raj Department

PTW P4rt Tm e W.Orker

RWS Rural Water Suppl,

SCP Speci.al Component Pian

SST 5edor Stor~ e Tank

svs Single V illage Scheme

SW AP 5edorWide Appr~ h

SWSM state Water4nd sanitation Ni!Sion

ToR Te:rms of Reference

TSC Tota l sanit~ion Gamp~ n

TSI' Tribal Special Plan

TW Tube W ell

UNICEF United Nation lnter-nati-onal Children Emeri ency Fund

UPJN Uttar Pr-~e.sh Jal N ~ m

uwssc User Ykter Supply4nd sanitation Gommitee

VLV,ISSC Village U!vE!f VktE!S' Supp ly sanitation Convnittee

VMC Village Mainte:nance Com mittee

VMW Village Maintenance W-orker

vwsc Village WatE!I' & 5anitation Com mittee

vwssc Village, WatE!I' & 5anitation Com mittee

WATSAN Water 4nd sanitation Programme

WHO World Health Org.anization

wsso Water& 5anitation Supp ly O~ nization

ZP Zila Parish~

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Study of E:tJsringPiped Weter SIJ{)Plyxhemes in the fwrd A~ forP,eparafion of ModeJPlan for O&M in UuorP/Odesh

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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The evolution of Rural Water Supply in Uttar Pr~ esh had unde,gone numerous tra~form.ation.s & par.a:digm shifts. In many w.a:ys the initiative.s t QSted hers, havs, been precurSol$ fo r the national policies: in the prim.ary & rural d~elopment sectors. From the emQrgency reSponse & en.sis m.anagement $lrategies in the 19SOS .and 1900s, the Community o~elopment appro~h of 196~67, the PW'S Q>;periment.s of 1970s .an.cl the hand pump and India Mark-I led Rural Water Supply rl:!\falution. 1985 to 9 6 .and current demand responsive .appro.aches based o n SWAJA~ Jal nidhi .and s~ al Ohara to the c urrent N RD'WP, the Rural Water Supply SQ.ctor in Utt.at Pr~esh ~ s been se m tht paradox o f moniory success a nd problems of sustain.ability.

A It hough in terms o f RWSS I nfrast ructu re Oli!Velo pm ent Utt a r Pr~ e.st. h.as s een s ubsta ntial ~ h il!Vem ents, the problems have been in th e- maintenance of services .and consumer ScitiSf~ tion. The lo&istics of maintenance, breakdowns repairS and t he huge O&M costs have made the sust.ain~ility of tht sector a pro blem. However, drinkin& water has t he h~hest priorly in the N~ ional Water Polky. It ~ a public good and cannot be releg.at Qd in p riority. Therefore, the Govt. of utt.ar Pradesh has to draw up .a: Str~!Slgic Plan for the s ustain.abilityof tht O&Mof the RWSS sector in the st~e.

This study, \OJhich is b..a:sed on seco ndary and p rimary d.ita analysis the iSsues and provides sugge.stions fo r co~ er~ion to help create the O&M policy.

Apart from the.a:vail~le second.ary d~a tht study also uses primary <lat.a f rom 10 PWS schemes covering over SO vflages:, and o bservations from viSi to 6 schemes in 3 states ~ various levels of RWSS s ector reform.

The schemes .at'Q geographically reprasent~ ive of all the s regions of t he state, .all the, wattr quality problem, a nd dfferent PWS techno looes (the details of sche:mes visited are p rovi,dQd a t Pags, 8-9 .and an.al,zed in det.a:.1 on Page 16-22 .and inAnnQXure-- .. ).

Bl'ief on the FindingS,:

Utt.ar- Pr.adesh e,pitomizes t he .adage .about India, "Tht Land of Plenty'"; it iS" not short ,on a n, of the resources,. including water. Prob.ably, that iS o ne cf the reasons fo r t he absenct of v.a:lue on optimization and sustainabilrty. RWSS E!!llcept fo r some a reas in Bund elkh.and in dependent o n g roundwater, which is also currently the main so..-ce for the prim.aty Sed or. Considering that, bulk of agriculture is fo-cused o n high \I.QtQr requirement crops; d rinkint water and .agriculture, .are competing fo r the ~ me rQSource which is now under strass.

SomQ of the fin-dings from fiQld study .at'Q as follows:

1. Of the 40 schem l:!S stu-died ~ ency wise, the percent.age of fund ion.al schemes is 66~ fo r Jal sansth.an, Bundelkhand., m~ for UP Jal N~m .and 65~ fo r the NRDWP projll!!CtS. HoWl:!ller, t hl:tSe statistic.s neQds to be temperQd wi1h the f~tsthat the pQrcentage of house:hold connktio~ is 11:!Ss th.an 25~ which goes up to 26.78,'o only bec.ause of the better performing 10 schemes studie<I in ~ rch. The SQnrice level o f \I.Qt er supply is: 4-5 hour$ perd.ay in the ca.se of J.a:1 Nig.am schemQS an.el only 1-2 hour$ per day in HRD'WP schemes and because o f the Qffectitd pow er supplythe supply days .averag,Q 26-28 days in a month .

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The p rimary rQaSOn for the b eneficiary not co mplaining .against the irregularity of the w~ er

supply iS because of .a h~h saturation lewl of hand ~ mps i n the same vil~es with avf:!rage of 1 hand pump per 107 persons.

2. The problems observed in t he PINS perform.an.cl:! are nu mero~ which c.an be bro~ty clas:sify i nto:

a . T ec.h n i.ca I iS$ueS:

• Power Supply AbS2ncQ o f dedicate.cl f l:!&ders & i rregular supply

• T.arff rates At p rl!SE!nt the t.ariff sche.clul l:! f.or R~ Tube w&lls & over H~

T.anks is in Sch&dule:-VI ~ com ml:!rtial r.at:es, Which iS m uch higher that th& 5ch edul&-V r.ates for i rrigation tube w~ls. As .a m.att&r of policy th& St.ate Go\li:. of utt.ar Prad&sh has .abolished

pow er tariff f.or irr~ ion. ThiS differ&nti.al has bl:!l:!n .a major d&terrl:!nt from us&r's paying poWl:!r bils.

• EXtrt!ml:!ly la,ge by · Th i:! f.ad th.at only 70-73% .of d iStribution lines .are function.al .and

distribution Sy$tl:!m.S t.ai end i nv.aria:blydoes not rQcQivQ w.atl:!r indicates nQQd for r e-

& frQ<lul:!nt .asse.ssm M tof m.any MVS sch&ml:!.S. b rQa: kdoVklS

• St.and Posts · Th i:!. poliq of providing I.arc& no. of st.and posts has resulted in

l~k of incentiwe for housl:!hold c.onnl:!dions .

b . Manage ment issue:S:

.. A bSQnc Q of lnstit utio nal Fr~ &Work & Regulatory M ech~ ism

• Abse:nc& of Manag&rnent stills & c.ap~ity in VWSC.and o&M st~f

Thes& hall& l:JE!&n diScussQd in <let.ail Wl 0,.aptl:!r-3 & 4.

!.. Finantial Viabtlity:

• T.arff rates ~ currl:!nt l ev&I o f household com ections (25~~ .are unvcabl&. .. PlNS should ont, bl:! p rovid&d w hen Commun ity commit.! to 60% hous&hold connections

With in 3 ye.ars.

• Est.ablishm ent c-ost mod&I of Jal t-Hg.am not Yabl& for PPP or USl:!r m.an~ ffl11:!nt modQ!s, .as the im,olvl:!ml:!.nts of Govt. staff <.an not bl:! Jo~ ed on th e tr.ansf&rrad schtmes.

Th era is .a strong siml.arity in the prob!Qms rC!J.ated to managl:! ml:!nt iSsues b l:!twtoen the Utt.ar Prad l!Sh .and t hi:! 3 st.at e visit QC!. Br'°4dly related to:

.a. Adequacy .and cap.ability of de.sign & imp lem&rt.ation of S<h&m es by Govt. st.aff, w hich iS beW'lg

outsour<l:!d. b. Probl& m of economi<s & viabiliyfor poWl!F t.ariff .and O&M st~f .. .asthe <ost.s bee om I:! t<JO high .

<. cap.ability of t h& user or schl:!m Q le.rE!I m.anag&ml:!nt .agenci es to SU<cE!S.Sfully handl e th& t e<hnical .asw&l .as social issul!S .

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Oesp itl:! l:!fforts at innovation thl:! statl:!.S of Karnataka, Andhra Pra<le.sh & Harya,a a re still to t hrow-up a viabll:! modl:!I from W'hi:h Uttar Pr~e:sh would ll!arn. On thl:! contrary., t hl:! la.pl:!ril!ncl:! in Kar~ak.a &

Andhra Pradesh rl:!itl:!rall:!S two major rommon probll:!ms:.

a. A poliq dl:!ci.Sion to rationalizl:! and or sub.sidizl:! thl:! p-OWl:!r tariff . b. Thi:! ma:nagl:!m l:!nt of cu rrl:!nt Govt. O&M staff as they have not b l:!l:!n foun<I finan::ially viab!Q &

socially Sl:!nSi iW to thl:! changing paradigm of RW5S.

T .ariff Con$iderations

Thi:! rQali.zation of watl:!r chargl:!S is Q)drl:!m l!fy poor ~ comp.arl:!d to thl:! ~pmditu re bl:!ing inw rrl:!d on opl:!ration & maintl:!nancl:! of Wall:!r supply schl:!m l:!S. Furtht!f' due to poor rQcovl:!fy of Watl:!r charg:l:!s

S<:h l:!ml:!S a re n,ot gl:!tt ing maintainl:!d p ropl:!rfv rl:!SUhing in unsatisfa cto ry Sl:!rvic:I:! d E!liill:!ry. It is thl:!rl:!fo rl:! dl:!Sirabll:! that wail:!rchargl:!.Scollktl:!d from ronsum l:!rsarl:! ~ equate to me l:!t thl:! O&M cost. AS Su,ch wt.II:!

finalizing thl:! po li:y forfixi°' of t.ariff, points as bl:!low nl:!!Ed to b l:! considl:!rad.

i) Thl:!rl:! iS nl:!l:!d to l:!n han<e to th l:! prasl:!nt tariff to covt!r thl:! .actual pro<ludion <ost of W~ l:!r a long with p rovision for rtil:!rvl:! fun.cl for restoration of systi m in c~ I:! of major brl:!.akdoW'nS.

i~ stand Post consu ml:!rS !houl<I also b l:! ch.a:rgl:!d for th l:! facility bl:!ing ~ ailed by th l:!m. Ta rif f for stand post should b l:! nearly 1/3'4 o f houSQ conn~tion charges.

ii) Annua l up-gradation of tariff on ~<ount of in<r&asing <ost of opl:!ralion & m.aintl:!rtancl:! bl:! don I:!.

;-.) House Connl>Ction lead to hither li!venue. As such there ~ need to motioQte people to take housl:! conn& tions w hl:!re sou rel:! d i.$C harge is adQqu~I:!.

v) High numbl:!r <rf stand posts and hand pumps in schl:!m l:!S a1111as dampl:!ns thl:! possibilitil:!S of taking

housl:! conn k t ion in t h!! community. Installation o f hand p umpS and proviSion for st.and posts

n I:! l:!ds to b I:! rat ion.al iz eel.

vi} E.stabliShml:! nt cost on O&M is- l:!XtrQml:!ly h igh, almost 70% of total O&WI cost; it should tithl:!r b l:! born I:! by state Govt or if t hl:! co mmunity iS: l:!Xp&tl:!d to take .an t hiS: rl:!Sponsibility a rationalization

nl:!l:!CIS to bl:! don I:!.

vii) Opl:!ratf'lg St.aft shoo Id bl:! rl:!ducQod by installing a utomation m e-ch.anis:m on tub I:! wE!lls.

viii) Emph.a.sl:!S should b l:! giwn to ragul.ar billing an.cl <olll:!Ction.s .af \tQtl:!r chargl:!S ~ p.ayml:!nt of hug I:!

arrl:!arS bl:!Coml:!S b~ond .capacity of uSl:!rS.

~ GPs sh-ould b l:! frQQ to charge tariff b~l:!d on d etailQd budg:l:!tinc; l:!Xl:!rc iSI:!, i should bl! <ll:!ci<fed aft l:!r t ransparl:!nt d iS<:uSSions i n opl:!n viii~ com munity ml:!e't ing.

REGO-mm-endatio-ns:

Thi:! study' is the- out<<iml:! not on ly o f t hl:! fitld & Sl:!condarv data b ut also th!:!' p~ expl:!ri l:!n<I:! of SOml:! crl:!dibll:! pr~titionl:!rS in th l:! RW5S. Thi:! strategic plan to StK.cl:! l:!d and sust.ainabilty to takl:! hold thl:! probll:!m has to b l:! addrl:!SSQCI on a much widl:!r plan than a lim rtl:!d option . It is ffl l:!rl:!sting to note that thl:! regional ~ riation and nl:!ed for region Spe-cifi: stratl:!gi< plans h~ b l:! l:!n modulatl:!d by tl:!chnology options and finalty thl:! stratecy iS fo.cusl:!'d on thl:! ln<lo-Gangeti< plain and Bundel:hand. 01:!tail l:!d strategic nl:!l:!"ds and proposal h.avl:! btl:!n <lscuSSQd in thl:! rQport .at various points,. t hl:! salil:!nt onl:!S arl:! summa:rizl:!d as

fol lows:

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1. ThQrQ iS nQQ.d for .a porKY dQciSion o n PWS .ard <onS&quQnt ration.ali.zation of h.and pll'TlpS .and st.and posts.

2. A <l'5ar <ut poli<y t .a ~ s dm1.an.cl rl!SponSiVWIQSS p rior t.a inve.stmt!ntS .an PWS nQa<fs to laid down.

3. l ntQr-dQpartmQntal <o~r-din.ation b frtWQQn Rur-.al O~Qlop mQnt, U.P. Jal Higam & OQptt . .af

P.an<h.ay.ati R.a:j to m.akQ .a S<hli!mQ tr.ansfQr & b~kup support progr-.ammQ has to bQ c<in<eivQd.

4 . ThQ st.atQ g<m. has to initiativt! .a g round""41Qr rachatg:Q & m.anagemQnt prog:r-.amme for thQ Rural

W.atQr Supplf.

S. For the QXiSting schQmS!S .a d Q<iSion h.as to b Q t.aktn on reor-£ani.zation & reh.abil i .ation of

schemes, before cr Qation of nQW a1SQts. This would .also help in r.ation.aliz.ation of h.and pu~ s, .and improving thQ d istribution effici Qn<y by <rQ.ating vill~Q specific rQSQrvo irS.

6. PoWQr <harg,QS h.as bQQn o nQ of thQ two longQst <osts in th e, O&M .and has b Qen t he sing,IQ laigS!St shortf.all. Poor power <h.ange racovery IQads to poor !Upply I W ing to furthe r poor-Qr rem very. At

pr-l!Sent dl!S~ IE!llels moSI o f the SdJQmes need 8-16 hourS of pOVll!r supply .at adequaQ \Bllage, both of which .are not .av.ailablQ. ThQrefora tht st.alt govt . h.as to <onsider p1t1viding dedic.at&d f QQderS .and raview t he powt!r<h.arge policy for Rur.al W.ater Supply.

7. Considering th.at revenue re.aliz.ation iS less t han 4% of O&M <OSt (as is E!l/idQnt i n report of 10

UPJN vill~ es survey&d in Mafth 2013~. Rate for house connection w ill neQd m inimum 250% i n,cre~ from the t!l..iSting r.ate.

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Final Report

Study of E:tJsringPiped Weter SIJ{)Plyxhemes in the fwrd A~ forP,eparOfX:Jl'I of ModeJPlan for O&M in UuorP/Odesh

CHAPTER-1

Profile of Uttar Pradesh

1. A.bout t he State

uttar Pr-ade.sh iS India's fifth l.ar&l:!st Sl.a!E! i n terms of .at"Qa and most populous St~ e., locatl:!d in thl:! nortlrd!ntral part -of the <:ountry. tt Spreads over a large .arE!a., and the plains of thE! 11alE! .arE! quite d iStind ly d ffE!rl:!nt f rom t hE! h igh mountains in thE! north . It is bounded by NE!p.al on thE! North., Uttarakhand on thE! north-QaSt, Him~ hal Pradesh .on the n.arth-WQSl, 1-bryan.a on thE!

w est, Raj~ thanon t he south..west, Madhya PradE!sh on the south an.cf south-west Chh.at tisgprh a nd Jharl<hand o n south.and Biiar on thE! east SituatQd bE!tVIE!E!n 23" 5 2" N and 31" 28' N latitudes and 1r 3' and 84" 39' E kingitudQS.

It w as cre.atQd on 1 April 193 7 as thE! United ProvincE!S Wdh the p.assing .af the St.ates Reorg.anization Ad and ranamed Uttar Pi:ad l:!Sh in 1950. l ucknow iS tt.t capital o f Ut~r Pr~Q:Sh. Agricu, ure a nd service industries ~ the large.st parts of th e sta te's eco nomy. The service sedor

ccmpriSes travel and tourism., hotel industry hot et industry., real est.ate., insurance and f flancia I tonsultancies.

1,1 Popul.ation & Alea

Total at'Qa of Uttar Pr~e,.sh is 240928 S(loare l::'.ilometers which iS about 6.88% of t he total land a rea of t he country. Total p-opulation of t he state .as per 2011 t en.SUS is 199 581477 of w hich 104596415 are males and 94985062 females. State has been d iwided into 75 Ois-tri<:ts u nder 18 Oruisio ns. Total number of urban habitat ions i.S 689 a nd no. of <;ram Pan<:hayats 52907 and of rural habitations iS: about 2.60 l~s .across 820 Development Blocks. The literacy rate o f the stat e

ac<:ording to t he 2011 CQnsus iS 69.72~ as ~ inst 56.27~ in in the tenSUs of t he year 2001. B.a.sit de,.mographic <lata .about t he state iS summarizQd in the table below:

1 Area 2,40,928 Square km

2 Ponulation fAs ner tensus 2011 Provisional dai:A\ 19 9 5 8 1 4 77

(a)Mafe (As pertensus 2011 > 10.,45,96, 415

I b)Fem'>le (As peransus 2011) 94., 9 85,062 . 5 Oetennial Growth rate ( 20014 2011\ fAS nier tensus 2011 \ , 20D9 nl:!~ ent

6 S~ R.at io (As per c ensus 2011 ) 90S per thousand

I 7 OenSiy (persons p er sqbn) (As per<:ensus 2011 ) 823 per thousand • 8 Child Ponul.ation KJ.6 vQQrs\ CA.~ ner<:ensus 2011 \ 29 728 2 35 • 9 Child ~ r~io (0-6 years) (As p er t ensus 2011 )) 89'9 per thousand

10 Tota I Lit er,!r,rv rat Q:

11 Persons ! 69.72 ne~ ent

a) Male Lleracy 792 4 pett:ent

I 8 ~Female lit era ...... I 592 6 oett:ent 12 OistridS 75

13 Cities & Towns 689

14 Oevelooment blocks 820

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15 . N~ rNigams

I 16 M &mb &rsof Loksabha from UP

: :17 M &mb &rsof Ranta .5.abha from UP

! 13 M &mb &rsof U.P. l &giSlativQ Ass&mbly

19 M &mb &rsof U.P. LegiSlativl:! Council ; 20 Pr nc1pal Cro pS

l,Z Physic.al Featul'es

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12

ao 30

I 404

100

Paddy, W'h&~ .. barlQf, Milet, Maize, u,ad (Slack

I G,~m), Moong (G,een Gram) Arhar l:! tc.

Th& Utt~r Prad&sh can bl:! divid&d in to two distinct g £'ographical r&gions - Th& G.a.ig&tic Plain in th& c&nt re and th &Vindhya Hills and Plat&au w, the 5outh. Ga nge-tic Plai n which iS th& most i mportant area for th& Qconomy of t h& stat& stretchQS ~rCISS th & &ntire 11:!n~ h o f t h& stat& f,om

East to W E!St. The l:!ntire alluvial plain <an be <Hvid Qd into thn!'I:! sub-r&gtOns. Th& first in th& east&rn tr~t con.siSl:ing of 14 <tistricts whkh af"Q subj&d to pl:!riodi<al floo-ds an.cl d1t10£:hts .a.id havl:! b&l:!n classifiQd ~ scarcity ar&.as. The who fQ plain is aluvial and W ry fertil&. Th& oth&r two regions_, th& C.Qntral an.cl th& W &stl:!m art comparatNQly b~tl:!r w ith a \t/&11-d&v&lopl!d .-ri~ ion syst&m . ThQy suffQr from wat&r legging and larg&-s,calQ usar t racts. Th& Vindhya Rang& .a.id Plat'5aU r&gion iS char~t l:!rizl:!d by hard rock strata and a vari&d topography of hills,. plains_, valleys

a nd plat&aus.

M uch o f the ar&a of Ut-tar Prad&sh iS cow red by a <l&&p lay&r o f alhnrium Sprea<I by th& slowmoving rivl:! tS of th& Ga ngl:!S S:ystl:!m. Th l:!SI:! Et'(tr&me~ f&rtilQ alkJvial sciils rang& from sandy to clayQy loam . Th& Sc,ils in th& south&m pa:rt of th & st~Q ar& g&n&rally miXed rad ard bl~k or ;Qd

to-y&ll.ow.

1,3 Climate

Th& climat& of th& stat& i$ tropkal monSOCln, but variations exiSt. Th& av &rage tl:!mp &ratu;Q vari&S i n th& plains f rom 3 to 4 •c in January to 43 to 45 •c in r-&y and Jun&. The;& are thr& e diSti nct

se~o~ - winll:!r from Octob er to F&bruary, summ!N from March to mid Jun&, and th& rafly se~onf rom Jun& tc, 51:!ptl:!mb!N. The mean anrual rainfall rangQS' from 650 m m in t h& southw lll!Sl cornQrc,f th e st~e, to 1000 mm in the ~ stern and south-&.astem parts of th& st~&.

1,4 Rivers

Th& stat& is w &II d rained by a numb!N of rit,QrS originating i n &ithertht Hirmlay~ to th& North cir th& Vindhya Range to th e South. Main rit,QrS af"Q Alaknanda, R.amgaoga, Bhagir~hi, Y.amuna & Ganga. The Ga~ and its maW'I tributariQS - t h& Yamun.a., t h e Rarngang~ th eGom.ati, th& Ghaghara~ and th& Gandak ar& f l!d by th& p &rpetual SOO\t/S o f the Himalayas. Th& Chambal, th& 81:!t\o.Q, and t he! K&n, c,riginating from t he, Vindhya Ran~ , draW'I tht soutmt/1:!Stern p.art o f th& stat& b trlore joinilg th e Yamuna. Th& Son, also origin~ilg in t h& Vindhya Rang&, drains th&

southeast&rn part of the St~e and joins th e Gang&s b~ondth& stat& bc,rd&rs (in Bihar~.

1,5 Hydrogeol- & W•ter Qu•lity

Hydro.-.c:&olotitally~ th& Stat& <an be <tivid~ into fill& units namQfy (1) Bhabar (2) Tarai ( 3) C&ntral Ganga p lains (4) Marginal alluvial ~ins and (5) 5outhern Penin.sular zonl:!. Th& first one iS in th&

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a>:trl:!mQ north folow l:!d succS!SSP/1:!t, by thl:! re.st southw.ardly. Thi:! yield of tubMl:!IIJ: tapping Bh.aba r .and Tar.ai zonl:!.S r.angt!:S bl:!twl:!l:!n 100-300 m3/hr aid 100-200 m3/hr, rl:!.sp~tWl:! ly. Thi:! watl:!r 11:!vl:!I ~ dl:!1:!p in Bhab.ar Whl:!rl:!.as in Tar.ai .auto flow conditions .are. noticed Wih pilUOmetric

h i:!~ of 6-9 magi. Thi:! CQntr.al Ga~ pl.as, is ch.aradl:!rized by low rat ef .and num erous .alluvial featurQS. Th!YI:! are four major a<:1uifl:!rS in thl:! dl:!pth rang!:! of 700 mbgl Thi:! yil:!ld o f thl:tSI:! tubM9'1s rangl:!S from 90 to 200 m1/hr. Th i:! thicknl:!SS of Sl:!diml:!nlS in M arginal .alluvium iS 50-300 m .and yil:!ld of tubMl:!11.S is bl:!twl:!l:!n 35 to 70 m1 / hr. Thi:! y ieJd proJ:p~t.s of Vindhy.an & cryst.al t nl:! rocks in thl:! southN n pe ninsular region .are. l imited.

Oyn.amk Ground \lktl:!rResourcl:!S

A.nnu.al Rl:!ple.niShabll:! Ground Watl:!r Rl:!sou~I:! 63 58CM

Nl:!t Annual Ground Watl:!r A\la~.abilty 0 .18 BCM Annu.al Ground W.atl:!r Draft 8 J 8BCM

,Stagl:! of Ground W atl:!r 0 ~1:!lopml:!nt '0 %

Ground Watier 0 1:!Wlopm ent & Man.agl:!ment

Ovl:!r D.ploite.d 37 Slocks

Critic.al 3 Slocks semi- critic.al BS Slocks Grourd Wate.r Ustr Maps Od iStrid:S

Artificial Rl:!ch.arge to Ground W .atl:!r (AR~ • A r~ idl:!nti-fi iedfo r AR: 45130 sq .

l:m

• Quantity of Surf.ace Wat:Qr to b e Red,.rged: 14022 M GM

• Feasible AR structurl:!S: 4410

p I:! rco lat ion t.a n ks,. 12600 c l:!m ient plugs (checkda ms), 212700

rach.ai:gl:! shafts, RTRWH strudurQS (10 lal:hs)

RJ:chl:!m l:!S compll:!tQd during IX Plan: 8

Ground Watier QJJ.ality Problw s Cont.am in.antl DiJ:tricts.aff~ tQd (in part~

S.linily (EC> 3000 ,.S/an at 25 • q ~gra, H.athr.as, M ath ura,

Fluorid e (>1 .5 mg/~ ~gra, Ali~rh, El.ah, Firozab.ad, J.aunpur, r...ann.auj, M .ah.am.aya N~ r,. Mainpuri, M.athura, M.aun.ath Bh.anj.an

Ch lo ride ( > 1000 mg/I! M.al h u r.a,. Agra

lr~n (>1.0 m&/1! ~z.amg.arh, B.alia, B.alrampur, Et~ .ah, .atehpu r,. G.azipur, Gonda,. H.ardo~ Kanpur

De-hat, Kaipur Hagar, Lakh impu r~ Lalitpur, M.au, Sidd.artn.a;g.ar, Unnao

NitratQ (>45 mg/I} , ya, Ali'" rh, Al !ah b,,d, Am bed !<a r Na'"'· ~usaiyy.a,. B.adaun, ~ hp.at, B.alrampu r, Banda, B.ar.ab.anki, &¥eilly, Bast~ Bijnour, Bul.andsah.ar, Chitr.ak:oot, Elah, Elavi.a, .atehpu r,. Firozab~, GB N.a;g.ar, Gh.aziabad,

Ghazipur, H.amirpur, H.ardo ~ Jau npur, .fl.anSi, r...ann.aui, Kanpur 01:!h.at, L.athimpur,

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M.ahoba.,. Mathur.a, M tl:!nA_, loJ'loradab.ad, Muuffamagar_, Raib.a:r-1:!lli, R.ampur, 5.ant Ra"ridas Magar, Shajahanpur, Sit.apur, s.onbh~ra, su,anpur, Un nao

Arsenic (>0.05 mg/I ~ ~gra, Ali&arh, Bali.a, Balrampur, Gond.a, Gorakhpur, Lakhimpur KhQri"\ Mathura, Mur~abad I

1,6 Coverage byDl'inking Wat:el'

As pl:!r State Statistics 2012-1 3 pl:!rt.aining to Rural OrinkingWatE!r Supply rural popu~ion in the st.ate .as on 0 1.04. 2012 i.S 15.70 of w hich 74.2 ~ is providQd w.ater supply throudl govemml:!nt sch&mll!S. Coverage status of habit.ations .as on 05.01 .13 is .as below:

SI P.artieula~ No. of Habitations

1 . Total Habit.at ion.s 260110

2. Habit.at ions Cow rOO wih P~ial Po pu~ion Covl:!r~t 14 262

3. Habitatioru Cow rOO wih 1~ p .... ul.ation Cover~.,,!! 24 5848

•• SC Concentrated Habitat ion.! Coverage 50794

s. ST Concl:!ntratOO Habit.ation.s Covl:!ragl:! 2 11

6. Habitations Cow r OO With PW55 51 12 7. Habit.at ions Cow rOO wih H.and pumpsfBore wells 18 7262

8. Habii .ation.s C.oivw&d ~ Olh1:trs 48 9. Habitation.s Whl:!ra SChffllQ dl:!'tails Not in !MIS 6 7688

1,7 Covel'age Wat.er Quality Viii.ages

Stltu:S .a:S on Tot.al Fluoride Af':Senie iron Salini ... ~ N itrate

01/04/2!0 12 8 82 144 9 23 l!JS 1

1.8 O(g.lniz-.ations l'i!:Spon:Sible fol' Rural Wat« Supply in Utt.al' Pl'ade::Sh

Prior to 19 75 the Local Sl:!lf Govl:!mml:!nt Engintl:!ring: 01:!ptt. w.as rl:!Sponsibh~ for a ll rural W.atQr

supply dCtiviiQS lb d~ nin&, manag&mll!nt, i mpll:!m Qntat ion ~ d opt ration & maintQnancQ cif .an schm1es. In thE! year 1975 w ithin the tnactm ent of UP Water Supply & sewerage Ad (Act no 4 >19 75~ thQ then L.SGED w.as comrtrtOO into UP J~ Nig.am an.cl five Jal 5ansth.ans for S major

towns (Kanpur, Agra, v~ .ans~ Allahabad & Lucb-iow ); two ragional Jal ~ nsthans for hills namtly Kumaun and Garhwal (now separata- stata-) and; cine for Bundelkhand ccinstitutOO for opt ration & maintQnancQ of water supply systE!mS. Subsequently in tht yQar 1988 &1989 a notification fcir QmpoWQring UP J.al Nigam fcir the duties and rQSponsibilitiQS of Jal ~ nsthan for Rural ara,as,

(other t han that of .cantonment andJhashi d iviSion WQI-Q issued~ makirt: Jal N ~ m raspo nsible for ciperation & maintQnancQ of rural w ater suppty schemes. SincQ 1.4.2002 With thi St.ate Govt's order cipl:!r.a:iion & maintenance of .all hand pumps ., tha- rur.al areas were transferred to the ra.sp ect iv& Gram P anc ha;y.at s.

In the last di!t'C~ Q cif TWQntieth Century .a pilot project (b.asOO on demand ra.sponsive .appro~h~

SWAJAL wa.scarried out w ith .assistance of the Word Bank. In t hi$ proj i!t'Ct thi com munity h.a1 to ccintributl:! in the total ccist o f the prcijl:!d and .also have to undl:!rtake the O & M of thQ systa-ms

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on their own. The Govt. ~ ts as a f~ilitator v1ht e the <omm unity is responsi>le for the plannf'lg,

de:si.gns and <onstrudion o f t he system . This projlkt w.a:s ~ ministered throu&h th e: ProjQ<t

M an~ ment Unit (a rE!giSIQrQ.d SO<i My~ and its district IQI/E!I units OPM Us.

With the: Suc<E!SS of projlkt, the: Govt. of India dlkidE!<I to <.at-ry out rural W.att!f' supply programmE! undE!r <IE!mand rE!SponsWe appro~h QS and thE! fr-amE! wtirk for adminiSt:E!ring t hE! syslE!m was laid down undE!r policy for Nation.al Drinking W.at:E!r Programme. As p er the pol icy .at t hE! statQ lh'el st.atE! W atE!r and sanitation M ission (SWSM) has b een <o nstitut&d as an ApE!X Body w ith an Q);&<uthre and Distri:t IE!VQI Distri<t WatE!r & 5.anit.ation MiSSions have b een <onstit tA:ed.

The 73~ Constitution AmE!rdmE!ri bill en~ted 1992 d lkided, t h.at at villa:~ IE!ll&I Gram

Pan<h.ay.ats will be thE! b <al authoriy whkh wiO discharge various f u nctions in<luding planni ng, de:ign.S,. impll:!mE!n~ tion and oper.ation & maintenan<I:! of \flat Qr supply. As SU<h the rQviJ:Qd guidE! line o f National Drinking Watt!f' Programme now en~ gE!s policy for opQr.ation & maintenan<e of

rural \tfatQr SUPP¥ systtm. For thiS t hE! schE!m QS <ommi.ssionE!d under supply d rivE!n approa<h (now being maintainE!d by Jal Nigam and J.al Sansthan) have to be hand2d ovitrto GP andthE! n M

schE!"*S w il have to b e l:OC.E!<utE!d undE!r t hE! Demand Driven appro~h. Tl-us at p rQSQnt UP Jal Nigam, Jal 5-ansth.an and GPs arE! doing t hE! o pE!r~ion & maintenancE! of rural water supply

schE!"*S in Uttar Pr~esh.

As Su<h in the pr~ nt multi 4'en<y S<E!n.ario t herQ iS no si nglE! a:;en<y in tht st.at:Q whE! ra dE!tails of all schE!ml!:S and status of th eir optr.ation & maintenan<e iS a\Qlable in detail. In fad thE!rE! a rE!

thrE!I:! typE!S of svstems for rural watQr S:uppfy in the st~ e n.amely <onvention.al pip ~ w~ er supply, mini W.at:Qr suppty and hand pump.S. Though .almost a ll h.abit.ations have been <OW red for

wai:E!r suppfy yE!t quae a la,ge n1ST1ber of syslE!ms in .absE!n<Q o f f inan<ial suslainabilav or othE!M"!SE! (shortfa l s in r-epairS) are: not ablE! to pR1VidE! servi<t dE!l irr.rery s.atiSf.action. ThE!r-Q is de:mand for bC!'tt t!f' SE!rvi<E! imluding Supply through house <onnE!dions ~ higher p Qr <Capita

supply/day. This ne:&ds an inte:gr~ ~ appro~h on pla:nni ng, d l!:Sign, constru::tion, op eration & maintenan<Q of systE!ms unde. the d E!mand drivE!n a ppro.ach. f.or thiS the state Govt . have to undE!rtakE! SOmQ policy d lkiSions includin& deciding th e type of systE!m$ to bt undertaken ba!Qd

on <o mtraints ptrtinent in thE! diffE!rE!nt re~ ons of the statE!. ThE! p riority and finam ial sustainability of al syst tms h~ e a lso to be <o n.sid E!red. D E!tail ed .ana tvs iS of n it ing: syst tms a long

with E!"XpE!ril:!n<l!S ~ he rad from other statl!S of the <ountry w tl hE!lp a lot in formulating thE! poli<y a nd d~idin&;f utu re modt of .action .

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CHAPTER-2

Con StJltancy Assignment & Methodology EmploVed

2, lnt(odu-ctjon

With th e. aim .af providing !hfery rur<C:11 person ade.q~te safe- w~ e-rthe St~Q Govem me-nt .af Uttar Pr~esh is de.sirous to i mple-ment the Nat ion.al Rural Drinking 'Water Prog,-amme. (NROWP) .af

M inistry of Orinki ~ W .at.er &: 5.ani ~ ion Gow r nml:!nt India and <:onSQquently has ini iated an Q)d;Qn.siw'I:! p.alicy raforms programme t.awards d ece.ntr<Ci!lized w~er Gove.rnance. The b.a.sic

conside.r~ ion iS th.at watt!r iS <Ci! publ ic good and e.very person has t he right to demand sal-e w.at.e.r for !hfe-ry da y dom esti<: re.quire-ment. It iS the duty of the s.t~Q Government to e-nsure that this

basic nie.e.d of the p e.ople.- iS m C!t in a syste-matic manner. Th e. 1:!mphasi.S 4S S0<:h iS more .an Publit Partnership ratherthan '2avi~ it entirely either government a.ge-n:il:!S or on c.ammertiali!~ion .af the drinking w~er. The o t her <:onside.ration iS that maintenan<:Q c.ast of the \O.Qtl:!r sup pt, systie.m should have- 4 n inbuilt romp.anent of t ross subsidy t.a en.sure th~ the, eco nomically backward

~ .aup.s 4rl:! oot depr-ived of th~ basic: minimum ne.~ s.

2.1 National Pol ic.y F(am~o(k

The. n.ational goal iS to pr-.avide. lhfl:!ry rur~ person with suffkient w ater for dr-inkin&, tooting <Cilnd other domestic b.asi<: ne-eds on a sustain.able basis. This b.asit rQquirE!ml:!nt .shout.d meet <:l:!rtain minimum w.ate.r q~lity .standards ~ d be- re.ad ily and <:onve.niently acc essible, ~ <Ci!I time.s an.cl in

aU situations.. The vision iS th.at. the potab ility, reliabilty, sustainability> <:onve.nience., Q(luity, <C!lnd c.ansum e.r's p re.ferQn<:Q should be the. guiding p rintipl l:!S while planning for 4 <:om munity b.ased water supply systE!m. He.41th based t4rgE!lS need to bie. QSl:ablished, for thera is ne.ed to establsh quality 4SSuran<:Q programme.- for w ater supply. To e.nsur-e. d rinking w~e.r security ooder 411

ct cumstan<:QS and 411 t ime.sit iS impol'Unt to have ~ altem ~Q ¥;Qt Qr suppty systQm in t he. form of grid suppl, ing bulk \'Qt er to GP' ,!/villagQS. Thie. tre.at ml:!nt <:out.d be .at. sou re e. or .at the. <lelivie.ry point. The t rit ical iSSul:!.S4rQ sustain.ability .af sour<:Q ~ d ensurirg suppfv of ~Qr. Anoth e.r iSSuQ which has <:roppl:!d up iS t he over die.pen<fe.n<:Q on ground W~Qr 4nd d e.pletion of ground w.ate.r

l w els> r-1:!SultFlg into d etie.rior.ation in the q uality of ground w~ er. Thoug h the. basic Sl:!rvi<:e. level should be die.tided in c.ansutation with the community, but the iSSuQ of equity ~ d b.a.sit minimum need be <:onside.red w hile de.signing th e. system of w~er supply.

W hile f raming pol k il:!S and dQvl:!loping Action Plan t he iSSues 4nd &uidam e. giwn under the National Poky Fr~ Q Worka.s prep.ared by the Gol wil have to be- kept i n vi~ .

2.Z Objedive of t he Sb.Jdy

The. main oqQdive of t hie. study iS W devi$e. rl:!'10n WiSQ st rat~ on Ope.r~ion and Maintename of Rur<C:11 W~e.r Supply Schl:!mQS - H.and Pumps and P~ e.d W 4tl:!r S.uppty .5cheml:!S built by various

impleme.nting ~ l:!l'KiQS viz. UP Jal N~m> UP Jal 5.an.sthan, UP Agro and St&tie. Watie.r & 5anit~ion M iSsion> to ie.nsura deliwery of regu~rand un-interrupted <frinking w.at.e.r supply to all t he nxal inhabit4nts ~ ros.s the st.at Q .

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The study iS to ~ her adQ(tu~e information on vario us issued ,e,l~ E!d to Oper.ation a nd M.aintl:!nancQ of Rural W~er Sopply- Schl:!ml:!S, manag:Qd by various ag:£-ncies in different regi-ons

of the state. ThiS will he\, in d w elop ing a f rame ,vork for future polic l:tS ~ regards to Operation a nd Maintenance o f Ru .al W!:id.er Supply Schem l:tS w i h cle.ar out functional rasponsibility of PRIS

a nd o ther ~encie.s. The obj Qc:t ivt! of the studycornpriSQo f:

i) Praparing O&M plan and str.ategy for installation of Hand PumpS and piped wata-r supply sch emQS for round the clock supply i n ord er to p revent contamination cif d OOking water in

co nvevance & distribution systffll. i~ Incorporating: t he suggl:!Sted O&M pl.an good pr~ticE!S., bl:!ing ~opted in other statl:!S for th!:!

d rinkin& water supp ly sch emE!S being tnan.atl:!d by th!:! PRI and comnuniy. ii) Oe-viSint an i mpll:!m entab ll:! modl:!I for Operation & Maint:Qnance o f Rural Water Supply

Schl:!mQS in Uttar Pradesh.

2,3 Sc.ope o-f the Wo(k

The Study broadly a ims .at assa:ssing:

a . stat us cif o&M (along With 5oci.al., Financial., Tl:!chnk.al and Institution) ~ pl:!d of th!:! schl:!me-.s.

b . V.s it of at least 2 r ural p ipQd Water Supply Schemes in each of th!:! th rl:!Q othl:!r S.tatE!S to study ,e:ood pr~t C:QS b eing follow Qd in govl:!rnance of O&M cif dm king: water supply

systl:!m$ and incorporati "' th e-.sl:! ~ far as poSSib l l:! in t h!:! O&M Policy for the Utta Pradl:!!Sh

b a-ing formulatl:!d undl:!r t hl:! study. c . Preparing a R~ion v1iSe Plan for O&M o f Ha nd Pumps, PipQd -Wata-r Supp ly Schemes -

Singll:! & M llt i vil~ e sch a-ml:!.S.

The stucfv Wil hi:!lp in assa,ssin&: th!:! c urrl:!rt status of mainta-nance and d l:!liva-ryof watl:!r suppl, in <lrffl:!rE!nt c~Slgori e-.s of schl:!mes and in <liffl:!rQnt regions o f the state,.. It will pr-ovidl:! evidl:!ncl:! basl:!d inputs for identifying fundional nl:!Qdsof various ~tivitil:!Sundl:!r d iffl:!rent c.ategori l:tS o f th!:! schl:!me.s. As such for Single villag:e schtml:! study has b e-.en ca rried ciut against the schem es maintainl:!d by different state government agencil:!S. I ,-sas also i ntl:!nd Qd to asse.ss the needs cif community manag:ed sch eme b~l:!d on demand driven app roach .

2,4 M ethodology

In ord e. to <l~elop a ccimpre:hl:!nsii.re stratl:!gy for Oper!:id.ions & Maintl:!n.ance cl rur.al w~ er SUpplyschl:!m QS and to d w l:!lop diffwent manatement mod e:ls, tSKhnical support raquirQd by th!:! ccimmunitiE!S ~ w ell as sustariable financial systl:!m.s and suppty cha.is fo r pro.ding safe a nd adequ.ate w.aterfordrinking & domestic purpOSl:tS to evl:!ry p l:!1$on rl:!Siding i n rural arl:!.as cif st.at!:! rt is necl:!Ssary th!:id. the c urrent sta us o f O&M in ra:spl:!d cif t he different types of sch emes in d rffl:!rE!nt re~ n of t h!:! $tall:! i$ studil:!d and the main probl ems b eing faced in maintenance a rl:!

~ nalyz>d.

With th!:! above co nsideration th!:! Consultant carried o ut f ield study for evidencl:! basl:!d inputs for

59 (incl udi~ 23 ~ ni-pip ed Watl:!r Sop ply 5<:hemes~ !le:hl:!mes in 40 villag:l:!S cl 23 distridS sprQQCI i n different regions of th e st~ e. Be.scll:!S, Consu ltant a lso W itl:!d t hree outside st~ QS viz. And hra

Pr~ E!Sh., Haryana and Karnataka and their se!Q.ct vilagl:!S (two villagl:!S in each s-tatl:!) to gath er i nformation ralatE!d to Operation & Maint enanca- and th!:! systl:!m bl:!in&: followi:!d irl there for th!:! Rural Ykter Supfiy 5<:hemE!S bl:!in&; managed by PRJs so 4S inccirporatl:! good pr~tic l:tS beiig

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fol lowMI there in the Model Pian for Opl:!ration & Mainten.ancl:! ~ ing d evelop&d for Rural W.ater

Sopp!v S.Chem es in Uttar PradU:h.

.:., ..... ....

S1h1r1rpur

. ... ,. OF UTT M ,1tNlEfll f *Wt'II G ll$TltlCTS: • CUIOEO II TIIES: 1"t't

The study hQ!p&d in a sse.ssini t he current staus o f maintenana an<I deliw'ry of wattr supplv scheme:s in differant types o f schl:!m ll!S and in drfferl:!nt regions of staQ.. It also help&d to provide n iden.ce b.a.s&d inputs for identifying functional ne&ds .af v~ ous cKtivitill!S oodl:!r d iffl:!rQnt

c.ategorill!S of the schl:!m l:!S. As such, for Single viii~ scheml:!S study was <~rri l!!!d o li ~ inst

scheme:s m.aintain~ bv t he state ,acen<ie.S. It ci: lso intendt!!d to cl:SSQSS the ne&ds of community mana~ scheml:!S based on demand drivt!n approcKh.

Beside~ Consultant also visite,.d three out.side st.atl:!S viz. Andhra Pr~QSn, Haryanci:~nd ~ rnataka ci:nd t heir select vilages {two villa:es in each state~ to ~ther information ra~ t&d to Op Nation & M aintenan<Q and the SV$fl:!m being follow e,d in t hera for the Rural Water Supply Schemes being mana~ by PRIS, so as incorporatt good practices b eing followed t here in t he Mod E!f Plan for Operaion & Maintenance being den loped for Rural Water Suppty 5chemes in Uttar Pradesh.

2.5 Sek!ct:ion of Villages fo, Fiel,d Study In UP

Vil~ es and rural water supply schemes for the fie-ti study in Uttar Pr~a:sh Wl:!t"e seiectl:!<I in

consut.ation w ith the Oi ractor, ~ Oo f SWSM on 03.11.2012. Thi:! vil~ l:!S' ~nd schem es short li$t l:!d cl:f'Q spre.ad in different regions of the state ci:nd being maint.aine,.d by diffl:!rl!nt st.ate

~ en<il!.S viz . UP Jal Nigatn, UP JalSansth.an ~nd NROWP an<I Hand pumps in theGPs as p l!!r dl:!tails given in the t~ble below:

SI Scheme District Jlcen,c-,y D.ate of V isit

1 GaiSdi Balr~mpur UPJN 25 & 26 Nov 2.01 2

2 Kotv.Q Bahraich UPJN 27, 28,. Nov 2012

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SI Scheme Distric.t Age n,c,y D.ateof Visit

3 Parsagaya B.ahraich UPJN 23 NOY 2012

4 Amboli Manoharpur saharanpur NROWP 25 NOY 2012

5 Kundi sahara n pu ri UPJN 24 NOY 2012

6 VeerbhanW41a Bijnore UPJN 28 N <1Y 2012

7 P~i> Sonebh.adra UPJN 4 Dec 2012

8 Jarha Sonebh.adra UPJN 3 Dec 2012

9 Ra~ arh Kasari Sonebh.adra UPJN 2 Dec 2012

10 Kuaogaon Jhansi Jal sansthan 1, 2 Q Qc 2012

11 Karvi '6ramin Chitrakoot Jal sansthan 3,4 OIK 20 12

12 Babai Jalaun Jal sansthan 5,6 OIK 20 12

13 itart1)Ur Wk!zaff~ n~r NROWP 26 NOY 2012

14 Almaspur Wk!zaff~ n~r NROWP 27 NOY 2012

15 Arsena ~,a NROWP 3 Dec 2012

16 Na~ .!>akat H.athras UPJN 7 Dec 2012

17 seehpalsan Mathur.a UPJN 5 Dec 2012

18 Bankti Basti UPJN 23 & 24 No

2012¥

19 M.-yya Varanasi NROWP 5, 6 Q Qc 2012

20 Bhiriura >clnt Ravidas N agar NROWP 13,14 Dec 2012

21 Lotad Allahabad NROWP 23, 24 Nov 2012

22 Badagaon .lau npur UPJN 25, 26 Nov 2012

23 Ramiagar Bhojpur Pratapgarh NROWP 9 Dec 2012

24 Mansachpur Kushin~ 4r UPJN 27, 28 Nov 2012

25 Shal-1)ur Harbansh Sulanp ur UPJN 14 DIK 2012

26 lnd~4 LIXknow NROWP 22 NOY 2012

27 Kathvara LIXknow NROWP 21 NOY 2012

28 Narauna LIXknow NROWP 21 & 22 Feb 2013

29 Lalpur LIXknow NROWP 21 & 22 Feb 2013

30 Day.a:lpur LIXknow NROWP 21 & 22 Feb 2013

31 Bama M.au R..ai BarE!illi UPJN 7 ~ r 201 3

32 sar.aui R..ai Bareili UPJN 7 Mar 201 3

33 5alarpur R..ai Bareili UPJN 8 Mar 201 3

34 Ha r.t hand p u r R..ai Bareili UPJN 8 Mar 201 3

35 Chandwak .lau npur UPJN 12 Mar 2013

36 Jam.ailtha .lau npur UPJN 12 Mar 2013

37 Hau, .lau npur UPJN 13 Mar 2013

38 Pepra sans.a Laltpur UPJN 16 Mar 2013

39 M~hw:ar Laltpur UPJN 16 Mar 2013

40 Maiivan Laltpur UPJN 17 Mar 2013

Field 'lriSil w~ canied o ut in .ariou.s regions o f the state, total 59 schem l:!S -14 Single Village,. 17

M ulti Vil lage & 28 M ini Piped W/5 Schemes w ere viSit:ed. Region w iSe d ~ails of scheme.s studied are g iwn below:

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Study of E:tJsringPiped Weter SvppJyxhemes in the fwrd A~ forP,eparafion o{ModeJPlan for O&M in Uttor 9/0desh ---------------------------------- 1;e...·-~ ~._,_:>,-:,.- ~ ;";.:,l"'

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SI Regi-on Region wise Sc-he me Visited Villages Oistriu:s ~ ofStheme Visit ed Cove fed Cove fed

Single N\llti ~ niPiped Vill.-e Villa,e W I<

1 2 3 • s 6 7

1 East UP 1 8 13 1 2 7

2 West, UP 4 . 3 s 4 3 Central UP 2 4 12 1 2 4

4 Bun<IS!lkh.and 2 4 . 6 4

s Bhabhar 3 1 . 3 2 6 Tarai 2 . . 2 2

To tal 14 17 28 40 23

2,6 Agency wise Sthemes Vi$ite d

W hile s elQctflg the, vil~ e fo r fie ld stu<fv .care was taken to cover t he schl:!mes of a ll the thrae State ~ en.ciS!S, who pre:sently ~re responsible for t he Operation a nd MaintenancQof rural w~ er supply. Responsibilty of construct On a nd m.ainten.ance of v.Qttr sup ply schem e in rural araa mainly lies w ith UP J.ai Nigam. UP J.ai 5.anSthan is chitrl ly r esponsible! for o peration a nd tnaintS!nanctof water supply schemS!S in B-und elkhand region. Scheme.constructed undtr Sedor Reform Pro" amme viz. Ja l H idhi ~nd Swaj.al Ohara (NRDWP} are b eing mainta ined by the ra.SpQcti\fe Gram P:anch.ay~s. Under the fit Id study sch emes of 2 7 vill~ es w ere covered o f whkh fourteen wera of UP J.ai Nigam, t hree of UP J.ai 5.ansthan and t Qn were of NRDWP. Agtncy ~ details of t he vill. san<I schemes mvered under the fi eld study are provided in the table below:

SI Agenq No. ofSchem-eVisit2d 1111~,. l);stt. Regi.ons Single Mufti Mini Piped Covefe-d Covered Coveted lllllag• Village Wf S

1 2 3 • s 6 7 8 1 UP Jal Nig.am 8 16 . 34 14 AD regions

2 UP J.ai 5.anst, han 2 1 . 3 3 Bund elkhand 3 NROW P 4 . 28 13 9 Ea<t, West.,

Central Bh.a:bhar

Total 14 17 28 50 26 . . llilJli one fhstt (SahQJQflP t.¥} wa.s v,si t12d ,n respect of two ogenoes v,L UP Jal N,gam a11d

NRDWP

2,7 M.ajo( ASpect:S o f the Fi-eld Study

Major .asped.S rMe-Wl!d undli!F the fi eld study w ere to ~ in insight into service d ef Nery iSSue.s & working of rural wat er supply schem es in the St~e. Some of the aspect whk h we-re studied for different schemes are:

( i) Ho urs o f supply p~ day d uring d ifferl::!nt seasonS; ( ii) Appr® m~e per <.a pita ~ a ilability o f wa ter pe r day ~ obSQ.Wd d urint t he $1udy; ( ii i) £!:tuity d iStrib LStion .af supply f.o r househokls loc.at 00 in d ifferent parts cf t he village; ( iv) Frequency cf breakdowns; ('U} Servi.ct> levef sat iSfaction among the beneficia riS!S, q uality & q uantity of w~ er<le livered; ('Ui) Grievances radre.ssal system, il$ monito ring and responsibility ~ nm Mt;

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('Ai> Realization of W~Qr ch.aigl:!S. (viii> OisinfQction of w~ er.

2.8 Tools fo( Data Collec.tion

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The folowin,; took for &ta coft&ction w ere used for the purpose for con&ction of information for the field study.

i) Formats for inform~ ion on schemes & on vil~e; ii) Fo rm~s for house hold survey as regard to O&M.

2.~ Household Su rvey

Household survQy to understand uSQrS perspective on the iS.Sul:!Sof performance of W&te' Supply such as f~ion & colledion of tariff, oper~ion & maintenance o f the scheme w ith bra.ak down

time, fr~uency ol chl«in~ion, h-ours of supp ly and ~ uity diStribution, c;rie\lances radre.ssal system for users, perct,:,tion .abot.i devolution to Panchay&ts for i mprovQd service delivt!ry, coping cost for improved water supply etc. was carried out.

2.10 Visitof Othef States

For t h e study on man~ ment of rural water suppy sch eml:!S in the <lifferent parts of n~ion,

consulAnt ~ v~itQd three !!~ ~ duri°' the November & Oec embt!r 2012, vJith the t hreC!o to four other miembel'$from diffe,rent d epartments .as no min.at:Qd by SWstJI .

.a) Mr. N.C. Pan<IQy Sen ior Consut.ant PHE of DAS (India> viSi ed Banglora (K.arn.at.ab> from OS.11.2012 to 08.11.2012 . Durio& the v iSit he, revilQvled two Rt...-al W.ater Supply Scheme -

(i> Single, Vil~ e PipQd W.ater Suppy (Pumping) Sche,me for lddolhonda (T.aluk Khanpur> being maintained byGP/VW SCsince March 2007, and

(ii> M ulti Viii~ (Single P.anch.ay.at> PipQd Water Supply Gravity Scheme for Pet Jambati vil~e (Taluk Khanpur) b eing maint.ained byVM SC.

b> Mr. J.S. Kushw.aha senior Consult.ant PHE of DAS (India.) viSitQd Olandi~rh (Haryana> f,um 07.ll.201 202 to 09.11.201 2. During the vi.sit he r~i~ ed two Si ngle Village W.atE!!r Supply Sch eml:!S w ith tube well assoul'tie. Th ese sch eme.s wers- handed ow r to the respect we Gram Panch~ .ats but later o n w ere retume<f back by t he,m to PHEO Hary.ana as t hQy w ere reluctant

to maintain these.

c~ Mr. K.K Kapoor Consultant PH E of OAS (India) visited Hyde.ab~ (Andhra Pr~esh> from 19.1l.20 12 to 23.11. 2012. M r. K.apoor.also viS:ited two Rural \lkter Supply Schtml:!S- (i> M ulti Vil~ e Piped W.ater Supp"' Sche,me (Gravity cum Pumping) for Siddipt t and other vill~ es (DiStt. M Qdak>. The Oper~On & Maintenance, of th e scheme was being lookQd .after by RWS & S O~artm ent of Andhra Pradesh sincQ commissioning of the schem e in December 2001, .and (ii~ M ulti Village, PipQd W.ater Supply S:hemQ (Pumpind for Nalgo nda Rural Drinking W~ er Supply (Distt. N.algorda>. Due to constraint of time, Consultant could visit sourcQ & treatment

works onl,.

Ths- findings of these studie,s are d ealt se,par~ ely i n the !I.JcceQ.ding chapts-rsof thiS rQport .

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CHAPTER-3

Rural Water Supply i n Uttar Pradesh & Present Status

3. Hi:Sl:ory of Rural W.at:erS.u pply Programme

At the time of independence d rin~ w~ er supply systems mostly remaintid confined to urban sector o nly. Piped w~ er supp~f~f ity \1QS provid£H:f in some o f the major urban towns and h ill st4tions as well a s cantonments. HoWever bv the be'1nning of the Third Fiwe Year Pian d emand for providing safe ~ ter to the rural population was raised in t he Parliament as well as the St.ate Assemblil:!S. There 4fter a pibt projed w ith the ~ iSUlnce o f UNICEF a nd the Wo rld He.alth Organil~ ion (WHO~ fo r five v illages loc.ated il diff~ ent i eogi:aphic.ally bc.ations of the Stat e nameff Hills; Central and Western part and in rocky 4rQaS4S well as il the Eastern parts of the st4te w ere under taken. Based on t he a.periE!ncQS ~ ined and t he tQ.chnobgy ~ ailable in the c.ountry the d l:!Sign norms were decided. In all these i:rojects the strl:!SS was mainly to involve the c.ommunity ~ all st,agl:!So f Planning, lmplE!mentation4 nd even o n Operation & M~ ten4nce. The proje<t for the vi~ es s.,~anda and !>ahi bpur was a notable el<ample of t he initial efforts ma~e in thiS d iredion wherein people got the safe water and pad fo r it to the Ellttent th~ the W~ er supplycomrrittee o f the village has suffic ient mon{!y as balance.

3.1 t..a:unehing Ru ral Water Supply Progt.amme

The traditional sources in the rural .at"QaS mainly met the d.omestk and <:I rinking \l,Q;t er dE!man<f .of rural inhabitants. However, the incr'5ased d emand fo r irrig~ ion due to Green RQvo fution .. coupled With depletion of sour<&s d ue to short-fall in monsoon, 4nd over e:idr~tion of gro und w~ er re.suited into scarc ity of d rinking w~ er due to w ells becoming dry 1:!Sp lS!c ially during the summer season.

In 19 70 the GOI launched rural w:ater supply program. Plannilg for providing safe water in vill~es having scarcity of w~ er was started. As a f irSt step in t he year 1972 the Govt. 11"2de the st4tes c4rry o ut \lil lage w ise SUrv{!y which could be categorized into water sc.arcity viH•s as per criteria laid d own by t he gowernment. These <riteria wertt mainly d efined on the b~ of the <listan<e of the w~ er sources from the vilage habitation, the d epth of w~w below gr.aund 4 nd the IQw'E!I difference of the sou~es in the hills - v illagl:!S il which W4ter source d ol:!S not eXiSI: w ithin 1.6 km or up to 15 m depth in plains an<I 100 m ele~ ion ., hil~ as w ell as o n prevalence of w~~ bom diSt!aSl:!S l ike d i.a:horea, gu;,ea, worm a-tc. On this basis in the then state .of Uttar Pr.adl:!Sh (incLding t he 4 reas now il Uttar4kharid~ around 3950 6 vill~ s were identified as the SC4rcityvill,a:1:!S. In 4 r~SUrvQy carried o ut in 1985 number of scarcity vill~ es incr'5ased to 78050 of whCh 11642 were in hills. Considerable progress was made, in p roviding piped safe w~ er supplyto a ll thl:!Sew~er scarciyvilla;gl:!S .

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3.Z V.atious Rural Wat er Sup-ply Programme

Various proyams,. nameJy, Minim um Needs Programme (MNP~ & AccE!le-rate<I Rural W.ater SuppJv {ARWS~ wer-e launche<I to provide <hink'.ing w.ater supply to rural co m munities. W ith the <le-velop ment of India Mark -2 hand pumps it became possible to provide .at least a safe w.ater source at a m uch lmt/Qr cost. Under the, MirimunrNeed progsamme \t/he re in providing !afe water supply to a l the vilagE!S was in::lu<IQd as t he s kth item of the programme, the criteria ~ s to provide o ne h.and pump to e~h habil~ ion @ 250 perS.ons. A lar~ num ber of hand pum ps w ere bored aid c.ommiS.sioned in the vill~ s.

In all these pr,ogr~ s, the \jl llage was considered as a unit a nd to s~rt \OJith, criteria fo r <lefiring water scarcity vill.~es were spelt o ul. It was o bserved that while most .of t he maW'I villae:es were pr.avid ~ with safe wate-r s.ource the surrounding habit.ations w ere left With hardly any !afe sustainable water sour.ct'. SubsQquent ly, under R.ajiv Gandhi Rural Drinking Water Supply miS.sion ( 1933),. the habitations w ere ~ e the uni for providing d m king: wate r supply system in pl~e- .of vill~e.s as the unit. Initially, t he t.arget was to provide drinki°' wate-r supply .only in scar.city vill~e-s,. whi<h was afterward t:!Xpanded to .cove r all vil~es.

3,3 Emerging Oper.)t:i.onal l,gsues

These e-ffo rts under various progr~ s fo r providing d rinking \11.ater supply in rural araas were basicaU, supply d riven a nd at no stage t~ community fo r w hi<h tho se, syste ms were <!Qveloped had been im,olved. With the prevailog wQJfare .con.cept t h.at, "w.ater i.S a free gift o f natu re", the .c.ontribution by t he community in meetin& the .aper.at ion and maintenance .c.ost of t hl:!Se systems was a non i.ssue. This resulted int.a a heavy financial burde,n o n t he State EkchQ{luer, whi.ch, ~ best, c.ould meet the d eman<I partially resulting into poor o peration and mainte nance. Also , it was physicalfy not possEle f.or any .organizati.on to monitor day-to-day o perations o f a ll t hl:tSe systems. sew ral systems su.ch as keeping com plaint r~ er fo r d rinking water at the block he~ ~ uarte~ giving sef addressed stamped post c.ar<ls to vii~ perSonnel etc w ere tri&d b ut w ere not very suc.ce:ssful

3.4 Supply V/S Demand Resp-on:Siwe App-ro.a.th

With the la rte number of water s upply systems it bMamQ increasingly diffk ult for the s~te.s to bear the cost of maintenance .of a ll such systems a s t here was hardly any revenue ea med f,um them to ensure effic ient maintenan.ce. It was realized t hat the community nQQds t.o be involved ~ an the st~es of the system so t h.at they start owning the system as their own and feel the neceSSity o f maintaining at their co.st. It was dkid&d t hat instead of the supply d ritfen .appro~ h, the d Qmand rasp.onsive a:ppro.ach be adopted wherein t he comm unity «iml:!S forward d emanding water s upply indi<ating their w illin&'nl:!SS t.o participate a nd contribute to the projQc:t as well as sus~in the e.stabliS:hed systems.

In 199~ 97, with assistance o f the ¥Jarid Bank a projl&t basQd o n d emand respon.sive S!.'3ply was undertaken in Uttar Pradl:!Sh; fo r the f irst time in the c.ount ry. The raquirement was t hat the co mmunity has t.o contribute at lea.st l °"of the c.ost of the ~ em aid h.a:ve to maintain rt ~ their end, o ut of aarnir¢S from the waterchar~ s. The project included vari-ous activities such .as constituting t he vilage watE!F supply and sanitati.on committees which w ere rasponsible fo r collQc:t ing .c.ommunity contribut ion; p rocurement o f a ll m.aterials rQquir&d fo r co mpletion of a ll works; .commiSsioning the system and finally maintaini~ it on its .own. SQl/eral commu nity cap~ity buiding adi\jlties were the part o f t he p roject. Few hundr&d such systems were commiSSiont!(j an<I maintained by the .community. B.ased .on the succE!SS of the project the GOlA:. of India dQc:ided t.o laun.ch thiS .as c.ountry v ide p r.ogr~ me under the n.ame <» swaj.aJ Dh.ara .

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HoWQwer, t he benefit of providing ¥.Qter s upply under various pr.agr~ s is that the demand fo r safe and pot4ble water supply is cre.atl:!tJ in rural are~ .and now more people express their ra.sentment in case they are not satisfied Wih the, servke dtlivery either bl:!<ause .af p.oor ~ intenancl:!' .ar ina<leq~ yof .aid systems. ThiS h~ rtsulted int.a char,ge in the concept w here by the State Govt. has not t.a f unction~ provider but t.a ad .as faci itat.ar for meeting the <lrinlci,g water d emand of the c.am munity.

3.5 House Conn.ec.tion V/S Kand Pump5;

In the s.wa jal Projkl ~ t he supply h~ to be demand responsive it '"'4S observed tha in some vill~e.s while some habitations demanded piped water supply wi h house h.ald connecti.ans s.ame habit~ions were not \11iling t.a c.antribt.rl:e the 10% .af the cost ~ they f.aund i bey.ond t~ ir c.apacity to bear the higher w.ater charges .af such systems. They d em.anded they will be satisfiQd if hand pump supp~ is pr.avid Qd to them. In some viii.aces where the eco nomically WQakl:!r section of the society agra,ed to bear t he water c harges but show ed inability to bear the capital cost, contributo ry piped vsae,r system.s were installed. Fortunate¥ by this time small d iaml:!'ter submersible pumpS cap.able of lifting small d iS:chaiglS!S from the, sm.all bora tub e wt!lls startQd being manufac:turad in the «iunt ry. As such to meet the varying <lemands of the vari-ous habit~ions in the same vill~ e, both hand pumpS and p iped wate r systems were p ltl'vided. Dul:!' to non av:ailabih-y of power for .a<!equate numberS of hours Wl the village.s in piped water systems small p::,wer generators with SS'lgle p h~ e power supply were also provkled. tt ""'a.s .absE!f'Ved th.at where house, connQ:tions are _given t he rQcovery of \IIIQter charges is regular 4nd more as ~ inst the hand pum p supply and mostly there was h.ardly any regular co ntribution f rom the house hold served With hand pump .

3.6 state Vision fo l' Rural Water Supply

The Government o f Utt4r Pradesh is committed to ach ieve t he drinking W..ittr security .at household IQriifels. The viSion iS to provide safe- <!rinking water fo r a ll a nd to ensure per-manent drinking w~ er SQ:uriy in rur.al Ind~. Drinki~ ~ tQr SQ.curity through m'2Stlres to improve/au'1'Tient a isting drinking water sour<&s and conjundjye, use of ground water; surl~ ewater .and rain ~ te:r han1estin£ (based o n vil~ e w.ater budgeting and security pl.an prepared by the c.ammurity/ Jo<:al ~ vernment ) iS to be e-nsursd. Enabling <:ommunities to monitor .and maintain surveillance o n t heir<lrinlci,g w.ater sources; providing environment fo r Panchayat Raj Institution and local commutities to manage their own drinking wate,r sour<:es and systems is raquirad. The rQa.SOn is that bcal government in partnersh ip "4th rural com munities shall p~ n, design,. construd; o perate a nd maintain t heir water supp~ x he:me.s so that t h~ get: potable

water.

3.7 sttat-egy for Rul'al W/S St.hemes in uttar Pl'ad esh

In acc.ardan<e With the p rincipal of decli!ntraluation proviS;ion has been made in 73' 4 CAA f.ar involving Pan<:hayat Raj lnsti utions (PR.i$) in plann ing, implement~ ion .and managt!ment .af v:ario u.s social a nd economic developrru!nt .adivitit!S includir,g developing community w~ er supply systl:!ffls. Bt!Sidesit, inte,r ala ; ensu rad provision of approp riate powt!rS and responsibilities to local insti utionS for self governance. The Govt. of India h~ adviSed the Statli! Govwnments that o peration & maintfflance adivities of drinking water supply x hwne be, carriQd o ut by the PRIS. Guidet.nes f.ar the transfer of .aper.ation of water supp ly systems t.a the PRIS u nder t he n M strategy of Govt. of lndi.a 4mo n_g otherthingS, covers the foUowin_gaspkl::

i) Pro<:edura forhand i.,g ont the x hemes t.a PRIS,

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i~ Selection of sch emes for transfere.nce to GPs, ii) Financial, Technic.al Support to b e. prOll(ided bythe. government,

iv) Monitoring blf t he. Orep.artm e.nt, ¥) Respon.sibilities of th QGPs.

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The. prase.nt study is the.re.fore. intended to gather .adQ(tu.atQ evi<fence. <in all thesQ iSSUQS <:ombinft'd wih the e.xp erie.nce gathe-re.d o n simil.ar sche.ml:tS m.anaged by the Up J.al N~m .and other age.nc i l:tS. It iS .also propose.cl to <le.ve.1-op fr.amM ork for future. po licies 4S r~ .ards to O pe.ration & Maintenance. of Rur.al W.atE!r Supply Sche.me.s, with cle..ar<ut fund io nal rasponsibilitie.S of PRIS .and UP Jal N~ .am &: UP Jal 5.an.sth.an.

3.8 Ctitie.at 1ssu-es on RYi.lS

0 1:tSpitQ huge invQ.Slme.nt in rur.al w.ate.r supply sector, ~ te.r supply schemes initi.atQd under gove.rn me.nt programmQS h.ave not be.en s ust.ain.able fin.an-cially .a:nd ope.ration.al ly-. The. sche.me.s

.ara not providing s e-rvicQ to thQ sati.Sf.adion of use.rs. As .a re.suit, the. u~ rs .are ge.m!r.ally ralucta nt to pay fo r thQ f.aciltie.s th~ .are using. Furthermore., the.re iS no policy .as re:,ards to col S!ction of t.ariff to me.et .all t!XpQnSE!S ful y o n ope.ration and mainte nance. of rural w.ate.r supply from the. <:.onsum e.rs. M.aint e.nan<:Q of the. sche.mQ by providing subsidy for m.ainte n.ance be.comes the. rasponsibility of thie. st.atie. gowrnmt!nt. In ddd ition, th e Goy ernme-nt has .also to b~ r t h e. <ost fo r rahabi l .ation in case.of b re..akdowns.

The. major i~e.s b eing ~ e.d in Rural Water Supply s ecto r .and which ne.ed to be ~ dressed in

policy m.aki°' .are. .as undie.r:

.a) There. is .a consider.able. drffe.ren:e. be.tWl!en ~tual servi<Q !eve.I .at house.hol<f .and <le.signed

service l~ el. b) Sust.ain.ability of soi.r<QS .and systems .are the. two m.ajor constr.aints in .achieving thie. goal of

providings.afe w.ater to .al. <) In t he .absen-ce o f .a SE!nSQ of own e.rsh'1 uSE!r$ .are. not e.xartiSing t he o p portunity 4S

<onsume-rs to demand b etter service de.livery. It iS .alja o n e. of the raasons in the d Q'\l"Qlop me.nt o f more effkie.nt .and lower <OSt o ptions fo r servi<e de. livery.

d ) R.apid growth in popul.ation .and incre4Sing d e.m.and for higher servke IQve.l With dep letion in fresh w.ate.r sources for vater supply programme iS likely to b e. t he. major f.adors in meetflg

the- future dem~nd. e ) Thie. other f~iors which are. <ontributing in deterior.ation of W.ai:E!r supply s ervices .a:nd non

.a~ ii.ab ilty o f <l t!!Sign ie.d SQ rvic Q <I e. livery .are:

OvE!r dependen-ce o n £:round w.ate r, Depletion of ground ~ Qr level,

Drying of sour<QS rl:!St.Ating in systems ~ ing <ftrlund, Qu~ ty p roblem due. to dep leting sour<:QS,

Lack of prot ection o f <:.a:tchm e.nt are.~

Emph.asiS o n c re .a:ting nM systems but poor m.an~ ment of Erosting systems, Poorowne-rship f e.eliogof water supply systems&: sour<e:s .amo ng rur.al co mmunity,

Poor operation & m.aint en.an< Q .and m.anagem ie.nt of syst ems.

3.~ Ptivate SettO.f P.artic.ip.ation

Prill.ate Sector p.artkipation in o per.ation .and maintenance. of rur.al w.ater supply svste.m iS difficuh Sin<Q .any such p.articipation \Olould involve. t he r&aliz.ation of ~ equ.ate raturnS ~ .ainst <.apit.al .and

labor inve.stQd by t he party. In thi.S -c:onn e.dion_, the N.ation.al Policy framework fo r rural w~ e.r

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supplycle4rfy lays d own t he f.o llowing:

"The ethic. of fulfillment of dl'i nking water needs to all should not be c.omme,ciali:i.ed and den ted to thO!-e who (.lnnotaffol'd to pay fo-1' Su.eh senti<.e',

'Ol'ink"!: wat el' supply uinnot be 1-eft to t he mal'ket fol'US alone. The impo.rtan-c.e of ptoviding l ntelih-o-od supply to all and its vital linkage v,ith the health of the people m~ be te,c.ogiized '.

' As sudi the emphasis is more on Public.Pl'ivate Partne~hip (sud'I as between Gram Pant.hay.ti: and PHEO for in viii.age di:StributiGn of dl'inking wate,1 l'ather th.an t.Offlm-erc.ializ:ation of d,inking v,atersup.ply by pl'ivate agencie:S'.

'User !hal'ge::S of the water sup-ply system shoukl have an i n-buih:c.omponent of u ~ :SuMidy to ensure t hat the e-conomiully b.adn,.ral'd group5; al'e notdeptive-d o f the b.a:si.c. mini mum need'.

Thus priv~ e sedor p4rticip~ion in rur.at water supply gE!tS lim i:Qd to the a tent of m rporate so-c:i41 responsibihy underi4ktn by 4ny pri.ate sector .agency. That, in f~t , Wil invo lve participation in d a:sign, p14nniig, financi~ 4nd implE!mentation of rucal \•.Qttr supply p rojeds in .ara4S of -c:on-ctrn to the priv~t sector undtrco,poratt soci.al responsibility.

3.10 PtesentS.tatus

In Utt4" Pradesh there .are 260110 habit.at ions o f w hich 245848 .are ful y cowred .and 14262 .are

with parlilol « •v•rat• of popu~lion. Th•ra ~"' ~rou nd 1731 (U PJN Odob•r 2012 R•pori! pipod water suppl, systt ms mostly implemented o n t he supply b4Se<I 4pp ro~ h.. In M-dition we 4'so have around 156869 h40d pumpS in t he habitations having pipe v.Qter suppl, serving populaion .as well 4S p roviding 4 lt to.rn~ivQ so ...--c:es of \O.Q;t:Qr supply .at time when pow er in not .av~ilable. Most of thE!St pipQd \O.Q; t:Qr Sup ply systems 4re f.ai rly oi'J 4n<I need rehailit4tion / .augment~ioo / Q):tenSion to i nsure 4de<tu~ e r egular \O.Q;ttr supply for 411 thl:! h4bit4tionscovered by these. Thi:! effi:ien,cyof Household in the ex iSti r,J:: PWS schem es is.also .a m4jor iSsue both fl terms of no. of con n ed ions sought 40d supply e-ffic. ie n,cy.

3.10 .l c:apit:al Worfts & Their status

As per A nnu.al Report for the y ear 2012 o f UPJN the tot41 no . of h.and pumps inst41100 in the St.ate, .a.son 31.12.2012, iS4ro ood 23 .69 lacs thereby l:!nSuring conrageof hab itati-ons e ither with pipQd water supplrr or Wrth both to the extent of nin~y percent of tot41 no. of h4bi ~ io~ . As. p er Odob er 20 12 report of UP Jal Nig.am, out of piped Wal: Qr supply schemas onty schemes .are working fu lly i.e. -covering 411 t he rilagE!S 4S initi4lly p14nn td in t he project while, sch e,mes .are working p4rtially i.t. -covering few vi lag es 4nd not 411 .a:s plaM ed., t he r1:!m4ini\g 4reclosed i.e. not working at .al . The d ~ 4iled scheme wiSe p resent condition show ing no. of sc.heme:s, h.abit~ions -covered., 4n<I population cover~ With pipQd w.ater supply .ag4intt tot.al population including the no. of hand pump.s .and their Qstim.ated cost 4S p erye4r o f -co nstruction,. (not t he present -c:ost), is given fl T4ble -l b e,low (0~4 .a:s per UPJN Report October 2012~ .

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SI Name o f Total N o . Sc.hemes VJorki ng Total Pop.ulatio Population No. o f Bti mat2-d

Zone/Oi.sttit.t of Status n Total s«ved H>nd Cost in

SGhe mes Fully Partial a- Habitat- Pu mps

d ions Rs uokhs l 2 3 • 5 6 7 g 9 10 11

l AGRA/7 360 71 244 45 2352 3369914 2 7D907 23455 9 314 .19 (Agra, Etah, M ai

puri, r..-.ou b.ad, Hathra$h, Mathur~ At.garh)

2 AUAHABAD/7 257 8 2 164 11 7345 3532340 94 2541 4-0443 11376.51 (Allahabad, F.at l:!hpur, Kaushmbi,

M irzapur,

Pratap,garh,

Sonbh.adra, Ravid.as ~ gar)

3 GORAKHPU R/7 194 145 41 8 199 1 1437311 534444 14274 9 708.90 (Gorakhpur,

Sidharth Nag.ar,

Basti, S.t. Ka ir Hagar, Mah.ai:aj

Ganj, Kushi Hagar., 01:!ori.a)

• FAIZABA0/ 8 1 17 6 3 so 4 324 7 1257170 1062385 8517 5203.4 3 (AmE!thi, Sult~npur.,

ea ra b.an ki, A mb l:!d kar N a;ga r, Bahra ich,

Balrampur,

Shrava.sti, Gonda

5 GHAZIABAD/ 8 73 38 33 2 330 11 2962 14240 770 6 3675.13 {5aharanpur.,

M uzaffarnag.ar,

Sha ml~ M l:! rrut,

Baghpal, G.8. Nagar, Hapur., Bulandshaha,)

6 JHANSl/ 7 215 173 37 5 532 86 779 6 361754 8 178 12606.00 (JaJaun Jhan.si.,

Lalitpur., Banda,

Chitrakoot, Mahob.a, Hamir .... ur\

7 KANPUR/6 99 34 24 1 516 471214 418156 618 7 44 19.32 {F.arrukhabad.,

~ nnauj, Au i:aiya,

Etawa,. Kanpur

Ha• ~r Kanour

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~t?rt~ Final Report

Study of E:tJsringPiped Weter SvppJyxhemes in the fwrd A~ forP,eparafion o{ModeJPlan for O&M in Uttor 9/0desh -------------------------------- 1:e...·-~ ~._,_:>,-:,.- ~ ;";.:,l"'

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SI Name o f Total r10 . SclK-mes VJorki. ng Total Pop ul.ltio Population No. o f Zone/Disttit.t of Status n Total Se<ved H>nd

SGhemes Fully Partial a- Habitat- Pu mps

d io ns

l 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9 10 Oehat)

8 LUCKNOW/4 1 51 38 91 22 2563 000 000 10878 (~ khim pur, Hardo t Raibara il ly, Unnao ~

9 M ORAOABA0/4 46 34 12 0 319 470103 360762 3247

{ Sij nor, Mo r.adaba d, Rampur, Badaun~

10 VARANASl/ 7 319 14 2 154 23 985 3 5177521 23188 18 33979 (~ llia,Azam'"rh, Mau, V.aran.a$i, Ch~ a 1.r1l i, Jaunpu r, Ghazip ur~

Total 1791 820 850 121 29552 16742331 6334007 156869

~ : Pt:Jpw'a bol\, Sffved popuf.atiOll Jor Pra ftlpga h, Sonbhadra, S;,;;thir th Nag.ar,. Bast,~

Gorakhpur,. D«tn·a,. Bahmkh,. Sa.han:u\Ow,. M uzjfernago.r,. Hapur,. JdoW'l,. JhanSi,. Ch,'t.r*<lot,.& Ho.mUp w,. we 11ot cwojJabk & ha ve 11.0 t bee,i »lcluded,. while ;11 ADahabad .Wile to to! populatiOll ;s r-epo,ttd a s ser ved. (,vh.idl ;s .i'I oll lkJ;fv,od ;11e1c~ ra te)

3,10 ,2 Operational Stab.JS (AS per UPJN ReportsJ

Fu rther, detailed .analySiS of a l pip ed w~ er supply schem l:tS a s f)\fe n i n Od o ber 2012 raport .af UP Jal H iga m shows t hat:

(i) AJ. ~ inst tot.al 30 52 tube wells in th l:tSe system.! .anly 25:(l (83~ ~ are op e-ra tional.

(i) AJ. again$t total 1866 d ear Wate-r Reservo • / On rhead Tanks o nlf 18 29 (9~ ) ara p resently put to use.

(ii~ AJ. ~ inst to t.a:1 37264 km ofdis:tribution ne,,tw:irk only 25316 km iS: bein,; used.

(W~ Th ea no. of tot.al ho use c.annections i n all the sch e-mes iS aro und 242985 w hich works out to c1round 26.8~ o f total no. o f house,hold.s (taki n£ sew n perxin.s per household the, no . .af households for thea t .atal popul~ ion SQrved work<iut .a$ 904858~ only.

(~ The tot.al no. o f s tand po sts iS 3583 3.

('iii) Th e total no. o f hand pu mps in villagQS cowrE!d u nder t hese sche mes iS: 156-869. Thus h.a:nd pu mps .a:b ng w ith st.and posts total (19270 2:) serves almost .all t hat part of p.ap ulation whk h do .a not pay .any w.ater chargQ$. Thi.s wo rk .aut to 1348914 t.aking ea~ h stand post .and h.a:nd pu mp stwes (250+250~ 500 populatic,n ~ .around 71 houSQhold.s.

('illi i~ Th Q t.arge,te,d revenuQ col le-ctio n fo r the ye.ar 2011-12 is Rs 9 79.8 2 l.akhs (@ Rs 20/ month p e,r house connection; taking SO~ of last ye.a,s 4nd 60% of curre nt d u ll!S,

th e- tar~ ted r evenue f.ar t he y e.ar iS: fixE!d). Against t hiS th e co l lE!d io n iS Rs 162 !19 l~ s vAtich m eans 4 rou nd 16. 54~ of tot.al rwenue t.arget has b een collect ed t ill t he month .af

Octobe r 201 2.

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Bti mat&d Cost in

R, L>kh• 11

11187.22

2344.66

134 31.63

83267.59

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SI

l

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

(lliii~ Th e: funds m.ach:! a¥ailabh~ by thQ HQ for O&M of thE!$e sch e:mQ.S is Rs 707 .65 lakhs almost 4.37 t im es of thQ amount <.ollQd:Qd f,om the bQn~iciaries.

(k ~ Th Q «x.pe:nditurQ on O&M of a l these: schfflles iS Rs 4327.95 lakhs i.Q. about t\llQnty SQW n

ti mes of thQ r evQnuQ collected or in oth er words the: collection 4S ~inst expenditure! is a"nost 3.75~ . No system w ith thiS IQ'W'el o f r ecovery (which does not indude power charges~ can sustain by itsef (The summarized zone wi.se details o f various scheme.s iS enclosed 4S

Table - 2.

IahlttZ

~me of Zorn No.of Tube No. of Oi:Sttibution No. of Revenue Revenue Funds Wel ls Oll OHT km Conne,tions Targeted Colle<t ed From

Total Wol'kin: Total rkin T o tat iJ-ofki n HOu:S Sta nd Oct'IZ

g • ZDll-12 HQ Conn Post

z 3a 3b .,, .,, Sc Sb 6c 6b 7 8 9

Agra 882 649 3 56 329 5680 3015 339 2 193

280.08 1696 50.39 2 5

Allahabad 413 371 287 287 8076 5-481 6220 740

2 29.48 34.08 336.38 7 4

Gora:hpur 233 219 191 191 2813 2 522 5536 566

40.37 6 .50 2 3.20 8

Faizab~ 1 57 143 114 113 3224 19 24 6849 430

91.98 3.03 149.96 8

Ghaz;abad 89 80 75 75 1249 1107 220 35 8 ]0 55.69 7.81 64.47

Jhan.si 339 311 246 238 202 5 15 54 2445 2 18

• 20.62 1.08 3 7. 21

Kanpur 100 95 58 57 1391 1080 1062

990 24.58 1 5.24 44.26 3

Lucknow 280 169 15 5 155 4996 2 707 1178 616 13.22 11.78

Moradabad 60 60 6 5 65 746 553 1179

494 46.83 14.73 1.78 7

Varanasi 493 4 33 3 19 319 7064 5 373 7578 6 21

176.97 50.88 7 3

Total 3052 2530 1866 1829 ~- 2531 :,429-8.'5 35833 979.82 162.09 707 ,65

6

~: Revelue Ql'ld col1ecti o11 J;gw-es ase ill Rs lacs.

3.10 .2.1 Reservo-i~

As per st~e st~ iStks 2011-12the tot.al number of P.anch~ s in the state i.S 52905 and t he tot.al number of habitations iS 260110 4S on .aveca£e ea-c:h P.a;ncha yats has 4.92 habitations. The numbw of i nhabi ated vill~es iS 9:700 7 i.e. t ~ h P.anch.ayat on an average h.as around 1.85 vill~e.s or ~ und 10 to 12 habitations. I may b e d iS:puted that t hat law of avera.ges c.a;nnot be applied in such cases bl.A we have deliberately shown theSi! calculationS to show that in case the

i ntern.al diStribution syste:m and co l ection of water chargas ha.s to bt donQ by ea<.h Pan:h~ t, th e number of C'WRs/OHTs for that Panchayat haw to be provided, w hich really means c.onstroction of a lmost equal numbw of St!!l'Vice rasen10irs, that eitiSt a t p resent.

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Elepeod - t ul'e ti Oc.t 'U

10

9 95. 7 5

~250 .72

58.8 3

476.4

2 61.11 142.0

0

66.24

602.0

150.5 6

524.2 5

1327.95

Final Report


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3. 10 ..Z.Z ElCU!SS~ eStand Post

The td al number .af stand poSts p rovi<fQd in piped W~ llY supply sdiem e:s is 3583 3 and the population servQd is 633400 7 (Tab» -1~ i.Q. onQ stand pos-t iS p rovidQd for ~h 177 p.apul~ion aknost at thl:! saml:! norm at which han<f pumps arl:! provided. As. such the demand for ho use c.annl:!ctions i$ lim ited and only in houses Whl:!rl:! t he pl:!r capita consumption o f w~ e,r is more than 40 lpcd t he dtmand for houseconn& tion.ariSl:!.S. For a piped w~ e,r supply system to be, run by GP .aur c~ ul~ions b..as&d on ob.servations done, SQpar~e,ly for scheml:!S in diStrid s.aharanpur a nd ~ a a t least 40 to 60 % popula tion m USI: be :Served with house (.O(lnection:S. Thus f .ar ensuring f in.ancialy Su.stain.able systl:!m.S,. the no. of stand posts neQds t.a be reduced a1d adequ.ate, water charge.s as per paying c~ ity need to be realizQd from household served With stand posts & han<I pumpS.

3, 10 ..Z.3 High No. o f Hand Pumps

The Td al no. of hand pumpS provid&d in p'31:! W.atl:!r suppty schl:!m l:!S iS 156869 as ~ flst

population servl:!<f 6334007 a1d tdal popu~ion of 16742331 (Table -1~. This m eans t h~ onl:! hand pump iS prOOded for l:!~ h 106.73 persons of total population and 40. 38 peGons for each served population. ThiS d e.arty shows that With the a-,a il.able no . .af hand pumps,. the pll:!r capita ra<::iuirl:!ml:!nt .af w.atl:!r @40 lpcd a.s pl:!r norm f.ar p rovid ing hand pump$ co uld b l:! ml:!t Ql/1:!n if aknost ha lf of hand pumps rl:!main o ut of opl:!J:ation. We can say t h.a:t thl:! hand pump.$ work as altern.a:tivl:! source o f w.a:ter supply when poWl:!r iS no t avail.able but in use the dem.and fol' house c.o-nneetions has to be inc.l'ea.sed perhaps the l'e is ne-ed for deu easing the no . of h.tnd pumps.

3. 10.3 c:apit:al Worfts and Their Pl'e~ nt Strtu:S (As per Field Survey !

W e ha.re in earlil:!r paragraph g iven in t h l:! details of capi al works and t hl:!ir prS!:S l:!nt .statu.s as

reported in °'tobll:!r 20 12 rl:!port of UPJN. We a lso carried out fi l:!ld survl:!y based on which the status o f Wbrks as pl:!r officQI rQoco,d an<f as observed during survl:!y iS reported. Thi:! d ll:!t.ails are availabl i:! in Ann~r~ lAand thesumrmri!Qd portion iSas: below.

(A, UP 1.al Nigam Sc.hemes

.,; • r10.of Tube c - c 0 ,lJ .Q Well:S

..._ • ~ ~ -3 - .,, • ... ] • "' c ,

.!! • .. ~ .!! .II 0 , c E c ..

SI ,

0. ·wi,~ .. :,: .., ! :,: ~ : .. • .s ~ .. :e :,: ~ 0 0 "o 0. .. ~

fl c 0 ti .. c ~ ] .x .. " c .. 1 3; i 0 i 8 0. 0

.:l 0 3; cl z ... ~ z z 1. Af pe, 199759 1742.50 474 24 31 8 26 48 6 3915

~ ords 2 . .. pe, Fiel< 217 24 30 9 26 3'31 4 260

Observations

~: i) Popul~ ion iS for 22 schemasonty; for 2 schemes it i$ not givl:!n.

.. OAS>

ii) In scheme c,f OiStrict Kushinagar (Man.sa dih.apar) t here iS onty 1 TW as a:;ainst 2 as p l:!r records and in dlStrict Bijnor {Virbhanw:aJa~ no. o f TW s i.S 2 as against 1 asper r& .ards.

iii) In scheme of Di.strict Kushin.agar (Mansa Chh.apar~ scheme as per r& .ards iS clo:s:Qd but 4S pl:!r .survey it is workir¢vln district Mathur.a (Shl:!l:!.sh Pal.son~ OHT is darmpd and not in working condition .

Page / 20

.,, c .. 0. :,: E -0 , .. 0 z

2776

2906

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(Bl NRDWP Sc.heme•

SI GP N.ame Sth-eme Type Sbitus Report

l 2 3 • l, Amboli Man«lar pur PWS Thert are 2 pip l'!d w~ tr supply schem ll!S in t his G.P.,

.one iS at Amb.o5 villa:-e and other iS ~ Manoharpur.

{DiStrid 5.ah.ar-.anpur~ Both t he s<hemQS are runni ~ w ith O.H.Ts o f 100 KL & 240 KL rQSptdively. In A mb.oli th era art 10 stand p-osts & 450 House c.onnections. In M.anoh.ar-pur there iS 1 stand post w ith 450 HC. 5chtrne is beir,g maint.ained by

G.P. No ravtnue iS c.ol t d l:!d nob<>dy p.ays the chaig;ll!S. 'Wate r qu.ality iS t,ood. There.are 37 H.P.'5 in th t G.P.

2, Rampur PWS 5cheme is r unning and being maintainl'!d by V LWC of the G.P. There .are 8 stand p-osts and 395 House

{DiStrid M uzaffar N~ r~ connS!ctions. Rew nue colll:!ction iS irregular. Quality of v.Qter iS good. O.H.T. iS of R..C.C With capacity 125 KL People in gene.al .are satiSfied w ith the p erformanct of

the scheme.

3. Afmaspur PWS ThiS iS swa;al Ohara scheme of yQar 2002r03 w ith 8 stan<I posts & 650 House conn Qctions. capacity of

{DiStrid M uzaffar N~ r~ O.H.T. is 250 KL 5ch eme iS maintain QC! by VLWC of

Gram Panch~at and iS run ring. 0 . H.T ~ leaking VI.WC iS not v/o rkiog p rop'1r'ly. PQople <lo oot p.ay. WM.er

, har~ s of Rs. WI- per months per <onnection. There .are 10 hand pumpS a l$o in th l:! G.P.

Arsen.a M PWS/HP Thert are 3 MPWS in G.P. Arsena M. diff~ent b cations. Constructe.d under Sv.ca:jaldhara 200> 06. M PWS ara in

4. {Di.strict Agra~ runni ng c.ondition and .are managed by the perSon w ho resid ll!S ne.ar the MPWS. Su rro u ndi ng h.ouSQS ~re glrtting: W~Qr from the.se sch emes thro0£:h st.and p.osts. Nobody pays th e w.ater charge.s. EIE!dric b i l is not being recd. VlWC do not pay for Electricity. No .chlorination don e. Th e tub ewell use t .o run as per requS-ement of water anytime.

5. Mao/- MPWS Thert are 4 MPWS in the G.P. out of w hk h p rasentl, 3

.are in running <on<trtion. The M PWS n~r Mahl:!.sh

(DiStrkt V.at:anasi} Pras.ad's house iS not workirc due t .o de-f&d in bori°' & pump. The M PWS art beir¢ ma~ed by irdivid uals residing ne.ar tht scheme and ben efits .are limited to 2

.or 3 hous~ No body paywatercharge.s .and e-Jectricity iS c.onnectQd in unauthorized manner. Electric bill .are never oaid. Nochb rination done.

6. Bhiriura MPWS Thert are S M PWS in G.P. Shiriur.a in diffQrent BastiS of the village . O.H. t.anks .are of 10 KL .capacity ~ch wih 4

{District Ravid.as Nag.ar~ m st~ing. All MPWS .are in working c.ondition about 1800 population <:overed by stand post and prnicate connQctionS. N.o water char~ iS bl:!ing paid n.or any bill raiSE!d the person residing n~r the M PWS use to maint.ain the schem e. EJQ,ctri: bils not paid, chlorinat.orS havt been pro\lided but are not i n use .

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Final Report


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7. Ramo.agar Bhojpur MPWS Out of 5 MP~ o nly onl:! M PWS 6 w orking in t he G.P.

4nd 6 beint maint.ainQd by the Pradhan of G.P. himSl:!lf

(DiStrid Prat.ap~ rh) O.H.T ;s of 15000 l iter capacity e~h of R.C.C. construd ion. Chlorination irregularty done. vtWCS are

not ~ tivl:!.

8. L:>tad In Lot~ G.P. 4 No. MPWS w ere found to have b een

construd ed. Noni:! of t he 4 M PWS iS workint and no

(o;st,;ct Allahabad) v.Qter is being made ava i able from t he scheme. .S.Chem Q iS tot.allydefund.

MPWS 9. l ndara MPWS 3 MP"WS are w orking in Inda.a G.P. under S\1.Q:jal Ohara

Scheme o f 2004--05 O.H.T of 5 Kl capacity have b &Qn

(DiStrict Lucknow) construd ed bv R.C.C in each M PWS. The schem e is maint4ined by i ndividuals rl:!Siding near thl:! pump ho use. and use of \fl.at Qr is I im it Qd to a f M f avo rOO house.s. Nobo<fv pays fo r thl:! \1.Q:t Qr charges nor any

de m.and made. E 11:!d ric ity iS be int used u naut ho riz:l:!d wit hout a ....... ch~-Q.

10. Kathwar-a MPWS There iS only on Q MPWS in village K.athwara an.cl is working. ~ intenance is vwy poor. Pump houSQ is

(DiStrict Lucknow) wit hout gener.ator. OHT iS leaking vQry b.adly. One st.an.cl post and a fllW ho use connect ions n ear t he O.H.T. are operative. No chlorination is done. The

person residing n earby use to roo t he s.c:h&m Q as per

l'Q.!I u irQm Q nt . 11, Narauna MPWS Th&rQ is only one MPWS in t hiS GP ,c:onstruded in t he

(DiStrict Lucknow) year 200+05 under Swajal Ohara havint onQ TW, o ne Syinta. OHT of 10 KLca pacity pl~ Qd over roof of pump house & about 450m IMgth of d iStribution lin lll!S. There

4rl:! SO PriYatl:! Connl:!d ions 4nd 2 stand posts t hough

which vil~ Q is partially being coverad. Scheme is being mai nta ined by Vil~ & t.aw1 Com mitttQ. Tar-iff fbted fo r PC iS Rs SO/- p Qr month whi,c:h 6 being paid by 4bout 40 HHS. El~ t ric bill iS neatly 450/ - p er month which ~ being paid bv thl:! committQI:!, fr-om t he <.ollec:t l:!d charges. A gtnerato r of 2 BHP to run pump

when elect ri,c: disruption is there iS all<> t h~Q. Consumpt ion o f d il!SE!I was r-QportQd 8 to 10 litre p Qr month. Supply of watw is norm.au, 8 to 9 hrs p&r day. O,lotTlation iS done o nly on,c:Q a month by pouring bleaching poWd t!r solution in the tankaf-11:!rc lQa;ning:.

u. Lalpur MPWS Th&rQ iS only onQ M f'WS having 5 IQ.. Syntax Tank

(DiStrict Lucknow) pl~ ed ovt!r pump house Wrth b ri:k liring all around the t4nk. S::h&m Q covl:!ring about 200 populations. Th&rQ only 17 house connl:!dions .and 2 S.tand post. No

water .c:hart l!S 4rl:! bE!ing paid by thQ connl:!d ion

hold Qrs/ stand post users. Thi:! GP is partially covered. All o&M a.pen<fiture iS bting borne by the "'-GP Pr~ han Sri~ Narandra Singh. ThQrQ is r Qgul.ar supply nQarty 4 hrs. per day. O,lo rination is done only 3 to 4 t imes in a year by pou ring bl ea.c:hing powder solut ion in

the tank .

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Final Report


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13. C),ayalp ur MPWS There only o ne M PWS-constructE!d in the yea 2004--05

(DiStrict Lucknow) under SW.ajal Ohara. tt is in running co ndition and iS being m.ai nta in Qd by th e Vil~E! Management Committee . Tht!irE! iS o nly brick masonry OHT of 5 Kl .capacity. There a re 32 Private Conn k tions in t he schem e. Ta iff fixQd iS Rs 40/- pE!r month /connection. CollE!dion of w ater charges ~ almost regular.

O.lom ation is not being done o-ccasiorelly. Supply of water is for a bolt 6 hrSa d~.

(C~ JalSansthan SGhemes

SI Part:ieula rs Total Total No.of No.of rao. of Tu be "'4>, of P-opulatio Ol'ip-tal Habit- VJell:S CWR /

n Estd. Co<t ation:S Schemes rworlcin1 Not O HT

Rs "'< W<>rkin1

1 . A! per 43582 NA 15 3 2 1 13 Rl!c:o rds

2. A.s pE!r Field 14 2 2 1 12 Ob$Qrv~ ions

!Yl.\1£:

ii 5chMie of D~tri<t Jliansi (Kuingaon) is not 11f<>rkifl!. i ~ Sch e-.me of diStrict Chirakoot (!Carilli Graminl, a lso has riwr intake & 4 TWs. i i) Hand pumps are installed in viii~ Ku.aogaon onJv.

3.10 ,4 Opel'atiGnal StaM (As per' Field Su!'WV):z'

No. No. of <>I Hou:Se

Stand Conn-et.-Po<IO tior'l$

84 9 75

84 9 75

W e h.ave so far d iScu.ss~ the covE!r~e st~us and a bit of financial part of Operation & M ainte nance . As. regards to the SE!f'VicE! level aid ben~icia:riQS .satisf~ tion no such rE!Co rds are awilabh:i; w e, collk tE!d d 2tails against schemes w hich w ere survey~ by us. The d et.ails are given in Annn urE!-1 8. We can summarize o ur observations.as bE!low:

3.10 .4.l Adequaey, Cove1'41ge& Reliabifity of Supply

Out of 24 schemes maintained by UPJN in twelve schemes ro w~ e,r iS supplied for

1 to 2 days / month, in the 9 there i$' no SUppJv for 3 to 5 days pE!r month an<f in re maining 3 for 6 to 10 days / month. The no. of suppJv hoursvarill!Sfrom 2 to 10 hours / day w ith ai avesage of 4 to 5 hours / day suppif. In fftE!E!n vill~ s no hou.sehold connS!ction is given and in fourte-e-n vill~E! f ull coverage of popul.ation iS not pr-ovided.

Out o fthrE!E! schem es b l!ing maint.ainE!d bt Burde-lkh.and Jal 5.ansthan, o ne iS<l~ und (Kuang.a.o n, Jhansi District~ as t ube w ell iS defunct while ml the r E!m.aining w ater iS not supplied on 1 to 2

days/month. The !UppJv hours vary fr-o m 6 to 10 hourS / day. The two vil~es are fd lycovE!rE!<f.

Out o f 13 sch e-mes mai~ainE!<I by NRDWP water supi:'Y in one village out o f five ~ ni PipE! W.ater

SuppJv Scheme (M PWS~ o nly one is worloo,g w h ile in the other vilages none of the four M PWS. is working. Usually the, suppJv ram.a.ins <liSrupted for 1 to 2 days/ month and the suppJv hours a re usually 2 to 9 depending upon the awlability of power. The -coverage of total population of

vi ll~E! iS not t he ra.

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,0, 0

H.and Pump

27

27

Final Report


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3.10.4.Z Water Qua lity & Disinfection

In one s.chem e m.aintain~ by UPJN (Mathura~ water (luality iS brackish w hile in 2 k hem es dum g rain tur-bid water iS: supplied. In .case of 2 rem.aining schem es "'1i.ch Jal sansthan is m.aintaining water(luality is good. In a lmost all schemitS m.aintain2d by the thr-ee ~ encies there is no regt.hr system for monrtoring of water quality an.cl d iSinfection Wrth bl eaching powder iS done occasiooally no b.aderiobgical test w ith H,s strips iS carried out w hile i n N ROW'P k hem e no i<faa .about such tasks iS: reported aid in some PWS Sle~hing powder solution is poured d irQctly into tank a on regular i nterval aftercleaningth e tank.

3.10.43 Tariff, Colle-ction, Alternate Souru ett.

One UPJN scheme .at. M~ hur.a suppl itS w~ er whi::h is bra.ck:iS:h hen.ce not usQd for drinking an.d .as SU.ch no payment iS m.ade. In rest of the sch emes w here house .conne.ctions .are ginn bv Jal Nigam, t he tarif f iS Rs 'l!J/- per month, in one sdteme of Jaunpur i was Rs 2 5/ - per month, in one k heme of M uzaf-farnag:.ar, an t hree s.chemes of talitpur it is reported .as Rs 30/- month and in

.anotht!F scheme of Muz.da~r it is Rs 40/ - per month. There are no stand post <haigitS. Furth QI' t he bi II ing iS don e ( in 2 to 3 months~ i rregu larty w h I e in seven villages no b ills ~ e raiS: Qd .and no paym ent iS: m~e. Onty in Sb. sch1m1es r egular payment o n re<.eipt of bill iS: report&d. In one sch eme o f Jaunpur .a JB.1'Sbook:of w.atercharge h.as been op ened for QvQry <onnQction .and Qntry ~ e in it a t he t i me o f colledion iS made.

In two running sch emes ma int ained by Sundelk:han<f Jal sansth.an wat er ch.arges @I Rs 9J/- & Rs

60/- per month is reportl:!d, t he third one iS: defu nc:t.

In NROWP schemQS QXc_,t fo r 2 sch emes of Lucknow where a~ to 90% co nnedion holders .are paying wate r cha,ges. No vil~ e r_,orted any paym ent on w~ er charges. Mostly Vl)JJC:s .are

defund or ¥ e for nam e sakt and no bits art raisQ.d. It iS report&d i n one vill~ e th~ people <ollect money for repairs: .as and v/h en neQded.

At all th e pl.aces th e alt1arnative source .as hand pump is av.aiilable and h ence vill~ers do not have to incur any expenditurQ on w.ater supply.

3.10 .4A ln:Stitution:S& Sertn<e Delivery s.ati:Sfad:ion

In sch'1mes maintained by UPJN, broadly t he <onsumers .are satisfied QXcept for need of likely rapairs & st.and by arra~ mQnt w h en thli!re is no pow er supply. In few vil~t2S, there iS dem.and to increase the supply hours / day. In one s.cheme of Chitr.akoot altern~ e supply fro m t ub e WQI is obtainQd by Jal 5.ansthacn 1,0/hE!n riwr Wa\Qr redu,ces. Oper~or and other staff are posted. Peop le

.are satiS:fied .

In NROWP k hemes most vil~ges e).cepl in o ne (M uzaffarn~ r~ & two in Lu,cknow peop le raportt!!d th~ VLWC iS not fundioning and neQds rQconstitution. 5ome of the MPWS ~ e be ing

maintained bv the Pra& an I Ex-Pradhan I nearby rasident som e of w hom ,con.sider a .as th eir monopoly. In about 75~ no regular operator is employt!!d. In one c;ase (Ravid.as N~ ar~ it is raportt!d th.at VLWC m.aintains t he schem e whidl iS e-ffedive..

3,11 Problems Being Fated

There .are number of p,oblems being f~~ in o per~ion .and m.ainten.ance of rural wattr supply whi::h result in poor SQrvi::e delivery and consumerS diSsatiSf.adion. Some of th itSe ¥ e being

.. OAS> Page / 24

Final Report


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3,11,l PowerPO$itio-n- Hou~ ofS.upp.ly

As per the de.sign a ll thue systems ne.ed twe.tw to Sixteen hourS of powe.r s uppty ~ adequate. voltage pe.r day all t he. ye.ar round. As such these. syste.ms ara n<Jt able to mQ!Q't the requre.ments to the. f ull satisfaction of the .co nsu me.rs. f'u rthe.r e.:i«:ept in a fM Sy$te.ms_.. mo!t of the pipQd wate.r s uppty systems .cove.rs a group of village.s WhQrein ea.ch syste.m provide. w:ate.r to two or more. than two Q'o"Qn up to SQwnty villagas. Sy$1:ems w ith highe.r number of ~ llagt!S are. foun.cl in the. rocky araas of Bunde.lkh.and and e.~ e.m 1t1<ky areas of Mizapur & Sonbhadra d iStrids, where.in the. sour<t!S of w.ate.r supply are. the re..servoirS. Even in p~ne.s t he. sour.ce.s a re. tube. we.HS only which ako rQCluire pumping of u nde.rg:round watw. Th us adequate a nd reliable. pow~ supply al through th e. year will be the major-c:onaStraint in e.nsurings~iSiactorywater suppJv se.rvice.s.

3.11.2 Simultaneous Requil'ementof Power

Further_.. rminte.nan:e. of systems With .complete. wate.r tre.~ment plants r~ uires availability of powe.r simullane.ously ~ t he tre.~ me.nt works as we.II 4S the! zon.al pumping $1:~ion. In a b$e.n.ce of the sa:me while treated ~ ter will owr flow ~ the tre~ment plants t he. vill~ s wil not have any supply 4S tht stor,a:e .c.ap~iti l:tS of rasen,oirs at t he main as well 4S zonal re:se.rvoirS iS l mite<I to a most two hours of storage only.

3.11.3 u>ng Rising Mains

As ~ p~ined abovt! in q uite a ~ ,ge numb er of p iped V\Qter supp¥ systems .co,erin& largQ number of vil~ QS, the loc~ion of ove.r head re.servoirS is far off from the sour<Q:S so that long riSing mains to feed th~ -c:entral and zonal res:ervoirS havt> been laid, so mu-c:h so, that it takes almost tin houl$ of .continuous pumping to fill the rQSQrvo..S on.,c:Q thi main gets t mptied. 8Mause of lea~ Q or braa~Q of mains t ither d ue to some. op e.rational fault or due to d elibe.rate sabotage and unauth«ized withdrawal of water fo r irrigating land or (luen.ching thirsts of a nimals by .,c:owherds man or villag~ .

3.11.4 Vulage Reservo;rs (CW,VOHT)

Anotht!r problem iS th~ all vilages do not have. the.ir own rQSe.rvoirs; as StKh long d iStribution mains from t he raservoirs to senral •ltages f&d from a sin&fe main ara laid. In <4Se the inter~ iate. villa~ draws mo re \1.Qter or the st.and post ramainS opt!n, the. tail ind vilagesdo not get a ny or s ufficient suppl,. Th~ problem of inad Qquate. or no supply iS (luite p rQl/a lent eve.n in tube \Oil! II based systems.

3.11.5 Oi:Stl'ibutiGn Systems

A glan.,c:Q at Table - 2 <ltarly shows t hat a:s ~ irlst the total le~ h of 37264 km of d iSlribution systems only 253 16 km of diaStribution systems iS beirlg used whi-c:h shows t hat water does not

~~h to the. tail Qnd vilages d ue to maintenan-c:e / repair neglect ~ suiting into non-worluig .,c:ondition.

3.11.6 stand Posts

Initial¥ when the..se systems wert ,c:ommiSSion&d t he oomb Q.r of pubtK stand posts we.re ~ stri.cte.d to t he rQquire.ment of &co nomically w sake.r s&ctions of the so::iety. With the time due

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to pub, c demand .or othQIW~ t ht numbQr has now incraased coru:idQr~ ly. This ra.sults into was~ ge of W4tQr .and doll!S not crQ.atQ a Situation to i n::rQ.as;Q the, number of houst conn~tions,

ra:sulting into IQSS r QvQnuQ sincQ monthly water chargQS for stand posts are much IQSS .and, thQ pt!'~Qci.agQ raco"1!ry of cha,C:QS il negoiiablll:!. Initially WhQn t hQ rural w.afQr systQmS WQrQ c.ommiliion ed to make t hll!St syst ffllS Q<onom i~ lty SQlf suffiO:e.nt thQ effo rts used t .o bQ to pr.ovidt sup~ y to .almo.st forty perctnt of the population throu.gh house connedions. HoWQvQr thiS is.only possiblt if t h Q mini mum numb t r of public stand posts iS provided in the. village.

3, 11. 7 Se p.airat e Fe-ede Ni

Al the-SQ problems resu• int0, i n~ ectuate .and ooreli.able supply. In most of the Group af Vill~ s Water Supply S.yste:ms, considlUing thQ problems of supply~ ~ QQuate volt~ Q, c.ost for SQpacat e f e,e-derS were paid t .o the. u P EfiKtricity Board. Though the~ sep.arate feeders still t xists but now have ~ ver.al oth tr connections have b een p rovided d iifidini theS' supply efficieocy, (also ra:sulting in low vo,.age suppliQS)dut to which pumps cannot be run.

3.12 lS:Suesfor Consider.ations

ThQre .are sever.al issue.s be.fore .any programme for .achiMng d rinkin& wat e.r SE!OJri ty at household level. ThQ w.att r supply programme throud, hoU$Q conn~tion to .all tht \Iii lag es could be. launched Fl Uttar Pr.adQSh consi.cfe.ring its phased d evelopment, its prll!Sent status, tht go\lt . .of India's .approach .and tht various constraints in thQ st.atQ. Some of these a re .as below.

~.IZ,1 comprehensive lntegr•t~ l\jljlroi<h

i) At present the.re is hardly any Integrated Planning approach for pr.ovidi ng su.st.ainablQ w.ater supply to all the people .as in Ut~r Pradesh. We have hand pum~ min i pipe.cl wattr supply

.and conventional water supply schem ll!S. ThQ scope ne.Qds to be d!!"fined for a l techniques .of w.ater supply inclu.cfing cover~ th rough various syste.ms namety hand pumps, m ini pipQd w.ater supply w ith small borQ tube W"ll:!IIS having single phase !llbmersible pumps, conventional t ube w ell based system for group of \li l !a.gll!S ~ d surface sourct based system Wrth compll!'t t wattrtreatment plarti.

For this-we have to select regions whirl:! dtpend ng upon a.ailabilty of water source.s & the

socio-economic conditions o f t he p Qopl~ the most -optimum ~ ems bas&d on t ~ hnoecc,nom ic considerations have. to b t d~ide-d. The govQmm Qnl shoukl lay down cle.ar c ul policll!S .as to w hert piped Watll!!r supply Sy$tl:!m o f w hCh type co uld be. p rovided ~ d basQd c,n commitmtnt of Gram Panchay.at specific system coukl be p rovided. For ex.ample in Sundell::hand r«k .are.a Where convention.al pip Qd w.ater supply w ith surf~e sourw has to b t prowided thQ GP's should commit for at le.ast SO~of hoUSQ conn~tions, if not thQn only hand pumps b e provided.

i~ Most af the Group of Villages wat:Qr supply schemts WStre eitecuted on suppl, driven approach an.cf need to be. .augmtnted .and ra:org~ ized . There is a n t ed to make. the~ grc,ups

managQQble (smal~ conSidQri~ the problQmS be.Fig f~ ed. Table no. 1 cl early show s t hat o ut of 4558 pipe.cf watw supply syst:QmS-only 2075 ~ Q fuUt operational whilQ 2195 are partially and about 288 are defunct. ThQ nl:!'ed for resto ring partial and <:losQd schtmes may i et priority in finance~ and thQ restoration should bQ on the b~ ~ .ound that these systems have to be mainta.-ied by GPs and for making rt poss:ible sma llw gro ups w i h sustain.able source.sand vilage l evel ~ rvice reservoirs have to be formed .

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ii~ In group scheml:!S what should bl:! the, syst em m.anage,m ent. In cast e,.ach Gr~ 5.abha has to op t rate, and maint.ain th t syste,m who Will 1:!'nSuri! thl:! Watl:!r suppty into t hl:! rQSl:!rvoirs at thl:!

vibgl:! 1~ 1:!I. At prasl:!nt individual resl:!rvoi1$ for 1:!~h iS oot protfid E!d in the, villa.g:1:!s. Thi:!

a:tQncy<ould bl:! UPJI~/ Jal Sansthan but th~ h.avl:!to QXl:!r<iSI:! requirl:!<I control on phySical managl:!fnl:!nt so as to l(Qe,p t he, produc:tion cost of '"'4tl:!r to the minfllum . At p rQSl:!nt no concl:!rn isvi.sibll:! and t he: agl:!ncil:!S n l:!l:!d to bl:! dirl:!dS!!d for it so as to enable, G.Psto m t et the, Wat Qr cost .against but( Wat Qr supply.

iv~ What will bl:! t he, arrangl:!fnl:!nt in betwl:!l:!n t he, agl:!n<y rl:!Sponsibl e, for supply of w:atl:!r into the, vilb;gl:! t~ k and th e, Gram 5.abha ~ ntainiog the, village, l e,wl opl:!raions? Suc:h an a rr-angeml:!nt should safe, guald thl:! intl:!rl:!.st of bulkW~ l:!r supplil:!r. In case o f failure, .af GP to

pay the, <OSt> t hl:! statl:! Govl:!rnml:!nt may havl:! to be,.ar to burdl:!n., Thi:! GPs h.ave, to b l:! m.adl:! <fear th.at they have: to fk wae:rch.ar-ge,s such that bQSidl:!S intl:!rnal O&M cost in vii.age, the,

bulkwatl:!r<ost they h~ .also to bl:! ~ t by thl:!.

v) Considwing thl:! prasl:!nt Situation of power supply in t hl:! statl:! WiO it be, poss:ibll:! to l:!n.SUrl:! adQqu~ Q poWl:!r a prope:r vo ttage, .sin<I:! most of the, systems wil nl:!ed power at IQ~ for tw e,lvl:! t.a sbl.tl:! l:!n hours p l:!r day all through the yl:!ar. In cases w he:rl:! it may not be possilll:!

to tnsura it> it Will b e betttr to <.ha r,::e: thl:!' <l l:!Sign norms w hich m.a:y mean mort cap ital rost but overall rQS:ult in sustainable, suppl,.

vi~ What will bl:! t hl:! crit l:!ria for "'llage, stll:!<tion? Thi:! Govl:!rnm tnt should <l~rlv Sp t l out its policy. kl this: <lirection tht St.at I:! Govl:!mm tnts o rdl:!r date,d 11"'., July 2003 iS a g;ood step

which n e:E!ds furthe:r 1:!l.aboration .as rl:!g.ards to commitm tnt of GP/ VLW5C. Onl:! such

, o mmilmQnt lo Qn!urQ fiMn<i.al SQlf suffki Qn<yw ill bQ to i~ t tMI up to 60!(; to 70%of thQ popu~tion to bl:! rovl:!red ultimatl:!,V With house <onn llKtionS w hic.h initially shoukl at le,.ast

b t 30~t.a 4~ to be, in<r9aSl:!d i n 5 years to <omt to the, conwnittQd targ etE!d ptrcl:!nt~l:!.S.

vi i~ As gathe:red <luring <liscussionS at p rQSl:!nt no poW'l!r charges are, bl:!int; paid and the, St.at I:! Govl:!rnml:!nt subsid zl:!S tht UP Po\111:!r Corporation by making payml:!ntS for the, p<YWl:!r biOs. UPPCL thl:!rl:!forl:! is i ndifftrl:!nt on e,nsurir,g poWQr supply to all su:h installations ~ prop er v-oltage for ade,quat:Q no . .af hours p l:!!!' day. ThiS r l:!Sults in b ffl l:!ficiary's d iS~iSfadion about the, Sl:!rvi: I:! dtlivl:!ry rl:!Sulting in to non-payml:!nt of watl:!r chargQS. The st.ate Government m .ay tonsider revi-ew o f the power tal'iff which shoukl not be mol'e than that ch-al'ged f.ol' irrigati-on requil'ement!. as d l'Wlking water is the fi rst c.harge on water' soul'U!:S and h.ave p,riol'ityover S'l'igatiGn.

viii~ Th e vil~l:!S sell:!dl:!'d should also rl:!SOlvl:! to provide, sanitary l~rinQS in housl:!'holds to make, it 'Opl:!n 01:!feication f'rl:!Q'. W e, find it nl:!<l:!'.SSary sin<I:! it has bl:!l:!n rtalizQd by a ll <on<l:!rn Qd

that t h t ~v~ tage, .af providi°" safe and ~ e,qua:tt Watl:!r supply M s not bl:!l:!n ful ly r~li.zed. Th us the: whd e, issue, ne eds to bl:! <onsidl:!rtd in thl:! l ight of total tnvironmental sanitation for w hic.h provision of sanit.aty latrinl:!S is an !:rlfectiw sttp. Thi:! pr.agramml:! for tot.al Sa'litation iS a lrl:!acfy in progrl:!SS and availability o f viat:tr iS .a primQ rQCluirl:!ml:!nt. As Su<h in

vilag~ providtd w ith assure,d supply> it is nl:!c QSsary tha t hl:!rl:!' sho uld be, <onvnittmtnt from GP for open de-fe,cation f re,e, status of t hl:! vii lag I:!.

ix~ Considwing tht le,w l of thl:! t l:!'Chnobgv rl:!!Cluire,d will it bl:! possibl e, for t hl:! Gram Soabhas to

im pll:!ml:!'nt the, pro j llKt? Sincl:! Gram 5-abh.as Will have, to l:!RSurl:! vii.age, 12'11:!I maint ~ an<Q rt w ill bl:! n ~ l:!Ssary to provide, skillE!d maintenan<& st~ to th e vil~I:!. W ho Wiii provide, thl:! t raining? All Sl:!'rvi<I:!' <ondiionswill nQQd to bl:! Spl:!' lt out clQarty. Most o f the, staff re.sponsiill:! of Operation and M aintenan<2 of U P Jal Nigam schl:!'mQS i$ working as \ti.ark ch.ar-ge, staff which have, highl:!r w ag~ that village, <ommittl:!QS cannot b ear. Wrth handing ovl:!r .af o&M func:tionS to the Gi:am P~ <hayats the, rl:!quirl:!ml:!nt of such st~ \'All reducl:! co nsidQrably. At

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p rQSl:!nt about 10660 pQl'$0nS arl:! worki"-' in UP Jal Nigam (UPJN Rl:!port 2012~ of vlhkh 10470 at-I:! r~ lar a nd are l:!nt i led for almost ~ I priviQgQS of Gowrnml:!nt staff. Thi:! St.at I:!

Govl:!rnml:!nt havl:! to thi nk Sl:!riously about thl:!ir fall:! .as GPs Will not bl:! abl Q to bl:!ar thiir s.alary, allowa n:l:!S .and othl:!r costs. tf GPs have to E!ff l:!diwly m.anagQ th~ systl:!ms thl:! m.aintl:!n.ancl:! st.aff at vilfagl:! levl:!I should bl:! th Qir 1:!mployl:!e.S fulty trai ned and skilll:!d. Thi:! l:!XiSting st.aff could v l:!ry Wl:!11 mQl:!t t h Q rl:!(luirl:!ment but GPs may not f ind it possibl i to b~r th l:!ircost of pr-1:!Sl:!nt ratl:!S.

x) AC,:l:!ncy responsible for pr-ovidW'lg b ulk supply of wate:r to thl:! viA~I:! shouJd .also providl:! nMl:!SS.a,y support to the Gram 5.abh.a and shouk:l .also bl:! ~ I:! rasponsibll:! fo r monitom g th e: Sl:!nicl:! satisfadion .a;g.ainst supp ly by thl:! Gr.am 5-abh.a. In f..ad the: QXp Qri l:!n<Q g.ainQd undl:!r Sw.aj~ Project .as \111:!ll .a:s in s.w.a j.al Oh.ara an.cl NRCM'P schl:!m QS whkh h.avl:! bee:n im pll:!me:ntl:!d on dfflland <lriven .approach i$ th~ most of the syste:mswhich workl:!d for two to thrl:!Q y~rS .affE!Ctivl:!if have, falll:! n dl:!fund bk.auss- of l:!i hl:!r ~ tiw caretakl:!r of VLWS.C

has 11:!ft o r in absl:! ncl:! of necessary support in fin.an<i.al/ technic.al rmttl:!rS thl:! systl:!m h.a:s f.aill:!d. Thl:!rl:! iS strong nee:d for back up support aftl:!r- comm iSsion ing and handing c vl:!r thl:!

Systl:!m for o&M to GPs. Thi:! stall:! Govt. should d ~rif idl:!ntify the: .agl:!ncy res:ponsill l:! for- it and should c l!Qarly ~ydown t h l!ir scopl:! o f w ork., r QSponsibiltiQS and duties.

Xi~ Considering thl:! prQSl:!nt situations of ground w.at l:!r 1!!1.ploitation and th e are.as which h.a:vl:! be en classifie,.d .as Dark and GrQy on t hl:! levl:!I of ground Wat Qr QXploit~ion, thl:!rl:! i$ Sl:!rious n QOO for considl:!ring \I/at Qr harvl:!sting \tJorks .as p.art of .any future water-supply pro j Qc:t. Thi:!

Nation.al Govt. iS ful ly aw.arl:! of it a nd has in thl:!ir programml:! made, proviS:ions for such w:orl<s. Thi:! st.a.ti:! Govt . .shoul<I also contributl:! RJr it and makl:! it .as part of thl:! rural W.atl:!r

supply projl!dS<lllatlydQfining t h9 naturQ of works whkh , an b9 undQr t~kQn in t .

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CHA PTER-4

Panchavat Raj Institutions (PRls) & Their Roles

4, As per national and st~e pol i:iQS includi°' provisions made un.der the 73'4

CAA the Panthayati Raj lnrtitutklns as institutions of b t al self ,Covem an<:Q will be rtiponsible for oper.atkln,

maintenan<:e and overal management o f rural water supply serve es. Th ~ are QXpQded to be the nodal agen<:y for future plann.-ig, implement.atkln and management o f ~II rural servi<:QS w hile the st.ate Govt. w ill f un<:tCln as fati~.ato r only. As. suth., it i.S nQ<:MSary th.at vario us legal organization.al an.cl function~ aspktS of PRlS in Uttar Pr~e.sii be t horo ughly ~ined in

reference to t heir present stat us, f unctions related to rural water supply., the o rganizational set up, t he gaps in institution.al fram EMork as w ell as sour.ces of ravenuQ. Based on inform.ation gatherad through d esk study ~ d fiek::I ob.servation, o ur assQSSment iS as foll<OWS.

4.1 Status of Pan,c.hayati Ra j in Uttal' Pl'adesh

The UP Panchay.ati Raj Act, 1S47 an.cl Kshetra P~ <:hayat. an.cl Zilla Panchayat Ad, 1961 definQS the or.gani.zatiorial stn.cture as w eU as funttioning systems, responsililitie.s;. powers and authority of Pan<:hay.ati Raj Institutions. The salient fe.ature of the Panthayati Raj system iSa t hrae t ier system consiSting of Gram Pan<:hay.ats (GPs) Ksh etra Pan<:hay.at.s (KPS) and Zilla P~n<:h.ay.ats {ZPs). At

p,esenl, lhera a,e Sl:90S (GPsl, Si-4 (KPsj an~ 72 ~ sl ;n the ,late, ha,,;°' • large numbe, ~1 elede-d reprt.sent.ativQS a t the lotal le-vel (UP State St.atistics 2012-13).

Kee pi°' in \liewthe provision.! of t he 73"' CAA and t he st.ite polky of promoting d l!KE!nt raliz.ation pro<:QSS, 15 d epartments intluding vt.atQr suppl, hawe been devolved on Paith..,,ats. OQt.lils of ad ivit ie.s dl:!YO lved pertaining to drinking w.at Qr a re briefly g ilfQ n as b Q low:

4,2 ()(inkin_g Water Sup-ply and Pari,c.hayati Raj lnstitutiol't$

Growi°' a<:<:Qptance of d'e:mand drfVQn water supply scheme:s in the St.ate is h eartening f rom the pe1$pktivl:! of WA TSAN r eforms d e.spite the f~t th.at th era are still <i uitQ a few of Non-Cove:rad

a nd Partiallv Covl:!F'Qd h.abit.ltions in the st~e. The st.ate Government is taking n ~ essary action for s.atu rati°" all thQSQ habit~klns bf \I.Qt Qr supply schem es and also for <:OV'Qring .all t he villages by sani.ation program. The main f inantial <:ontribution fo r thiS purpose \'All be fr-om the St.ate Govemment funds folow ed by the a1Sistan.ce from Govem ml:!nt of kidia. The primary

stakeholder.s are the public at lar&Q un<fer gu idan<:Q of d e:mocraticalfv elkted three t ier PRIS Spetiall, the ,<;Ps. The fo rm.at ion o f User W.ater and 5anit.ation Committ:21:! (UWSSC) for individ.Jal

sche~s iS being fatilit.ated bt the GPs and t he uwss.cs are b~ nni°" to play the tutting edge role in imp!Qment .ation., toll&tion o f w.ater t harge.s;. operation .and maint enance of sche~ s.

Taking a <:lu e from the Su<:cl:!!SS of SWAJAL, the Departm ent o f Drinking Wa tt.r Supply, a nd Govemment of India has laumhed t he Nation.al Ru ral Drinking l/'JatE!r Pro~ am (NRDWP) in all states .a<:ross India from 1st April 2009. The philosophy of Community ~ d Oemard Dri'wn

Appro~ h has bl:!E!n ~ opted a.cross t he rural areas of the .count ry in the DITlki~ W.ater Supply SQdor.

In orde r- to strength en th e Institutional arrangem ent at the:v illage levE!I, proviSion has been made for promotion of users based User W.ater Supply and 5.anit.ation Committl:!Q.S for i mplement.ation

of the follow.,g fundam~tal re-form prin<iples:

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1 . Adoption of (fQma;nd respons~ appro~ h of tht!' <omm unity.

2 . Ensuring full particC)~ ion of thQ <om mun i i&S bt invo lving them in thQ s&l&dion, planning,

and design, aid impl&ment~i-on, <ontrol of fin.an<QS aid management .arran~ m&nts o f th& drinki~ water S<h &mes.

3. Fu ll <Mn&rsh~ of drinking w~w asst!ts w ih appr-opri.at& levels of Panchaya ts. 4 . Op&r~ion and Maint&n.an<& of the w ater supp)t xhemes .and f titation of app ropret& t.ar-iff

by Panchay.ats / <ommun ities. 5 . lnt&gr.ation of hea• h, sanitation and Sotx<& <o ns&l'"¥'.ation programme With watw supply

schemas.

Based on th QS& pro\jjsions, the GPs are ~pect&d to setup s&parats, user water Supply .and 5anit~ion C.Ommitt&es (UWSSC) w ithin t he ara.a of i ts j uriSdi:tion depending; upon the number of drinkint w~er S<h t!'mQS' in thQ arQa. The UWS5C ~ to b Q d t!'dar&d .as sub~om mitt &Q o f Jal Prabandhan Comm ittee o f GP. A number of rQSponsibilities have been assign !OO to th& UW5SC. As

perthQ rasponsibi ili&S of the GP, t he fol lowing functions h.av& been .assigned :

1 . To approve t he S<h&m l!S prepared bv User Water and sanitation Sub-C.Ommittt!'&S .and submitt ed through Jal Prabandhan Committee.

2 . The GP w ill ra:&ivQ t he funds fr-om th& Pro j~t lmpl&m &nti°' Agen:y and manage the fmds rQc&ived for drinkingw.ater S<hemes and Will transfer the amount r~&iv&d in Gram Nidhi by ch~uQ to t he UW5SCS Within 15 d.ays. Separate ledge~ will be maintained for d ifferent uwsscs.

3. The m.aint&nan<Q of a«ounts of the funds ra:eivQd for drink'.ing; water .and s.anit~ion sch&mQ will b e don Q at th& level o f GP at<ordi ng to the p roforma / form~s preso-ibQCf by

th t! k rount..a.it Ueneral. 4 . The GP w ill ensure auditing of Gram r~idhi ~count .and t he UWSSCWII ensure auditing of

th t!' acrount of the Sub-rommitte&. S. An ~count for drinking water .a;nd sanitation \Wrks will be o pened at Gr.am P4n<h.ayat IQriifel

and wil be operated by Gram Pradhan and S&<retaryof Gr~ P.an:hay.at. HoW~Qr~ if Gram P.a;n<h.ayat SQi!.:rQtaty iS ooi av~ bl&, in th.at situ.at ion, t h& Proj ~ t may no min.ate a work&r .as co -S&<retary. An Assist.ant A<:<.auntant shall b Q made av~labl& for maintE!nance of SlKh ~ <ounts by the projed.

6 . Gram P.an<h.ay~ Wiii m.ab efforts for rasotving <liSputQS r&lating to dri nking water at Gram P .a;n< h.ayat lew I.

7. The J~ Parabandian Committee of th& GP Wiii .assiSI: on tht!' ab-ov&-mention ed ra:sponsibiliti QSof GP.

The GP has bt!'&n given tht!' ovQrall ra:sporu:ibility .af mo nitoring tht!' fund ions of the UW S.SC. While

the pl.annin&. implementation> .ap&ration.and rraint&nancQ of driiking W~Qr will b Q don Q by th&

UWSSC; the same will bt!' approv&d by tht!' GP. Though, th& T.atal 5.anit.ation Q mp.aign (Tse~ in th& Stat& has tala!n off and demand for i ndiviOJal household sanitary latri nes iS i n<r&asing day by day> yet, th& <~ paign requ ires .a greater &ff.art for motiv~ ing peop le. Keep in&: this c hallenge in viM~ local <ultui:al groups .ara being Qn~Qd for educaion, information a nd cultural adiwitiQS .and the loc.al shopk&&pQrS .ar-Q b&i .,g irwolved .as st.ak&hold&rs for pr.aviding ru ral to l et pans in th& remote villa~ . lnvolv&m ~nt of otht!'r linked

&ov&rnm&nt d~partm&nt.s isak .a b&i ngd.an Q through c.anv& rg&n<t .and dcrve-t.ailing. A t ime-bound pro'1'"4m for <apa<itv d w&lopm&nt of al stal<imol<Jius likt! PRIS, .affi<WS from Sedor Institutions (hi Nigam & Jal 5.ansthan), Non Gov&rrm&nt Organiz~ions (NGOs) Qtc. has bt!'Qn t.ak&n up for f~ilitating the publi< participatory program in the Stat& . It iS fQh th.at the ultimate SU<<QSS of t he progr~ wil dQpt!nd .an the active participation of t h& Qleded publi< repr&stntativQs even in future. ThQ s~tor institutioos and all others inv.aWed in th& activities have to prove th&i r f~ ili ation <apacities .

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4.3 Gaps in the Institution.al Fram ework

During t hl:! <nurse -of the study a numbl:!r -of gaps catnl:! to .our notice. Thl:!.se gap~ unll!SS tab n c.arl:!, will af(Qc:t thl:! on rall objl:!cfull:! of supply of safl:! d rinking w.at l:!r to the rural pl:!opll:!, particularly thosl:! b elonging to poverty groups.

i) Role of the Oep.al'tment:s o-f Drinking Water Supply (DOWS)

A.s pl:!r th e l:!Xi.sting .admin~tratinarrangl:!me:nt th e Rural 01:!W lopm ent / Urban OQl/t!lopm e:nt Departments .at State: Lave! are e.:x.pl:!ct~ to look aftl:!r .almost in totality Watl:!r supply rl:!l.atQd iSSUl:!S. Thl:!SI:! ..trl:! be ing admini.stratl:!d by UP Jal Nigam and SWSM . Kl:!1:!pi ng in vil:!W thl:! bot h stipulation o f 7311t CAA, th e: impleml:!nting bodil:!S arl:! raQuired to util izl:! local institutions, viz, GPs and t hl:! Vilagl:! Yktl:!r and sanitation Committl:!l:!S (VWSC).

Aahough watw supp ly h.as bl:!en includ~ .as ont!of the fund ions o f tht! GPs undl:!r t hl:! 11th sch t!dule: of the ConstitutCln, th l:! program ml:! continut!S to be: dl:!alt wlth by the Oepartme:nt concl:!rnl:!!d and thl:! GPs are rl:!(fl.Jir~ to play a marginal role rQStrict l:!d to thl:! Opl:!r.ation a nd Maintl:!nancl:!. Thi:! control over funds and f unctClnari l!S rests with tht! 0 1:!partml:!nt. Undl:!r the: prQS:Qnt Appro.ath a l f unds undl!'r NROWP for impll:!mentation of singlQ vil~ I:! W.atl:!r supply schl:!ml!S arl:! t rans-fQrrl:!d to the. PRIS. Howe.vl:!r, thl:! O&M funds reaivl:!d undt!r vaOOus St.atl:!S and central schl:!m QS ara not fully t ransfl:!rred to PRIS and l:!W n Wh l:!rl:! thl:!SI:! .arl:! rele:asl:!d to them; thl:! GPs are una\'Qrl:! of thl:! functions ~ Qc:tQd from t hl:!m as regard.s to ut i ization of thl:!SI:! funds . Thi:! funds which a rl:! r& l:!ived by thl:! GPs for maintt!nance. of h.and pumps e.-tc from thl:! Oepartm l:!nt havl:! b l:!l:!n found to b l:! too small to imp rovl:! thl:!

m.aintl:!nancl:! o f the. hand pumps l:!t c. The: anomaly can be rl:!moved by working out well d t!finl:!d roll:!S of thl:! 0 1:!partml:!nt and GPs.

iii N-()(1-uti iz.at ion of Funds b.y the GPs

Th& GPs, as thl:! key \jjl~ I:! len l in.stitutions, rQcl:!ive l:!armarkl:!d f unds unde:r the: Cl:!ntral Finance Comm issio n and State: Fin.ancl:! Comm iSSions rl:!comme:ndations towards W..afl:!r supply. tt \'.QS r l:!port l:!d that the GPs,.-dul:! to non avail.ability, of technic.al and dC:lmi nistraln/1:! guidanc~ do not utilizl:! th QSI:! funds for d rinking Watl:!r. lnstC!lad therl:! is a tl:!ndl:!ncy to d iw'ert t h e:s l:! funds fo r othl:!I' purpoSl:!S. In t hl:! proc~ a laigl:! amount of funds racl:!i\tt!d by-GPs towards drinking Watl:!r rl:!ma ins

unutilizC!d dua- to lack of ~ ministratirfe and financial coordiretion . In o rdl:!r to avo id this ~ P an intl:!grated .adminiStratWI:! & financial system h.asto b l:! l:!voiitl:!d.

Aoothl:!r a rea of concl:!rn iS the: lacl:: of manpOWl:!r and its contro l. According to prl:!SQnt a rrangl:!ml:!nts,. thl:! GPs h.a.-1:! not bl:!l:!n provid~ a ny manpowe:r to look aftl:!rthe: maintl:!naf'ICI:! o f hand pumps etc. t hough t hQy a re e.>tpQc:ted to bl:! r QSponsible for o pl:!ra tion a nd m.aintl:!n.ancl:! functio n. The arrangl:!ment h.as its own ad ministrativt! f law i n tht! Sl:!nst! t hat thl:! Panchayat Pradhan cannot l:!ll.l:!KiSI:! hiS povtl:!r on thl:! w ork p l:!rlormance of th a- viliagl:! levl:!I fooctionary in thl:! absl:!nct of total adminiStr-ativt! control.

iiij Problem of Par.a lie I Body at the Village Level

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Thi:! sch l:!ml:!.S of ~ nkin,; wate.r haw provid~ for thl:! creation of Watl:!r .and sanitation Gommitl:!I:! for tht! impl e:ml:!n-tation of the: schtml:!. Though the conct pt of having vill.a;gl:! levl:!I pk!pll:!.s body iS good thklrl:! tically., as far as, e.nsuring peopll:!' s involw'l:!ment in thl:!

p rogram ml:! ~ concerned but, it h.as not b l:!l:!n found usE!fu l unl S!SS th QSI:! lx>diQS arl:! also adl:!(lu..atl:!ly strl:!ngth l:!nl:!d and m~ e capab la- o f <liSchaiging thl:! functions w ithin t he syste:m

of Panchayats. Creation of paralll:!I bodies insidl:! t h e Panchayat systtm nt!t'ds numl:!ro us

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m easures for strengthening th t adminiStrative .and financial func-tions cif P.an:hayat vlhkh nQ~ to be taken into .ac<.ount. We fu lly .a;gree w ith the strong .advoc.acy fo r l:!!St.abfishing / utilizing the existing co m mitttes within t he P.anch.ay~ .along with the strangth t ning of P.anch.ay.at SQtup with fu ll &a:<.k-Sto p s upport . It iS f elt that thiS \11ill facilitate gre.ater .accountability besidQS will a lso help in proper utilization and upkeep oi funds available .as grants-ii-aid o r un.cftr tht scheme.

rYJ Coo-rdination Mechanism

During the fie ld work, it was found that the- cool'din~ion meichaniS:m was hardly in existence a t .any lt!Vel bt it s tate, district, block.or village lt!'Vel. Th t departmeonts c.oncem ~ Wi h w.attr supply iSSue .orderS to the PRIS withoui propt!'r consultation with t he P.anch.a:yati Raj

Departm ent. As a rQ:Sult, the c.ompli.ance of t hQSe .ordQrS beromes ta rdy .and ineffed ive. Also such o rd t rs s.ometimes l.ack the b.asi<. support o f Panchayat Department. 5.amt is true~ the vilage lw el where most oi the .activities converga.

In o rder to ensure effective implemQnt~ ion of the programme it iS nece.ssary to strangth t n tht coo rdin~ion mQchaniS:m .at all levels. Also there iS a n t ed to Qvo h,e a m echanism to know tht ground realities.on rQC"ular int enJals so as to ensurQ t imQfy corr&:tivt!' step.s-.

Supply oi drir*ing water iS an .activity which iS both tk hnic.al and gent ral in naturQ. On the o n Q hand, it raquiras a numbt!r of technical inputs, i also rQ,qui"e public involva,ment fo r effectivt!' imp.act on the other. W e foood t hat tht skills .and capacities o f t he p~ple w ho .ar-e, a t p resE!nt, ~ ci~ S!d do not have crdQQu.ate oriffltati«"I or skill to <lelive-r thQ resuls. In the a b:sencQ of any skill d Ql/eb pment a nd or ~ renQ:SS gt neration programme, the programme impleml:!ntation beicomes tardy a n.cl ineffective.. In .order to <1Vercome, it iS theref.o re necessary to p lan phased training / o rient.at ion of officials .and t!l~tE!d representatives so that they are .able to play their role successfully.

4.4 Tr.ansf.erenu of Rural W.aterSupply S.C.hemes to GPs

At prMent, there is no form .al .arrange ment fot ttan$ferenu of (ural watet supply s chemes to the GPs. Since only .a handful of sc._mQS have been transferred to concern GPs, such transfl:!rencl:! .appears ta, b e more on pap t r than .as a s ustainable result o rient:Qd arrangtment . As .a resul _, the GPs are not in a poSition to play a meaningful role in t he implemtnt~ion of t he nxal water supply schl:!mes, particu la rly in thl:! a bsence o f .any grant in aid or posting of staff requirad for opt!r.alion and maintQnancQ of th t sch l!me.

ff the GPs a re, to bt tht nodal .agency fo r t he implemtnt~ ion of watl:!r supply sch t me, it wil b e ntcessary to wolve- a transfw mechanism .as has bQQn done in .a num ber oi states, and assign them the function in .a w ell <.oordin~ ~ way. For this, it will .also b t nect ssary to obtain the will ingness oi the GPs/ Gram 5.abha to tab ovw the rasponsibility of implemQntir,g; the schemQS. On:e th e wilingnl:!S$ of the Gram Sabha has ba,Qn obtained .a MOU betwt!en t he dl!partm ent and the GP will have to be s~ ed.

4,5 Revenue of 6 1'am P.and\ay~

At pre.s2nt, the GPs are by and l~ e d ependl:!nt o n the Govt. grants allocations m~Q by the central Finance Commi.s:sion, St~e finan<.Q commission and grantsa¥arlable- for im plemtntation oi various rur.al d e-.,elopment schem es. SQff gen eratQd rewnue .ar-e n~ ligiblt and can hardly be

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used for any purpose ot her t han miSc e)(penditul'Q. In case w~er supplv sch eme iS to b e i mplemented by the GP, it Wil be ne<:essaryto lookfor sourcQS of rwenue.

In ord er to .augmimt the rQSo urces of th e GPs, they hwe been givwi power of tax.ation .and co llectetn of w~e,r ch.arges .as pe r the p rescribed norms. HOVlever, in ~ sence of .clear .cut ~ nd~ Q th~ the T.ariff should be sufficient to m eet O&M e>.pen.sQS fuly, th e GPs have tendency

to adopt most corwenient to .all memberS irre.spectirfQ of their .a.ctual r~uiraments. In f~t, the GPs lack glaringly the .c.ap~ity to fr-.ame .annual O&M budgets for which W rious me.asure.s to dew lop theW" <ap.abilitiQ:S. w ill have ro be taken.

4,6 FutureA((.an_gement

In view of the rol e ascrib~ to PRI under t he NRDWP and t he Q)astir¢ status, we feel that the P.anch.ay~ Raj Oe,partm ent w ith its vii.age l w el st.a.ff should participate effe<:tivety in the

operation and maint enance of w~ er supply system. F-or th~ we suggest that t he hand int over of works n eed.s to be carried out in an o rderly manner byGPs entering into formal ag:reemimts With proper rl:!Sol ution o f taking ow r O&M f un:tions With the raspedive ,ac:encie.s. The RWSS asse1s should be inwntorized .assessQd for t heir working conditions & supply fwel .and f.ormalty hand ed over to t he new Panchayats.

Further in on e sch eme o f future arr.angement for op eration & maintt nance, wt! proposed th.at service resen,:,irs in all village,.s be establshed .and, p rovidf'lg bulk W~ Qr as per requirQment of th e village every day will be done by the rQSpktivl:! agenO QS i.Q.. Jal Nigam & Jal 5.ansthan. The i ntern.al diStribution, col lt!ction cif water charges .as wQII .as minor r&pairS will b e carried out bythl:! WJSSC .of GP. The GP has to t!ntl:!r into an agrl:!E!ml:!nt with t he bulk water suppliers, ccimmitting

for p~ @nl of d,~,gf!S lt>r bul( wMt r sup pt,, lolh@ ~ @n<i!U. Thl !.!Ml 6ovwnmllnl h~ l o st~nd as gu.arantcir for payment of thQSI:! chargas and will have the authoriy th.at in:dSQ o f failurQ in payment t h e Stat e Gow rnmt!nt wi l p.ay to th e agency the due amount c,ut of furds ma:<l'e .awilabl e to GPs by t he State .and Cl:!fttral Government.

Or~t Guidl:!l f'l l:!S for trci;nsfl:!r o f O&M o f rural W~l:! r supi:iy schemQS to PRJ's in Uttar Pradl:tSh .covl:!ri.-.g roll:tS of Uttar PrcildQ:Sih Jal Nigam, stiat:egy Sor O&M, procedure .of handng over, vil lage

selection criU!ria, suppcirt to be provided by goVE!rnment, selection of pQrSOns for O &M, duties of perSo~ appointed for O&M, monito ring by dQpartm ent, monitciring & rl:!Spo nsibilti l:!S of GP .and

M emcirandum of UnderStandi ng l:!t< iS ~ t achl:!d .as Appendbt-1.

4,7 P.anth..ayat Raj Oeptt's (PRO~ Funtti,o.ns

(~ The P.anchay.at Raj 01:!p.artml:!nt's Offic:ial should keep a close w~ ch on the fundioning of Vill~ Q Panchay~, i n di.scharge of th e rQSponsibil itiE!S c,f tht! various mt!mberS of the Gram ~ nch.ayat as well .as tht! Gram Pr~ han. Thi:! rasponsibiliti lQS o f Gram Pr~han have bQQn Spelt out und'Qr next para

(i) The PRO should ensure t hat the GP, VMC & IJlNSSC are functional, m eet regularly, ke~p i:ropl:!r recordsand take.s necessary d eciSicl ns as .and when rQ(luirQd.

(i~ At times reco nstitution of VMC I UWSSC b ecom QS n& l:!SS.aty in case of d~th, ind ifference of mem bers,. .as w ~ l .as, memb ers moving out of vil~ I:!. PRO should SQQ VWC / UWSSC do rot remain d£'f unc.t for more than a month.

(;.,) Regular billir¢ and collection iS carri~ out in l eu of contf'luous tim ely regular .adequate and l:!(luitablt! water supplytci a ll th e- habitants.

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(~ PRO should see t h.at the O&M .annual bu-dglrt preparQd by GP iS m~ Q balanced Wdh T.ariff .aid~ u.ate to sust.ain Q>.pl:!nditure as w ell as generate, funds for res~e t .o me,et

m ntin~ ncias in maintenance.

("') Aho t he, funds made availabl e to GP for O&M of w.ater supply are rot d iwerted in o ther .activit i l:tS.

(•i) GPs adopt bylaws and regulation.$ as per ~ ke of NOOAL Agency for operation .and maintenance, of w.ater supply systemsan<l ddhere to i.

(•ii~ A D wat:2r sources including variou.s environmental m w ures undert.aken at the time, of implem entaion of project ar& ~equately looked after and proted ed.

(lit) All effo rts are made to rmb the \jjl~e "Oe,fecation free'' and byl~ s 4S regards to l:!nvironment.al ~ tivitiE!S like bathint and W4Shing clothes in the water sources.are strictly lollow od.

()} P.anch.ay~ can ontyf unction as nodal local govl:!mance, body with t he support of PRO an<l 4S $Uch a close w~ ch on rural w~er suppl, O&M ad ivitiE!S will assist GP very much. PRO

!flould mot~ te GP to make the svm m fm ncially and environmentally sustainab!Q.

4.8 Role of the P.andi.ayat: Pr.adh.an

There ~ppears to be lack of ~ arenE!S.S among the heads of GPs ~bo ut their role in the i mplementation of water supply scheme whkh havs, been transferred to them. To ensure the adive partk ipation of this key G.P. fundionary, it iS nece.!Sary to ori l:!'nt them about their role appropriatet, so that the,y, inst11ad of t raating it as j ust another sche,me should take up a.s ~n

i mportant programne which rQC!uire,s their wh-ofesome, attention. Som e of the, rolas whkh can be

consid ered are:

(~ M onitor & m ntro l the .acti\jjt ie.s of scheme, operator engaged by them i n consultation With UP Jal Nigam Sor intern.al d iStribution o f water in the vil~ e.

UP Jal Nigam wil en.sure that on ly skiled staff With proper t raining iS appo inted at remuneration affordable by GPs. The function.!: of t he operator/ personS se!Q.ded for o&M

are given in Guidel nes for transfer of O&M (Appendk -1~.

(i) Keeping functional 4SSQSSment of income and QXpl:!nditurQ on o&M such th.at rewnue d ue iSadequate t .o mee-t the cost of bulk supply as w ell as internal O&M in village.

(ii) Conflict resolution amo ng communities .and c-ollect Dn/ realization of wae,r charges 4S

futod b,, GP.

(W) Preparation and .approval of budget of the financial yQar and f bt.ation of user ch.ar,c:es a fter d ue consult.at ion With the communiy.

(~ Ensuring at au time.sad equate, e,quitable d elivery of water supply.

(111) Ari earty re<lr&ssal of a l griew ncE!S regarding w:ater- suppl, including prop er recording: of

c!lmplaints.,.as wel as, redressal ~ t Dns.

('illi i) Ensuring qu.ality of Watl:!I' supplied th rough the .svstem

(111ii) Keeping proper liaiSoning w ith the a_gency (Jal Nigam .and Jal sansthan) for ensuring timely t echnic.al ard managerial assitt.ancQ as and when re-Quired .

(k~ Keeping close watch on the, qualty and d ischarge. of ~ er sources so as to en.sure .adequate supply for the p resent 4SWl:!II asfor future r~uirements of the communrty.

():) EnsurQ nece..ssa,y mQa.Sures for w.ater hanrE!Sting i nclud ing deepen ing .and de.silting of village pon<k as well as forestat ion w her& f e.asible.

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4.~ Need fo( Oe:Sign.ating AgenOJ to Pr® ide 8.ac.k Stop Support

W e haw studied the \t/orking of various ~encies ~rrying out opW.al:ion and maint !Manc Q of r...-al water supply. As pir utt.ar Prad l:!Sh l#ater Supply & Sl:!W!Nage Act 1975, Jal ~ han has the

po,.,er t.a IWf watw charges .and carrv out the operation and maiitenance activities of urban a nd rural ~ tl:!r !Upplv and $Q"\t/Qrag:e Sl:!rvic:l:!S. OthE!r .agencies like Gram Panchayat an.cl Viii~ W;;1.er

SoppJv Committees bei ng sub-committl:!I! of GP derive th l:! authority undtr thi' prowiSion.s .of P-anch.ay.at Raj Ad w herein GPs can <harge for thl:! services rendered by it. Jal Ni~m (UP.IN) under

the proviSions o f t he aforesaid Ad can <hart'Q for the servic:e:s only Wh l:!n th e O&M of any urban/ rural systems iS handed .over t .o it on the .ordl:!rS of the St;;AQ Gori. The Stat e Govt. vide its

not~kalon No. 3426/9-2(3~ ?9 date<! A~ st 1~1989 and No. 2894/9-2-37- 59(9 3'/87 <lat ed 1 6"' M arch 1988 has b estowed ad dutie!. and r esponsibilities of Jal 5ansth.an un<fer th e ~ort!Said Ad for a ll rural areas except t hose in cantonm ent area and Jhansi OM sion of Uttar Pradesh to UP Jal Nigam. As. suc:h in all tht!:Se arC!iaS the rl!Sponsibilty of Operation & Macint l:!nancl:! rQ.SlS w ith UP Jal

Nigam. AS p!N St.all:! Governmtnt's o rder No. 992/ 38-5-2002 dat ed 26.08.2002tht mai ntenance a nd operation of hand pump.Sin areas of Uttar Pradesh iS handQd over to raspl:!Ctivl:! GPs si nce 01.04. 2002.

Almost all t ht ~ E!mil:!S prl!Sl:!ntly looking a fter O&M of rural watw supply in t heir A nnua l Bu~ et and o ther reports mention only about the schemes b ting mainta.'11:!d by them and With no single

~ en<y has d t'l:ails .of a ll the system.s provc!ingwater supply in the vil~ s of t he st~e. The o ffke of SWSM <ould only give t h e nos. of schemes maintained by d iffQr'Qnt ~ enciaS but not the details. As such, w e strongly f eel that for pr<TW'idin! adequate Ba<k-Stop support, t l,Q .agen:y designated f.or thi$" job must have all t he details .of al t he servke systems pl'D'Vidi~ water supply

i n rural a reas .of tht State .

It is lightly said tho.t providiltg huge Jfl ..estm"1\t far a>vffl)lg 'lk'.lt a>vered / partia/1y covlirt!d' 11i.G'age ¥fla bi tati()t).$ without e M uriltg sustruilabk opera tkJll and m a»l terla~ is,, in fact; o caS,e' l'J f p.ourillg, Kotw ill t'.O boHr:>mle.s:s bud-et,, (while ctJven>ge is itlclt!ased the eJOstillg, 'fu/1y covered' .,,1)'age¥flabi'tati()t).$ faJt bock i'lto 'partktlly covelt!cf l'Jr 'n.ot cO~ lt!d' m teg<Jry). It is, the(efote, ne~ :SS.ary tD *nu ntrat e equally Oii sustainable mainten.anc.e whicl\ tan only be e/\$1J(ed by designating a:n ag-ent.y for mMlitoring and B.atk Stop Support to t he system und,er opetation & ma intenanc.e.

4.10 What is Baek Stop S.upportand Why Do We Need It

In our f ield surv&y w e have obSQ!rvl:!d the folloW11g which throws light on the nel:!d and ra.ciuirl:!f'Tl l:!nt.S und er the Back-Stop support i.l:!. support to GPs for operation and maintenan<Q .of water supply systE!mS on <om missioning of projl!!Ct:

i} In about a ll ru ral wattr supply systems implementl:!d oodl:!r the Supply Driven appr.oach, the com munity is not aware about the functioni ng o f 'iQrious units .of the syst lQm and the adivities rl:!(luirl:!d for ensuring sustaiiable Qffl:!divl:! dt1ivl:!ry.of Sl:!r'Vicl:!S. ;,.s, such, t hl:! ~ t ivitil!Sd esigned for planniig phase in t he systems implemented under the Demand Driven approach w ill have to b l:! undl:!rtab n in a ll such systems implement ed undl:!r Supply Driven Appr.o~ h so as to gentrate <.ommunity a\O.QrQnQSS and raiSI:! <ommunity participation.

i~ Even in <.a:sl:! of systl:!f'Tls impll:!ml:!ntl:!d under the Dtmand Driven approach WI:! have observed th.at the VLWSC which fun<tionl:!d effedivl:!ly duri ng impll:!mtntation of project .and

subs~uently for few y~rS theraafter are now obsenied to be dormant and wen defunct. Thw e are Swt!ral re.asons for t he same a nd thl:! ont obstrvl:!<f prominently is that the members .of VLWSC have either b ecom Q too .old, expired or have shiftl:!d t .o som e o th l:!r pl.ace

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out.side the vil~I:!. In absQncQ of any system for reconstituti ng tht VLW5.CS, the committl:!I:! an.cl con~ quently t ht W.atQr Supply SVstl:!m have more or less bl:!comt d l:!funct. Thi:! only

poSitivl:! ~ pl:!d i n su<h casl:tS as w e haw ob~ rvl:!d iS th.at the <.omm;nitil:!.S still have the spirit

of jointly t.ackling tht problem by col ~di~ the money and g:ettir¢ rep.airs done to restore Supply.

ii) In most of such c.asl:!.S the repair iS temporary connl:!di ng djjjointQCI pipes w ith flEtiubll:! pi pe piec:QS. Th i:! supply hours ara also not regulat:Qd and w.attr continul:!.S to fbw from st.and p.osts as there are miSSing t.aps. There is n.o regu~r co l !Kt ion of water <hargl:tS an.cl in absencQ .of funds onl, stop gap rapairs are c.a:r-ried.out.

iv) In most of the svstems thl:!f"I:! iS no effort to QnSurt water qu.ality, <lsinfl:!d ion of watl:!r supply With hie.aching poW<fQr s.ol!tionS or <Othl:!MSI:!. There iS no system for <hQcking of rl:!SidJal chtorinl:!. Thi:! c.ommunity suffers,. as it iS rl:!p-ortl:!d that ptopll:! suffer with vari.ous wattr b.om l:! diSi!asl:!s QSpQcially during monsoon. The l'eason fot all this i:S hasiuilly that the mm munity is not ~,.are as to whetef rom small qua ntities of ble.adiin_g p.owder wuld be pr0tured .and the details of t he testing prc-c.edure fol' cheddn_g the residual dilol'ine. Thi:! community definitely needs to be supportQCI on .all the:sl:! iSSUll!S t i l t hQy b QcomQ w el accustomQd to th!:! optrati.onal dril requir&d for proper O&M of systl:!m. However tht poSitivl:! aspQct is that thtrQ is no

obj!Ktion on <hlorination on &r-oun<f of <hang,Q in t .astl:! of water .and t h l:! commu nity demanded for<hlorination 'Daw.a Dali Jayae' ~ nok Mkyh tk;s~

~ In most of the <asl:!s w here G Ps arl:! supposed to look ~er the- system, t here iS no lo<al vil~e man engagl:!d for O&M and t he .opl:!raf:ion of valve:s i.l:!. thl:!ir closing and openint iS c.ar-ri l:!d .out by some village <om mittee ml:!mbl:!r o nly. Evtn in s.oml:! systE!mS impll:!mt!ntl:!d under Demand Driwn approach the .operator is not <11:!ar about t he functio ns w t.ch he has to perform nor

dol:!.S he has any operation and maintenan<t manual to deal with operational p roblems faced by him. There is thus the need f er provdjf)g Qd,equa~ 011 jd:, tra ifl»lg as well QS prov;ct11g cperQ b·a11 and JhQJil ttllance mQ/IUQ/ dct1g wi th Q/J a th"1' dQy ro dQ y mGV'.l'l le' flO~ dccume IV'S,, recei pts at1d e,cpe11d.i-u,e , eg;sre,s f ar prepo.r»lg rec(Jfds. b'l the abseil.a" cf aiy mo11;tcnflg system e ..e11 the (TQjM>d ape m tar M mmes cm ud abcu t h;s du r;e s Cl1'ld respc11SJb;J; t;es.

vi) At times; i n t hl:! absence of tools and Spare parts like small pip!:! lengths; jointing spe<ials etc. l:!vl:!n the t rainQd operator finds himseff helplQSS as th era is oo formal h.anding wl:!r o f ass~s an.cl ~Qn the pip I:! and spe<ials whi<h are nieded for small repairs .are not ava.ilabll:! With the

com munity. We feel that .about 3% of total pipe length in diameters m~ used in the system .ab ng w ith CO.fl'e:Spondin_g no. of sp,ec.ials $hOuld al:SO be handed over 1D the GPs fol' opel'al:ion .and m aintenanu be:Sides v.al'ious tools req uil'ed by the Fitte l' v,ho is trained fol' l'epairs.

As a Back: .Stop systE!m w e l:!nvi.sage that tht support ~ ency w ill l:::eep a gang.of Fiters a nd casual lA'3rkl:!rS at Sk,ck HQs or .other central pla<Q who wil carry out major repair as a nd

whM apiw-.o~h l:!d by t he GPs. Thi:! agency will also provc:11:! <hemic.als and othw sparl:tS as p l:!r demand of GPs. We ftQI t hat in .all village a Villagl:! Maintl:!nancl:! W.orkl:!r (VM""' bl:! .appointed who sho1'd be t he employte of GP .and should bt pai-d by it .only a.nd th!:! m.onitoring of h is function.s should rQSf soletyw ith GP. Howevetto ensure effectiW! wol'kin_g it i:S also nec..e:SS.ary that the Back-Support agent.y should o-c..c.asionall-y, say onu in six months, should <het.k the w ot'king of all sud, system. Thi.s moni oring <ould be at t he IQvQI of Juni.or Engineer/ AssiStant Enpll:!Qr a.nd should be a mandat.ory requirtml:!nt as an important part cf their <lutie.s, report

on w hi<h should be sent t .o neJd higtll:!r authoriy as w ell a.s vilQ&I:! GP. It should also be strE!SSl:!d that during t heir visit JE/AE should also chl:!<k t he action taken against suggestions m..d Q du ITlg th Q Qarl iQ r vi.sits .

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4.11 Sc.hemes to be Handed Over to GPs

Our fe-eling is that all single •illag-e svstem:S m uld be complet21y handed over to th-e GP:S for operation a nd mainten.anu after following: detailed proudul'e:S fol' h.anding over.

In c~Q of Multi vtlage water supply scht!'mes .. the o peration a nd maintenance of tht systtm inside the vi la,ge i e. from village t.ank to t he int ra vilage distribution of water Supply could be ha:ndad over to t he GPs. It is neu:S:Sary that in ea.eh "'ill.age a vil age tank of ade-quat-e up..ai<ity (minimum twelve hour storage of de:Sign daily w.atel' demand~ at :Suitab le staging to (..OltE!r

whole v iii.age i:S ptovid-e-d. In c~~ such tanks do not a iSt ~ pre.se,nt, these should fi1$1 be provid Qd as separate structur-t!' not feeding any otht r vil~ e e% ept that for it iS provided. We have OMerved th.at in ~ t of these tank$, no floa t valves al'e ptovided at inlet. ThiS re.suits in a Situation whs,,re water overflows from tl-e tanks while the tail end households suffer with the scarcity of w.ater. The fl.Gal: 11.llve :Should be de.:Sig:ne-d for the stat ic. prMSure to whit.h the line, i:S subjet.ted .at the tank/reservoirs and ordinal'y <.0mme l'~al flo.at v.ilve.:S shall not be used.

This and some otherte<hnical mod ifi:atioos in t he system iiiould be made prklr to handing over the system to GPs for O&M at their l::!nd. S.ut.h GP:S w ill enter' into an >creement with t he bulk water :Suppty .agen,c-,y w h ic.h will ensure filling of tank twi<e in a d.ay during w h ic.h pel'iod no supply to village will be made. Thi::! GP will pay for the bulk water charges as per (tua,-ity suppliQd to them in the month and t he bulk w.ater suppJv agenq will h~e the nd,t to stop the supply in ca.se of nonp.a:,ment ~ well as recovt!r the amount through State Govt . out of various gr-ants & funds givt!n to GP.

In use of the tom plex systems with high he.ad pumping and eb borat:e treatment plani:::S t hese should be maint.19\ed by the agen~ which h.as implemented the :SC.heme.

4.12 Proudure fot Handing Over of O&M tD theGP-!i

Our observation as regards to 815 sin&fe vilage w~er suppfy sch s,,mes is tlet no specific procedure has been laid down for handi"4 over of O&M of these schemes to the GPs. II .appears that thi$ pre:sent handing over iS not mo ra than an admini$trative ord er. As such it is n Qoc: QS!ary that tht detailed handowr pro,cedura be follow Qd so t hat in these, sch tmQS there i$ no confusion on the r QSpoosibilty of GP~ regards to o&M of the schemS!S.

Detailed gui.delines fol' handingovet have been prepared whic.h may be of interest for the Stat2 go-vt/SWSM to i:S.:Sil.Je further detailed orders for proudure to be foUovte-d in h.anding over of the sv-stem to GP.:S. No sch ems,, \Oli ll be tr~ ted as handed °"er until and unless t hiS procedur-t!' is fo11ow~ an-d an MOU in betw een GP an.d con<erned agency along with proper rC!Solution of GP after -di$cus.sion in Gram 5.abha iS adopt ed and enc losed with MOU. In ~ dition to t hl:!Se all r&cor~ namtly, de-tailed as built plans of system an.d assets havt! to b t hand edoverto GP along w ith d!Mails of house connQoc:tion and up to d.a:te account agains-t tariff to bs,, rac Qived. This will nQed cJose cd laboration of t h t Agency/GP and Panch.a:yat Raj OepartmlMt o f t he State Govt.

Se.sides MOU between t he GPs and the Jal N~ m/ Jal 5.ansthan, it i$ also necE!S.Sary to set up Monitoring and Coordin.atkln Committees at the Block levt!I to ensure regufar monitoring of the programmes and also facilitatQ .coordination in powerS and respo nsibilities among the ~ e:ncie.s.

There iS also a need to draw an ad ion pl.an for C-ap~ ity Building of terious stakeholders. It is feh that ski I up--c,~ ation and ~ .arenE!$Sgene.ratio n of the people involved in thQ pro&ramme will go a long way in maki ~ the programmQ succ essful

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4.13 Role of State Paneh.yatRaj and Rur.al ~lopment Oeptt.

Our f ield ob.serv~ion iS th~ while, GPs have, be,e,n m~e, r1!Sponsibll!' as Institutions of local

'°ve,rnancQ .at t he, viii~ l l:!ll21, th e, Panchay~ Raj Oeptt . shows very little cond:!rn about the servicM and t heir st.at us cif delivery~ the GP lhtel. W.ater supp if bei~ the basic raciuirament cif .al ind Mdua-k" dai" life, t he Gol and t he St~e Govt. have all laid st ress cin its man.agement at the 11:Pltel of PRIS i.e. GP at vilage l wel In fact~ und er t h e, 12tJ1 f inance Com miSSion and in the Stat e Financ e, Commissicin rl:!a,mmendations reil:!asl:!S c,f considerable .amount of grants ~ e be ing giwn

to the GPs. Basid l:!S thl:!SII:!, funds SpQc:ifica:lly a lottl:!d for o&M of w~w supply svstems 4rl:! ~ .aDoc~ ll:!d under d ifferent programm as o f r ural w~er suppty of the Go l (Governmll:!i'lt o f tldi.a) as w ell as of the St .ate Govt. W e WQre surpriSQd to find o ut that t~ amount sandioned fc,r maintenance of water suppty have been d in rtl:!d to co nstruction of d rains .and f.or street pavemll:!nts in some of the \jjl~ as. The N.ational Policy framll:!work for rural \11.atQr supply indicates tMI: the GPs rQSourcQS as regards to o&M of water supply could .also b e suppll:!mll:!ntl:!d by

i mplementi~ somll:! works o f w ater supp~ un<fer thll:! MNREGA programme under \'lhk h wcirks such as sour-ce re juvenation, repairS4nd restor~ ions w orks could be urn::lert.aken.

Our intenticin in mentioning all thiS is not to cr iticize any <lepartment but to bring out the tad th~ t hll:! State Pane hay.at Raj Oeptt. has not so far betn involved in m.aintenancl:! .adiviti as in the rural water supply syst ems. The stages .and ~ivitias w h ere we feel t he P4nch.ay~ Raj 0 1:!ptt. should play.an ~ t iw'e rol t are b riefly spel!Qd out as below:

i) 5eledic,n of vilagas whe ra O&M of rural w.ater supply should be transferred to GPs.

i~ Or~nizing ~ m .abh~ meeting for ~ opting resolut ion to nlqu~t for tr~ng er of O&M to th eGPs.

ii) Facilitating in conStitution of User's Water Supply & 5.arit~ion Conwnittet for ensu ring susta inable maintenance of rural water supp)( systtms by l:!n$Uring t hat 411 SE!Ctions c,f co mmunity ~ fuUt repre.sentQd as p er pr-oviSio ns defined RJr such committee.

iv) Ensuring tha t proper MoU is entere,,d in betwe~ GPs and t he ~ ency f rom w hich O&M is

transfer-red to GP s.

~ Fo r sus-tainable O& M v.ar-ious functions .are assigned to the Gram Pi:adhan as regards to mga.ging village maintenance mechanic whose dutias and rasponsibilties .are defined .and have to be monito red by the Pradhan and Panchay.at members. The P4nch.a:yat Raj 01:!ptt.

officiak could monitor al these so that tht system doas not get d eiunct.

vi) Controllngthat th t f unds earmarked for o&M .are not <livl:!rt~ on other ~tivitiQS ~ wel as co uld cldviSQ GPs about o t her .additional sources for ~ nl:!r.aiing funds requirad for meeting o&M of w~er supp ly system.

viij Prcimptl'lg GPs to .a<lopt standard Syelaw~ RulM and Regu~tion.s cif w.ater supply i ncluding th eir e-ffed ive impl t ml:!rt4tion.

viii~ Assisting GPs in re:scilution o f comm unity conflicts regarding optration & maintenance c,f '"'4tl:!r supply system .

The main a im iS to ensure f in.ancialy and c,pl:!ration.al y sus-tainable water supply systems to the sat isfaction of ben l!rliciaries. W e feel tha t t he P4nch.ay~ Raj Oeptt. official.s can effedively play their ro le in cciord ination With t he water $Upply agencies to achieve thU:e obj Qc:tivU:.

W e haveo~ rvl:!d that the VWSSCS constituted as sub com mitteasof GPs in courSe of time due to various reasons get inll:!ff Qc:tNI:! o r ew n go defunct. The rt iS neQd to d efine t he tenn of VWSSC,

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say it !nould 4lv1.ays be r !Konstitut l!d a long w ih the eliKtion and remnstitution of GP$. In c.a:se GPs ara dissolved for some re~n or o th er and are taken over by the administration, VW SSJ:.s

!hould conti nue .as such under the control of adminiStration . TheSQ issues ara such w hteh P4nch.ayat Raj Oeptt. could better addrQSS w ith thei' knowledge of P4nchayat Raj Ad and .of ~ rious admi niStrative circulars baSQd on w hich niKQSsary order n eed to be iSSued. We f eel that .once th e Panchayat Raj Oeptt. is ad ively f'lvolvQd in overS&eing the functioning of GPs and t hE!ir functionariQS 4S regards to tht!ir duties and rl:!Sponsibi itil:!S forW4ter supply, vario us issu es whkh

may creep up in c.ourse of t i me c.ould be addrQSSed effective¥ in .a:ssoci.ation w ith th e w.ater supply Agencies.

4.14 cap.acity Development and Skill Training

capacity dew lopm ent of com muniy and specially the P.anch.ay.at & UW SSC membe,s is very necessary. W e have mentioned the n eQd for carrying o ut c.ommooity awarenQSS and partkipation

"'neration progr~ me. In M dition to these, specific t raining .on roles & reSponSibilities .of m emb Qr of GP and VMC is required w herein thQy h~ to b e exposed to the various opw ati.on &: maintenance ~tiviti l:!S i n:ludl'lg those in ~<:.aunt keepin& record and QXpenditure <:.ontrol. In 4ddition to the GP 4nd UWSSC mem bel$~ the VMW has t.o b e trained l'I skill$ of 4 f ilter 4nd Qf a

chemist so as to carry .out m inor rQpairS 4nd ensura prop er d iSinfection. In caS& of Operators engagQCI on single village tubl:!' well basE!d pu~ing schemes ad ~ uate knowledge 4bout pum ps 4 nd motors w ill ~ be necessary. Thi!Se trainings w ill be o ,g:4nizE!d as part of handing over

pr.ocess and ontv peop le tra inQd 4S f itter / pump operator shoukl be engac:ed .as vil~ e maintenance mechanics bythQ GPs.

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CHA PTER-5

Field Survey in Uttar Pradesh and Observations from Other States

5.1 At.tivityCovered in Ope ration & Maintl!nante

Depending upon th e various factors> the ~ tivit il:!.s undert.i:b n under o JJ2r~ion & maintenan<li!' <if water supply systl:!ms v~ <onsidl:!r~ ly.

i) Type of Xheme

ii~ Typl:! of Tl:!Chnology

Ground \t/af er - Tubl:! well

Surface waer - Rwers, Gadhera (riifulet~ Dams A S<hli!'ml:! <ould be for Srlgle village, ha\Bng sewral h.abitations.

A muti \Bl~ Q S<h i ml:! With sw eral vii~~ fed with onl:! sour<e <ir several sou rces. Thi:! supply <<iuld b l:! under gr.avity <ir pumping may be n i!t'C l:!SS.tf'V for supply (]/ water to benefi-ciarie.sdepl:!nding upon the source .and

t he d~rel:! of treatml:!rt only <hsinfecti<in in <.asl:! o f t round w.ater, in case the (luality of w.atl:!r iS Within permissibl e limi.S or & borate t rl:!.atm ent w ith SQttli~ tanks, f ilt ~ s and d i.sinfl:!Cf Cln in case <if

.surfa<e SOISCl:!S. Oerra;nd d riw'l:!n \'l(rth total <<immunity awarl:!nl!tSS and co<ipl:!r~ion in p~min&, impl'1ml:!ntation .and management of the system. Supply drivt!n where c<immunity i$' hardfv c<insulted ~ any stage

.and the system i$' planned, d l!tSignl!!!d, impll:!rm!ntl:!d; <ipl:!rat ed ~ d maintainl:!d by Som I:! age,ncy <JI the Stall:! Govt.

OperaCln & maintenance baskaltv <ompriSl:!S of t\OA, ~ t ivitil:!S w hich are QSSl:!ntial f<ir smooth .and sustainable functioning of wate r supjiy system .and providin& un-irrtl:!rrupt l:!d SQrvicQ <telivery

to conSa.sml:!rS.

(~ Operation which i.s a routine wort and broadly m e.ans timely <ipl:!n ing of some valvQS,

p reparings<1L tion of blt!Qchi°' po\O#der<in<:Q in a W9 ek (u.sually) and E!nSuri~ t hat there is no wastage ~ d leak~ I:!; <hl:!<k ing quality of w.ater f<ir residual ch lorine. All thl:!SQ activities are simple and d<i not r-Q(luire very high skill but sincerity and <fw otion towards t hQ task

a..ssigned.

(i) Maintenance w hich is of two typl:!S (a~ one is preventive \1/hQrQ th e aftQmpt i.s to Jook a fter

th e pl~t, mac:hin~ et<. as part <if day to & y activities in .such .a wao, that t he unit fmctions effl!t'CtiveJv all t hrough its opl:!rating life, (b) anothl:!r is c<irrl:!Ct ive o r -cura tive maintE!nanc~ WhQra in GaSQ of problG!m in any unit th e pr<iblem i$' idl:!ntifil:!d and rorrl:!d ivl:! adion.s are taken . In ~ Qr suppt, scheml:!S,. thl:! prl:!vt!ntivQ maintenance are simple adivitiQ.s su-ch as scou ring pipl:!lin~ removing dl:!p-osits i n rQ.!:QrvoirS et< . whi<h hardly rQ,Quires any h igher skill . In fad ~ thl:! act ivitil:!S are in $hapQ d drills to be taken aft£!f' a lapSI:!

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of some period o r .as .a routine o bservation. AU the:se activitiQS .are mentioned in <let.ail, under the Oper.atioo & MaintE!n.ance manual.

~ ept for pumping sch e,mes .and w here tre.a:tment plants .are provided the ~tillities under operation & m.aint enana in .a w.ate r s uppty system do not require very high skill though s incE!rity .and devotion tow.ards the routine f unct ions .are m.ich needad. F.ailure in th.at m.ay IQ.ad to diSruption of supplv. In \'iew o f thiS we feel t hat o p er.at ion & m.ainte,nance of all w.ats-r supply systems QXcept those where E!labor.a:te w.a:ter trQ~ ml:!nt pl.ants .are invo lved, .could b e, m~ ed by the com munity .aft e r propertrainirg .and instrudions.abng with ~ k-st.ap s upport by the Agen:y .as .a f~ilit.atnr. HO!Wever, in .all such cases where th e community has to m.aintain the system, .a trainQd operator Wrth n ~ QSsaty tools, s pa:rQS .and ch emicals to take care of day to <:lay oper~ion & maintenance h.as to be pro.ided in the vii~ . For thiSj. the most !Uitable pecSon could be .a f.airly lte,r.ate , you ng .and healthy man from the, \'i llage itsQlf. In ~ dition, the,comm unity has .also to be made .aw.are t h.at the system belongs to them .and it i$' in t heiro\1/n intE!rest .and is therefo re their duty to m.aint.ain it properly. The o peratorS mu.st h.avs, .a small O&M manua~ r-elw.a:nt to his project in hi$' own language w herE!in detailed activities .about the preventiw'e maintenance .are clearly spelt o ut. Any problem which iS ~ essed as rot bs-ing s uch .as the same could be tackled k>c.a lly by hffl should be cle~ ml:!ntion ~ .an.cl he should be advised to contact the Ag-ency fo r help.

s.z Operation.al P.af.ametel'S toAS:Sess Service Delivery

Oper.ation.al parameters nece.ssary for studyirg operation.al .and maintenance, .adi\'ities so as to ide,ntify the 'iQrious functions .and functionaril:!S .as re.g.ards to O&M of rural ~ ter supply systs-ms .ara .as fo llows:

Supply PoSition

, ) Qualty of Water

ii i~ Tariff

.. OAS>

No. of d.ays/morth o n .an .average whe,n w.a:te,r supply iS not .available.

~ Adequacy of water sup ply th rough number ,of hourS of .supplyper & y, .as well .as st.lficient prQSSure ~ d eliverv points (no pressure m l:!.asuramert.s done, E!nquiry confined to el.citing q u.art.ity o f flow .as trickling or -c:ontinuous flow).

<) Hous~o lds not covel'Qd with water supply Sl the, h.abi ~ ion reporte,d .as ,c:ovQred .and equity of diStribution .all throud, the, habitation. Vkterqu.alty as rag.ards to taste, «Jour .and co b uronly.

e} ~tiricllo&ic.al .ciu.alty throu~ .ascert.aining Wh t'ther chlorin.ation has been done or not .

f) Moni .aring .af q uality thro~ finding .about checking practice of re.sidu.al chlorine.

&) 5.anit.ary st.at us thro ugh .asse.ssing freque,ncy of H,S strip t ests.

Payment of tariff .amount, bili!'lg .and collection. Any suggastion.s .about the current tariff being charged inclu-ding that o n b illing monthly, (lu.artE!rly et.c .

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iv) l nstitut ion.al

5.3 Field Survey

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Q To assl:!Ss o vl:!r .all security .af community .an ~ labiliy of d rink-lg \II.at Qr th rough 4SSl:!S.Sir\g monl:!y .ar labour Sp l:!nt in -c:asl:!

.af f.ailurl:! of supply from thl:! schl:!ml:!.

k) Maintl:!n.ancl:! inStitution .and ,c:.ammu nity pQr,c:Qption .about

suppty bl:!int 81:!tt l:!r, 5.a:tiSf~t.ary .and N<Jt 5.atisfadory. I) N l:!l:!d for .ass E!:tS:ing <om m un ity ~ ¥ 1:! n w by ,c: lass ifying

i mpleml:!nt.ation o f pr.aj Q<:t .an supply d ritfl:!n or dl:!mand d rivl:!n

.appiva-c:h.

m) N.ature o f s-c:heml:! - Single o r Mufti vil.agl:! to Spt-c:ify .approa-c:hl:!.S r l:!g.arding O &M of thl:! systl:!m.

~ Any '1Slitution.al ch.angl:! as pl:!r suggestion of thl:! -c:om muniy .

A ft l:!r diS-c:ussion wih the, SWSM UP .a list of forty villages intWl:!nty four distl'Cts of Utt.ar Pr.ade,.sh

was f inal izl:!d for d et.aile,..d invQSl: iga:tion of t hl:! few n.r.al water supply s-c:hl:!m l:!S of aa-c:h of t hl:tSQ

d istri-c:ts. Thi:! distrkts rovl:!red rl:!p rl:!Sl:!nt .all re_gion.s of the, St.ate n.aml:!ly EaslE!m (ninl:! n.as.),

W l:!stl:!m (fille nos.), Cl:!ntr.al (fWe nos.), Bhabh.ar (thre-e nos.1, T.arai (t \1f.o nos l .and t hrl:!e no. f rom

ro-c:ky.arw of Bundelkh.and. Oiffl:!rE!nt t yp l:!S o f schl:!mes v iz. Sing,11:! Vil lage, l\.'1lti Vilagl:!., .and M ni W/S Sch l:!me.s Wl:!re invQSl: iga:t2d under th l:! Surriy. Sun,Qy w as carril:!d .aut in 3 phaSl:!S from 21« Novl:!mber to 14"' 0 1:!-c:E!mbl:!r., 21 & 22 Fiebru.ary .and 6¢1 to '20• M.arch in t hl:! fi ield. Oet.ails .af

village.s Survt!yed .are given in thl:! Ch.aptl:!r-2.

O ut of 40 schl:!mes sunrl:!yed in U .P. 13 s-c:h ieml:!.S havE! bl:!l:!n QXl:!cuted u nder the d l:!m.and

responsivl:! .approach w hile 2 7 .arl:! impll:!ml:!ntl:!<I undQ!r the Suppty driw n .appro.ach. The, N ROIJP

schl:!mQS w t.-c:h .are on dl:!m.and re.spon:sivl:! .ap proach .are bl:!in& m.aint.ained by t hl:! re.spl:!d n/1:!

WJSC (Vi Hagie viater .an<I sanit.ation -c:omm ittl:!l:!.!j .and .aut cf rl:!maining 27 s<heme.s whi<h .are on

supply <lriven .app ro.a-c:h~ thr~ s-c:hl:!mE!S .arl:! being m.aint.ainl:!d by thl:! Jal 5.an.sth.an .and thl:! remaining 24 bythie UP Jal N igam. M ost o f the N RDW'P s-c:h ieml:!.S .arl:! cf rQ<:E!nt 0 "'1n w hite t hosl:!

E!):Q,c:ut t d under supply <lrivl:! .appro.ach f.a..-ly o ld .a few of them b eing .as o ld .as of t hirty t o f.arty

ye.ars, SO ml:! o f which hari bl:!en rl:!nov.atl:!<I in thie last 4 -5 yr.s.

Ott.ailed s-c:hl!ml:!-\fflSQ .and vill.at~ W1$1:! information w.as g.ath t red With the hefp of f.ormat.s dl:!Vi.S&d

in -c:on.solt.ation w i h S.WSM UP. Summary of t hl:! field .absl:!rv.ai ion.s h.a.s bl:!l:!n prE!Siented .as Annl:!Xure-S/1 .and Jt.nnQ)Wrl:!-5/11. Structur.al det.ails of thl:! sch eme.s .as p rovided by th e SWSM WQrQ

.also -c:.amparad by thl:! survQy tQam as far as poSSible b.asl:!d .an actual .absl:!n,ation., t hrough

interaction w ith the ,c:ommunity .ar thl:! m.ainten.ance staff if ~ ii.abl e; t hl:!!SI:! .are .an nal:!d .as

Annl:!Xtxl:!-111. Ho\tlQ'vQr ro rQ,c:ords re-J~ ed to sch eml:! v iz. -c:.ampletion plans et-c:. w ere cPJail.able,. at vill.agl:! 11:!Vl:!L Thi:! .anly information whi,c:h <ould b l:! g.at hl:!red iS f ,om th ie kn<rwll:!d~ of thl:! O&M

st.aff o r thl:! <:.amm unity., w hi-c:h to .a 1.arge extl:!nt w.a.s verifi Qd .at .sitl:! .also. Wie h.aw .also tried to

eli-c:it <omrrunitys sug.g:E!Sti.an for impro\Bng t hl:! p rE!Sl:!nt s t.at:us of O&M .affairs .and ha:v l:!

sum m.a.--izl:!d t h l:!i r suggE!Stio ns i'l Ann QXu re.

5.4 PtesentStatu:Sof O&M of s.themes ( Fiel-d Survey~

On the basi.sof the informati.an gathiered i'l the fi l:!ld, thl:! f.al lowing -c:ond usions -c:.an be d r.awn:

aJ S£beme c Or1aiatnWe4hv tlP IW Niem i) Supply of Wat Qr S'I .almost .all t hl:! vil.age-.s in n<Jt .all the d.ays of the m.anth. In gl:!ner.al t herl:!

is d iS:ruption in suppiif \o/hich v.ari l:!!S 1 t o 5 days/month . In 50% -c:asts it iS du e to nonav.ailability .af powl:!r.

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ii~ HourS of supply in gQnl:!r~ arl:! fixl:!d w hich vary f rom 4 to 10 hours a day w ith thl:! Q:,,.CE!ptions in G.aiSari (Balram pur) & Ku ndi (saharanpur) whl:!ra t hl:! supply i$ for tw:i and

Bankati (Basti~ whl:!rl:! it iS f.or onl:! hour only. In two villagl:!s thl:!rl:! i.S no s<hl:!dul l:! for thl:! suppJv.

iii) Pow~ supply in most of thl:! vil!agl:!S reportQd Qrratic a nd a\lailabll:! for small durations rl:!Suting in diSruption ofwatl:!r supply.

i~ Thi:! vill~es Wh l:!re supply hours ¥ 1:! 4 to 10 hours it is raportt'd as ~l:!<p.Jatl:!. In o thl:!r vill~ s it iS rl:!ported i~equatl:! to ml:!~ daitydl:!mand.

v) Qualty of water iS &"Qnl:!rally rl:!portE!d good ~ cl:!pl f.or th l:! schl:!ml:! of Sl:!E!h Palson (Mahura)whl:!re watl!r is reported brakiSh ~ d not bl:!i"" used for drinki~ purpoSE!S. In scheml:! of '\Alla~ Na~ Sabet (Hathras) watl:!r is r l:!ported u.s&d for irrigat ion; d rinblg requirl:!mE!nt iS being ml:!t fro m H~ d PumpS.

vi) Chlorination for d isitiection of Watl:!r is reportE!dly donl:! oc<;asionally, e:>:.cl:!pt in two

scheml:!s of vill~ s N.a¢1a 5a:kl:!1:!t ( Hathi:as) and Kotwa (8.ahraich ) w herl:! it iS rl:!po rt l:!d not bl:!int done, at all. As. such quality consciousnll:!Ss has not yet b el:!n fully raralizl:!d Since in al me.st all thl:! sch l:!ml:!.Schlorination iS not don e regularly.

vii) Chl:!Ckiog of rl:!Sidual chlorine and test int With H,S strip$ arl:! found to b l:! miSSing in almost all th e scheml:!S.. This iS not a vl:!ry satisiadory situation as thl:! very obj ectiw of providf'lg safl:! watl:!r isdefeatl:!d.

viii) In about 40% of schl:!m QS pE!Opll:! a rl:! p.aying w atl:!r charges Sporadically. In othe r vill~ s water chargl:!S a re not b l:!ing paid . No bi~ng i.S rl:!portl:!d being donl:! in t hl:!SI:! village.s.

i)(), In genl:!ra~ hand pumps a re availabll:! in almost a l thl:! vil lages and pl:!ople are ml:!l:!tf'lg most of their w.a.ter requireml:!nt from thl:!SI:! Spot sources. Since altl:!l"nate water soui:tl:!S

availabll:! ~ d as such people are not willing to pay w~er ch.argl:!s fo r th e pipQd w~ er

suppJv scheml:!S.

x) All th e scheml:!S arl:! supply basl:!d In about ~ %of schl:!m as pQopll:! a ra not sati.sfied With

thl:! mainta-nance.. Pip e linl:!S arl:! fQakir,g, stand posts arl:! not ~ rkint and .a.t som e placa-s not provided w ith tapS thl:!re by resulting in w.ast~e of watl:!r. Thl:!SI:! d l:!m.and immedi.atl:! rl:!pair and prop er fundioningof the scheml:!S.

Xi) In four scheml:!S p E!Opl e have dl:!rrandl:!d hou.se <:onnections and arl:! re~ y to pay for it up

to Rs 50.00 pl:!r month tow.ards W.atl:!r chargl:!S.

Xii) In all thl:! villaga,.s,_ bam g vilagl:! Ja.rha (5,onl:!bhadra ), pE!Op l l:! are for transfe:rring O&M of thl:! schl:!mll:!S to thl:! Gram Pa nch.ayats M t l:!r p rcipl:!r r epairS., training.as w ell as n ecl:!Ssary tl:!Chnic:al., financ~ I and mate rial support.

Xii~ At p~QS it was reportl:!d that operatcirS are not availabl e all thl:! t i mes or do not live in t he w lage.

xil4 In on e the Multi V illage Scheml:! of OiStrid Bijnor, o ne of the vilagl:!S w as reported at levl:!I hi.gher th~ that of OHT - th e vil lage as such was was rl:!ported not gtitting Wat Qr suppt,.

b} Scbeme.s Mcrintain~d UP Jal Sm.sthon

.. OAS>

i) Out of th e thre e scheml:!S surve,yl:!d only tw o Wl:tre fo und workin& scheml:! of vil fa;g, I:! Ku.aogaon (Jhansi) was reported non-fundional since 1996 i.l:! . onl:! yl:!ar .aftl:!r its

<:ommiss:ioning -dul:! to tubM l:!11 b eing <:lefunct. PQopll:! i n this viii• are ml:!etf'lg th eir wat er dl:!mand frcim hand pumps.

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ii~ In the other two schemes e~t!!pt for 1 to 2 days in a month ~er was &:enerally av.aiable. 5-che<fule of supply was fixed an<f wate r .availability was 6 & 10 hou~ a &y. Supply w.as reported .adequate to meet daily water requi rement.

iii) Qu.alty of water w.as rE!porte<fiv good. Chlorination for <fiS;infedion of water ¥.QS

reported being done: r&gu~rly, but che:cki"' of rasidu.al chlorine aid tQSting w ith HP stripS not being done: i n any of t t.! running schemes.

iv) Cost of water ~ being paid by household connection co nsum e:rs @ Rs 59/- & 60/- per month. No cha,:gl:!S ara rE!ported being paid by Staid post use:rs. Thty fetch water from hand pumps as well.

v~ ConsumE!rS of both the runnint scheml:!S .are satisfied With t he: mainte:nancQ of the sch l!'mes.

vi) In both the vilagl:!S, people are of viQw for t ransferring of the schemes to the Gram Pane hay.ats for o peration & maintenance.

cJ IYRDWP 8:hemes

In the: 12 NRDWP villages studied 4 werQ Singh~ Viliage Water Supply (SVS) and 25 Mini Piped Wate, Suppl,, (MPWS) S<hemQS.

.. OAS>

i~ All the svs werQ with tube well .as souFte and were being m~ntainQd by GPs. Dicept for 1 to 2 d.ays in a month when thtre was no powe-r supply, "'4ter in two scheml:!S ¥.QS

being supplied at fixed timi ngs re:;ularty for 4 to 6 hou~; in other schemes there was no

supply schedul~ W~Qr \•.G:.S suppl ed on .availability of pcwer.

Chl«in~ion in two schem l:!S was being done we,ekly a nd i n other tw;o occ.asion.ally. Testing of , esidual chJorine orchiKking of po l ution in w.aterw.as not beint carri ~ out.

Although t here:are large oo. of house: connM tions ranging from 395 to 650, but exc ept in one sche:me o f IU-mpur ( Muz.affar N.a,gar~ where: wate:r chatgl:!S we,re b iE"ing paid @ Rs

40/- PM/house: connQction, no charge:.s wert bein,; paid in o ther vi ~ es. In ont vil~ e, villagers w ere cf the opinion th.at w~e:r is being : wen free ~ the govt . Con.sumerS in gene,ral were satisfied wlth the maintenanct.. SchQms are being m.a:intaintd byGPs with othe,r funds.

ii~ Of the 25 MPWS scheml:!S only 16 WQrQ working and 9 \111:!re non-fu nctional. Supply from M PS was to the limitQd ho l.1$1:!S dose to the: rase:n,oirs. E>t<:ept for thi 5 MPWS in vii late

Bhiriura (Dant Ravid.as ~r~ wherE! the schem es are reported being maint~ned by VLWC all other schem l:!S are generally beint managed by the peiso n re.siding nQar the

tube we:11/ OHT ~nd are b.asi<:ally mono polized by them . VLWC are ~ id to be not active. OiSinf ection, acept i n one villa:e where: no cliorination i$' being don t in a ll other

villages it iS bei ng done occ.asion.a:lly. TQ.Sl:ing -of re:.sidualchlori ne or checking of pollut ion in water was not b1'.ing carried out. Con.sumers are: not paying ~ny ~ er <:.haig:es. Eledricity bills are a l:s:-o not beint paid and in som t <:asQS <:onn&c:tion are: rtport ft'd to be

u n.aut ho rited.

Our obse:rv~ions are: base:d on fi ~d sunr~ of a lim ited number of 'Allages. Howtver, we

feel t h~ most -of the- problems and ~estions -of the community are fairly reflect ft'd thro ugh thl:!Se: . We: Since:rtly fell!'I th.at O&M could b e, managed by the commu nity esp~ially in single villag&/ MPWS sche,mes pro\Mfed th~ are properly .supported a nd effective monioring on their working is regularly ensured so that where: r equi red

effective: i nterve:ntion~ keeping community in to <:onfidena~ co uld be timely made before thi ngs dt'teriosate: badly. The ne,ed for effQctive monitoring ~nd Bac:kup support

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for community man.a;gl:!mt!nt of Rura l Wat l:!r Supply Schl:!mQS h.as bl:!l:!n discussl:!d in Ch.apt l:!r-6 ~sug~st.iOJ\S & Recommefldati011s' of this Ref)(Jrt'.

5. 5 vis ii::$ to othef States

As proposed undtr the, Tl:!rms of Rl:!ferl:!nce of the ~ nmtnt for 'Prtpar~ion of Modl:!I Plan for Operation & Maint l:!n~ I:! for t hl:!. Watl:!r Supply Schtml:!S in uttar Pr~ e.sh', Consutt.~nts o f thl:!. OAS (India} WE!rl:! requirl:!d to viSit thrl:!I:! othl:!r Statl:!S to study Opl:!rat ion ~ d M.aintl:!nancl:! aspl:!d:S of Rural Water Supply and 5anit.ation Programme, in thosl:! States so that good pr~ k QS being follow Qd th erl:! for succl:!ssful maintl:!nancl:! of Drinking W~ l:!r Systl:!ms could be, inrorpor.at&d in t hl:!. O&M policy proposed to b l:!. fram ed for uttar

Pr~ E!Sh.

Accordingly Consllt.ants of OAS (Ind ia} viSited thrl:!I:! StatE!S viz. Kamataka, Hal)Qm and Andhra

Pr~l:!sh and also S:urVQyt'd two viii~ in tdCh st~I:! during Novl:!mbl:!r 2012 aJng With o thl:!rthral:! m tmb tors nominatQd by SWSM for the, study from the othl:!rGover-nml:!nt Offices. Consultants ~ d~ailed discussions with thl:! Sl:!nior 11:!vl:!f officers of t hl:! Public HQalth Engi,l:!l:!rin£ and o thtr concl:!m ~ dtpartm l:!ntS and .also intl:!rad ft'd With the, communitiQS whl:!rl:! E!Vl:!r it ~ s possiblt to gathl:!r thl:! information. Detailed reports of thl:! Consultants on the visit a""I:! attdChl:!d .as Appl:!ndix-11 (A to C). HoWtvl:!r thl:!ir findings in britf are bl:!inggivl:!n b l:!low:

5.5. l Key FindingSofVi9tto Kafnataka;

5.5. l ,l Supply Sased s.ehemes by the PREO:

PRED iS a st~I:! Govt. Engin ~ ring 01:!p.artml:!nt whtrl:! Sl:!nior o-ff icl:!rS from Chie,f En'1nl:!l:!r to

Assist.ant En'1nl:!l:!ring Oepart~ nt ¥ 1:! from St.at I:! En&inl:!l:!ring SE!fVices.

Al the 0 1:!tai~d Projl:!ct Rl:!ports are prl:!p.atl:!d on the basi.s of r~ lar survl:!y tarre d every year

~ arding pr-e.Sl:!nt .availability of watl:!r in the habitations basQd on NRWDM norms.

ThQSI:! OTRs a rl:! submit~ timl:!ly .and f und.s arl:! m~Q .availa:bll:! by GOI in .a time bom d

manner. Matching: shar e, bv thl:! St.ai l:! Govt is rl:!lea$Qd smultaneou4 , which i.S automatic.ally transfE!Fr&d to PRED/ZP acrount.s. As such thl:!re iS no qu estion of inordinatl:! dl:!lay in Q)t.Qcution/maintl:!nancl:! o-f the schQmQS.

Al the quality probll:!m villagQS arl:! b l:!ing covl:!r&d through surf.ace sourcQS o nly, for whkh OTRs

4'1:! prepared bv Consultants.

Al the wtirks at \lillagl:! l tvl:!I a""I:! c.arried out by GPs which arl:! mtasurad and reco mmended for paymE!nt by PREO Engintl:!rS. As such, chances of pitfl:!rag,Q of funds a""I:! re.stric:t ed

Thi:! st.aft appointed for O&M .at MVS iS 1:!m ployl:!d by the outsourcing a:;enci-es.

Staff .appoirt ft'd for O&M of SVS. o r MVS ~ villagl:! lewl are Qmployee:s of r l:!Sp&tivl:! GPs or WIS.CS. As such there iS no probll:!m of salary O"f O& M staff or agit~ ion of work ch.aigl:! unions.

GPs get following grants from thl:! Go\4 for m.aintaining schl:!mE!S at vilagl:! 11:!vl:!I for which th Qy

&et gr.ant as under:

o Rs 600.00 pl:!r h.and-pump/ annu m,

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o Rs 35:10 .00 pl:!r Ml.NS/ .annum, o Rs 8000 .00 pl:!r PWS/annum .

In adcltion to this,. GPs .arl:! authoriz&d to <olll:!d <ontribution@ Rs 20.00/HH/ mo nth for pri~ I:! connl:!dions .and Rs 10.00 pl:!r hous~o ld f rom Public Stand Posts. If the recurri~ exp l!nSl:!S .arl:!

not met from abovl:! ~ ist.atl<I:!, rat l:!S of privatl:! <onnQ<tions may bl:! in<rl:!.ai'Qd up to Rs 40.00/HH/monlh, b l:!yond w t.<h th ~ are l:!ntitJed for subsidy from thl:! Govt.

Cost rQ<ovE!ry of fivl:! viSitl:!d SChl:!ml:!S iS 11~ to 919' with alll:!ra£1:! 11:tSS than 35~ . EX l:!pt for

onl:! schl:!ml:! whkh has a ravl:!nul:! Strplus .af Rs. 4103/- ~I other S<h e-mes havl:! .a loss .af

.about 5:1~ .

5.5.1,2 Dem.and e.ased stheme:S by the KRWSSA:

Of thl:! total 5957 5 habi .ations in 30 Oistri:ts of thl:! statl:!, only 5104 habit~ions.as undl:!r h.avl:!

so far b el:!n c.avl:!rQd/arl:! u ndl:!r <ovl:!r~I:! on dl:!mand basl:!d suppty:

IRW S & ES Pro i2'Ct -1104 h.abitati-ons - 16 distri<ts Jal Nirrnal projed -2 500 h.abitati.ans - 12 distri<ts

Additional Fin.an<in& -1500 h.abitations - 11 diSlri<ts

Total: - 5104 habitations As su<h, prl:!SQntlv .. only 5104 habit.at ion s i.l:!. 6.8~ of tot.al 995 75 hat.tatio ns in 1 2 d iStri<tS .arl:! covl:!rQd und e-r dl:!mand r espo nsivl:! approa<h, 93.~ r l:!maining habitat ions .arl:! d epl:!nd ent upon

supply basl:!<f S<hl:!ml:!S Sprl:!.ad i n 30 <fistricts.

Demand based S<h eml:!S .arl:! 4c<l:!pt2d for surf~l:!d sour<I:! M VS onlv .after S" <ost .af t he projed iS <ll:!positl:!d by the- <om munity in adl:ran<t! .and rarm'1ing 5~dum g Q)t.Qcution.

Entirl:! O&M char&&S a re to be met by thl:! r l:tSp2'CtWe be n~ici.a:ries .and as Su<h all e>.tl:!rn.ally .aided projl:!d S fioan<l:!d by W orld Bank .arl:! suppo sed to bl:! self-supporting.

Cost rQ<ovl:!ry of 2083 dt!mand b~ed S<h t ml:!Sduring l~t six months is 28.10~ to 40.60~ Wlth

69.20" pl:!nding pOWQrQ.d bil ls-.

5.5.1.3 World Bank Fin.anu d Sehemes;

As pl:!r dat.a <ollktl:!d, status of o&M of World Bank .aidl:!d S<hl:!mt!S as on O<tober 20 12 is summarizl:!d as undl:!r:

Thi:! progranwnl:! st.artl:!d in 1993 an.cl so f.ar 126S<hl:!mes out of 2083 (5.7%) have b2'Coml:! d efun<t {dul:! t .a sour<I:! fai lure o r o th t!r rl:!asons).

Only 28.1~ to 40.6~ t .ariff f rom t hl:! c.amm unity has bten rQalizQd duri ng the f irst two quartl:!rS.

SAUENT POINTS OF «'·MODEL

o BIJk oJ Design & Opetatjoa cutso-tsrcM..

o O&M" staff plaad by PRIS. o Demand Responsj~ Medel

y~t to suca M.

As pl:!r information from S di$tri<tS,. poWt!r t.ariff h.as bl:!en paid for 4 3.3" S<hemes only (466 schl:!ml:tS out .af 1076 sdiemes). Details of 4 d istricts Wl:!re not a.ail.able a nd in t \Olo distrkts it is

dir2'Ctlif" bl:!i~ paid by ZP to El ~ tri<ity 01:!partme-nt .

.. OAS> Page / 4 6

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i ) For Multi Village Stheme Water Supply Com mitt2e (MV>WSC)

PO$itio-n Set up

Ch~rman Zilla ~ rish.ad Pre.Side nt (D< his nom inee who should be •• eled ed re prE!SentativQ to the ZP)

Vice Cha inn.an ZPTC (of Mand.al where source is loc.atQ-d

Secretary EE~ RWS

SME!mber Chairp l:!'rsons from particip~ ing GPS {on rotation basiS fo r one yea, ;n .a~hab eticalorder- 5 nos.~

Mem ber ZPT C(Oth e, Manda! (s)

Mem ber ReprQS:Qntat iw'E! of 5'-IG/ Youth Group/ Citizen (1/3 ... of the m embE!r sh.all be SC/ ST~ 1/ 3"' of th e mE!mbe~ shall be women. M inimum numbl:!'r members -8~

iit Gram Panthayat: Water and Sanitati-on Com mittee (GP-WSCI

PMition For Plain Ate.rJ!. For Tri bal Areas

Ch~rm~n GP Slo, pAnch GP Slorp>nch

Secretary GP secretarv GP SecrQtary

Mem ber EIQc:t ed ward memb ers of participa ting Eled ed wa,d mE!mbess of vilage part ic i p~ ing vii !age

Mem ber fleop rQSQntat iw'E!S of SHG/ Youth Represe nta:tives of SHG/ Yo uth Ground/ CitizE!n Ground/ Citizen 1Jf 4

of the member sh.al be SC/ ST 50% of t he m emb er sh.al be ST

1/"t4 of the members sh.all be w omen 1/3

14 of t he members shall b e tribal M nimum number o f members - 8 women ~ imum numberof member$ - 12 M inirrum number c,f m E!mberS - 8

M a im um number c,f m embE!FS - 12

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Chapter-6

Suggestions & Recommendations

In the lght of the way t he provision of

water supply in t he rural areas has been carried out in Uttar Praiesh> the iS.Sul!S and problems .as stated abOll(e and in

vitM of th2 constitution amendment, the subsQ.Cauent development of Nation.aJ as well as the !:.tatt poliq of

makini local bodie.s i.2. Gram Panch.ay~s respom ible for p roviding all service.s to the people in t heir areas,. it iS ntcessary to dQI/Qlop the programme for fut u re <onsideriog a l t hl!St f~ts. It is clQar that allf utur& progr-ammts have to

be bas:Qd on th e demand rasponsive appro.ach taking community into

<o nfid ence.

Involvemen t of PRO & PRI

L. Need for Substantial Capacity 8ui ldirt: of PRls .and lnstiu.11:ion.l interface with Deptt. of

P.anth.ay.ati ltaj.

2. St.au- Govt. h.ave to t.a~ df!tcisioM on:

.a. Reorg.niz.ation .and R:eh.abi it.ation of

ei.:isti re PWS Inf r.a.st ruau res. b. R.at ion.aliz.ation o f H.and Purnps in .arNs .and

s.cheme-swhere PWS G be-ingencour.a;§Pd.

3. Power t.ariff schedule should be teo{g.ani:R'd .and

should be at par with i rrig.at ion tar iff schedul~

[.as er:pl.ained in Par.a 3.11.1 &.3.11.2)

4 . St.au- Govt. h.as 10 t.ak.e> a pol ity decision on bulk

\\i.ater supp)y .and rneteriri: to indntidual viii.ages

specifical ly f or MVS.

S. GoM iderirc th.at rewnue re.ai z.ation is less th.an

4% of 0&"'1 cost [.as is evident in t epon of LO

UPJN vi~ es sunreyed i n M.rch .2013-Anne:ure-{ll f iv}. It.ate- f or hous.e connection wil

As such the involvement o f t he Gram nHd minimum 250% increase from t he o Gting P-anch.ayat as 1,0/ell .as of Panchay~ Raj

Department has to be more than that mtolved so far in similar pro j &cts with d i mand driwn appro.ach. Th iS e1Msag2s n!'1,.llar monitoring cif VY/!:,C ad ivitie.S as r$FCIS to the.- re.gt.hr

meeti~, thi effQctiven2ss of the Panchayats i n co1£oc:tion of ""4ter charge.s QI/en raiSing funds for O&:M as well .as rQSolution of <onfl icts. The dQpartm ent should also be involvl:!d in the sel&ction o f v illagll!!S. !:,o far the Et'qlerience is that PRO (Panch.a:yat Raj Oepartm i nt) i$ totally i ndiffert!nt W thQS:e and c.ase.s where money releaSQ.d for water supp ly h.ave be-en diwrte,d in

construction cif drains and Kh.ar-.anjas [bri<k p~i ngof street.$).

6,Z The Pro-blem of Field Level ln 5titutH)(lal Qip.aeity

lnstancl!S exi$t v,h~e a w ell managed syste:m of O&M sud.cfenly <ollap.stod .as t he prasidE!nt or the m emb ers o f the W.J!:.C have C!!it her died o r haw left the vilage. The proviSion for continuity of WJ!:.C i n case: of SupprQS.S:ion of Panchaya t,. the d eath of any member as well as th& tenure o f the committee needs to bt cle.ar-ly defined The Pan<hay~ Raj Ad have several p roviSions for ensuring efflKtive water management in t he vilage for which proper tr-ainir¢ an.cf motilration of memb ers i.s ne<2Ssary. The PRO shouJd ~ively particip~e in establishing Villa:e Le,..,.el Institutions for wat:Qr supply including other functions .as elaborated under Chapter4 .

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6.3 Water SupptyT«.hno-logy

The Stam G.ovt. should spell o-utel-early the type of systems to- be adopted namely Piped Wat er Supply-> H.and Pum pS ~ Mini Piped W.atl:!r S.Upplif de,p e,ndini upon the, <:onstr.aints such .as l imite,,d ~.ailability of poWl:!r; groundw.ater t.able, condition due, to d QgrQ Q of i.S ~ pJoit.ation resulti,£ into Dark .and Grl:!y cond i ions .as w e,11 .as socio-economic condition of the, ragion to t nsure fin.anci.al sust.ain.a:bility. Our r~omml:!ndation iS t h.at in .ara.as whe,re, .surface w.ate-r iS the, m.ain sourcQ if pl:!Ople, co uld fin.anci.ally sust.ain t he, pipQd watl:!r supply systE!m be, p rovidQd. This <:.an .al.so be, provi<»d in .ar-QaS Whl:!rQ groundw~er could s~ ly be e:x.ploitl:!d Without crl:!.aiing dark

"'"oundw.ater con<fitions. Simlarly whe,re, w.atl:!r <:ju.alitv not goo.cf, requ iring e,l.aboratl:! t~m~t or inter-ce,ption o f (fe,e,pe,r ~ uifl:!r.

6.4 Rest:oratiGn o-f System:S

In viw of ~ ,:ge, no . of p'3ed \11.at l:!r supply syste,ms w h ich .ara clo~ or .are, p.artiallyfunctOn.al, the, priority h.as to bl:! fi:x.l:!d viW -vis impll:!ml:!ntin,; of n e,w schl:!m l!!:S. The, Qmphasi.s should be, to reorg.an izl:!, Q!llttl:!n<l .and .augmE!nt the, e-Xisti ng syste,ms k l:!1:!pi ng into coruidl:!r.aiion t lBt the, inte,m .al <liStribution will bt m.an.age,d by the, VLWSSCwh ile, bul k supply in vill~e, t .ankwill h.ave, to be, done, by the, r~pk tivl:! .a;g:e,nci lE!S undl:!r .an ~reeme,~ to b e, e,ntQrQd in be,twe,e,n th e, bu8' supplil:!r .and GPs w i h tht St.ate, Govt . .as guarantor for ensuring p.a:yme,nt to ~nci~ by GP for bulk.supply.

6.5 Water Qua lity

O.,erien,e iS that so far by providing safe aflll reliable sour<e of water people appre<iate the reduction in d ru~ Qry of procuring w.ater, ho:we,ve,r, the, .apprQo.ation .as re.g.ards to qu.ality of watl:!r iS .almost mis.Sing. This re.suits i nto .a situ.al ion whl:!rl:! Wl if th e, supply is not .a..ail.abfe people, re.sort to .alte-rnate sour<l:!S. This IQadS to i ndifft!lrl:!ncQ .as rQ_g.ards to p.aying of w.ater ch.ar-g~ .and .also d eie,.ats t he, objl:!divl:! of providing safe, watl:!r. It is obse rvQd th.at in vil~ s whe,re, the, .alte,rn.alive, or .anothl:!r rtdi.able source, of w.ater doe,s not e,:x.iSt the, revl:!nue rQalu\ion .ag.a'1st watl:!r <h.argas iS .as high .as9~ . Ate.as of Bunt!lkh.and .and rocky .are.as of Q~ Qrn Utt.ar Prade,sh .a re e,x.am p le,.s of th iS.

6,6 Availability of Pow e(

Almo st .all rural pipQd w.atl:!r supply s.che,me:s in Utt.arPr~e,sh rQCluire poWQr .at ~~uate voltage, for a to 16 hours. Con.sidl:!rin& the, prese,nt po Sition of power supply i n rural .are.as W'Q h~e to

serioujfy thi nk .about it. l niti.al~ in .c.ase, of scheme,s i n comp.ar.atiw'l:!ly economic.al ly- w e,11 of .art.as, whe,re, tube, w e,11 k hl:!mlE!S w ere, l.aunche,<I With stress on p roviding rn.aximum cow ragQ t hrough house, connktion$' the, syste,ms w ere opl:!ration.ally financi.ally viable, . How~e,r w ith incre.asing poWQr .criSiS w ith no rl:!liable, & .adQClu.atQ suppty the, IWl:!nu f:!' fe,11.and syste,rm f.ailed to !Ust.ain. It iS ~pt!lri l:!nct!d th.at in cas~ w he,re cost of se,p.ar.ate, fe,e,<le,rs for w.ater supply w.as p.aid oth e-r <:onnl:!dions r ~ulti,g into drop in v-oltage t hl:!reby effecting pumping cl w.ate.r from tube we,lls o r i nt.ake,s to the, systems. As such .anv programmQ for pipe,d W.at:Qr supply should co n$'idl:!r .all t hlE!SI:! p roble,ms .Th e, pos.sibility of u.sing solar .and win,d powe,r nl:!edS to b e, ~mined .alo~ With r.ation.al of m.aking pOWQr <:harg~ for ¥1.at l:!r fre,e, of cost or .at fairly raduct!d r.atas, since, pOWl:!r co st v.aries from 40% to 70%of the, ovl:!r.all O&M cost o f wa e-r supply.

6.7 Village Tanks

As .all th ~e, syste,ms have to be m.aint.ained .at th e, vilta;ge, IQrli(e,I it iS nece,ssary t h.at the, community be providl:!d .a but: waer rl:!..servoi r .as pe,r its r~ u irl:!ments .at t he, villagt l~e,I such t hat, .all

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i ntern.al vill~ edistribution in.cludi~ collQdion o f ch.arges arec~ ied out bytheWJSCS. Most of our e:xiSting systems especialty those baSQd on surfaa sour<es .are haiiring sweial villages in the

group b eing fed with o ne a ntral tank o r a f M r &gional tanks. In all these .cases besidQS

raor~n izing tliStributionand riSing main nQt works it w ill b e required to provide individual vil~ e w ise Sin.rice reservoirs. Some of the riSiCC mains from thQ <entral wat er \tf.orks have ~ to be raor~nized to ensure th Q feeding of wate,r in to vii i.age rQSQn,oi rS, as r iSing mains lengths bQf'lg too much at times it iS drfficult to fill uptht tanl::s.

6.8 s.a,kstopSupport

It iS obsQn,Qd that prop er BAC.K STOP SUPf'DRTis ra<4uired wen;, maintenance cl singlQ vill.ace water supplysystE!ms for t heir Qffe.ctive and sustainab le maintenance. FurthE!F this i$ ne.cS!SSary to .convE!y' the i mportance of quality o f W~ Qr suppliE!d as in abstnce of aw iability of b le~hiig

poWdE!I' in small pa.ckings lo<ailv th e <liSinhd ion of water suppliQd iS not done or i$ donie on<e a while in almost al the e.isting systQmS. There, iS hardly .any system for regular monitoring of

water(luality. It iS nece.!Sary to awaken co mmunity consciouSnQS.S about it.

Similarl, it i$ also observed t~ for want of Sp&cia~ and other small spares for simpl e rep.airs

which could be taken care of at t l-e vil~ e le/QI could not be sl!ri right. Ew n in .case of major repairs t he WJSCS f ind it <lifficuh to carryout rt pairs at thE!ir 11:!VQI properly ~ rlllaSonab!Q cost . As. such a BACK STOP SUPPORT systffll iS n t cessary which should mom or servicl:! proviSed a nd

i nspect t he ~ stem occ.a:sionaly renderin,; ne<e.ssary help .as w &tl as provide ~ vce on O&M of th esystQm.

6.10 ln:Stitution.aliz ing the cap.ac.ity

In view of the suggestions ~ e a bovQ it is n&ce.!Sary to institutionalizt t he rasponsibilrties assign ed to 1:!~ h of the i nstitutions. At p rQSent in Uttar Pradesh two institutions are engage.cl in rural water supply namQly UP Jal Ni,gam and t he Burdelkhand Jal 5ansthan. U P Jal Nigam carries out all constro::t ion ~twities of water supply SQctor a nd a l!-o carries o ut mainten.ance of a ll rur~I

systems oth l!I' than those in BundeU::hand., w here Burdelkh.a nd Ja:l 5ansthan Q)asts and carries out mainttnanct! of urban and rural water systQmS. Th est institutions sho'-'d be made rasponsible for providing w.ater in to thie village rQ.Servoi rS on a bul{ supply basiS in a systiem of d&cl:!ntralctQd mainttnancl:!. At village level <liStribution., maintenance and col &ction of water chargQS Wift b e done bv t he- VWSC For this the v illagQ Pan.chaya t Will E"nter into agreement w ith t he two i nstitutions for regular supply of water into vilage re.sen,oir. Th Q viii.age Panch.a,,at w t l fix the water charge,s in consuhation with thest institutions accountin,; for their own cost on internal mainttnancl:! ~nd the cost of w ater to be paid to th M e institutions. The ag,-e,ement should have niecessary p 10vision th.at in case of default in paymient the Governmient w iU make payment to th ese institutions out o f funds m~ Q .available by the st~e or the '6ovem ment of India.

6,11 Institution's Est..ab5:Shment::S

FurthE!F to ensura eff&ctiite de livery by thiese institutions of the functions .a:s:signQd to them the .cost of running thieir establishments be borne by t he- Stats, Govt!rnml:!nt as t hesQ institutionS at present sustains from thie centage ch~rgM earn ftd by them . Further a l rl:!Venue ie.ar-ned by t he:se i nstitutions shoul<I go icto thQ st~e, treasure .ThiS is n ecessary f.or effQctive functioning of t he:se i nstitutions so t h.at they are not h Qld responsible o f funds d uQ to non payment o r <lelay&d

payments from thQ institutions to whom the re<4uiredservic:ies ha ve been renderad .

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6,12 H.arvesting of Ground Water

Some of thl! are.as w here ground w:atE!r iS the m~ sour<!:! of WatE!r supply are repo rted .as fall ing ., the -c:atee,ory of Dark or Grey in terms of C!Xploiation of g round w ater i.l:!. either the gr-o un.cf Wat l!r iS e,,.plortQd rn:,rQ than its annual rQchar~ or iS almost equal to t he anrual

re-c:har~ of &roun-d water in thQSI:! .area. tt is t herefore nl:!< IQSsary t hat i n all such ~ eas measures for harvQSting of rain w.ate:r a re also u ndertaken.as a part of the projl:!Ct. 5u<h areas fall under two catQgoriQS nametv a reas in lndo-G.angetic: plain or th l:! ra<ky a reas of Vindhayan range, i.l:!. the Bondl:!lkhan<l .and M irzapur et -c:. In plains the: W.atl:!r supplie<I nl:!l:!d h~e, to be ploughed back in to the ground by bringing rt at thl:! village po nd o r ponds dl:!pQndint upon thiE!r number E!elisting in

the village. This -can b e <o l l:!Ctl:!<I through drains_.. Whirl:! thl!SQ ~ ready !:!Xi.st~ bv suitably ramodl!ling them o r by <onstr-u<tiog new drains. This will also <reate -c:lean 1:!rwironm l:!nt .and where n l:!Cl:!.ssary the vilQge po nds <-ould b l:! ,c:om,Qrte,.d into .a properly <lesignQd ox.idation ponds.

In ro<ky areas it iS obSE!rVl:!d that <-onstruction of <h ~ k dams has been l!f~ tiw in r.aiS;ing the water table.sin the vil lage wQlls. StKh ~ tivities along w ith plantation of trees will bl:! able, to miti~ Q the p robll!m of falling wate r table: to som e Q)d:Qnt.

6.13 How to ~ ess Dem.and Responsiveness: Addition.ii Ctiteria

tt iS nk l:!SSaty th.at the ,community is fu1¥ l:!n~ Qd at th e, time of sE!ledion itseff. For t his rt is nl!-c:l:!ssary to fix some <ril:!ria. ThQSQ -c:ould bl:! blQSidQS" thosl! of <apital<ost <-ontribution . Some of .additional o n lQS a re give n below:

( .a) To mab sys-te ms o pl:! r.at io nal ty viab ~ ,c: o m mun ity sho u Id re:so lvl:!' t o QnSu rl:! 40% To 60" of

popu~ tion will take hou.se -c:onnl:!Ctions. (b~ A l houses Wiii provide housl:! hold sanitary ~trinl:!S so .as to make the vi i.age .as 'Opl:!n

Oefe-cation Free'. (Q A l housl:!holds Will provide Gak h Pi.S insidl:! thl:! house and Will kel:!p thl:!m<I G!an so that no

ash o r t rash gets .-.10 thl! vi llage drains. In villages w here <lrain.s are not provi<lQd in the streets .as p.art of the projl:!d; p rl:!cast ,c:i~ular undergr-oun<I drains in to two halves w ill b e I.aid in the <wttrl:! of thl:! street to <.arry out all w&Ste water from the houSQ to the \nllagl:! ponds.

(d~ A l households \I/ill.agree not to throw tht!' doml:!.stic W'al:! in-c:luding animal .and agricultu re

\lt.astl:! o n the strQQ'tS. As regards to anima l .and agri-c:uh:url:! w aste prop er <o mposting m l:!asure.swil be under taken.

(1:!:~ The villages will bl:!.select Qd through rQSponSl:! ~ instan advertisement widQfy publishl:!d in nl!'WS papers. Comm unity based organizations co uld .also o n t heir part sugge.st some names for Sl:!ll!!Ction . Priority Wil bl:! g:ivl:!n to those villagQS w here old systems either d l!fun<t or

n I:! &din:; ,c: o n.sid I:! rah le rl:!o rgan iLat ion I ~t l!nSio n a re eXiSti ng:.

6.14 T.1riff Con9deration

6.14.l M ulti Vil lage Sc.he me

O.at.a rQ~l!d to .annual ln<o ml:! .and Q)Cpl:!ndturl:! on O&M of M ulti V illa~ PipQd W.ater Suppllf Schl:!m l:!S supplied bv th e: ,c:on,c:Qrnl:!d di\n.sions of UPJN during M ar<h '13 !Urvl:!y of 10 S<h l:!mQS - 4 of diStrid Rae bare Ii and 3 ea-c:h of Dist rid Jaunpur &: Lahtpur iS giw n in Ann~urQ-111 (iv~. It iS sum mariz&d in the table

below:

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"eme of tne No. of TOIIII hecme Ftom Weter O-Srges Anrue1 E~ nditu'e fer u-.e veer To 181 % scneme Vili!S P ep~ - 011~ 12\ 2011-2012 1C 5 E:,.:pen - ncome

letb n H. c»nnt e11on Am ...... ••• Rtp&II & ;,,,t l Ctlrg SptCIII . .... a ilure W-t es per "'·°' "'' · D nffpt r R?1li:2tC1 r.'n)ti? · p c,,r,,at( Rtpa:ir lR•) E~en--

scneme SP Mal11l (Rs) n.-.cie aiu e (F5)

2 ., • 5 • 7 8 • ,o " 72 73 75 Eenrs Mau

GOV • 10337 s 180 20, :,0<00 1533000 78000 20000 0 93000 1727000 2.22% Reel:l8reli

s1ren1Gov Reetereli • 11790 18 3 $0 20, 04000 11 58000 17.5000 20000 0 204000 1 SS7000 S.40%

a\!rp.Jr GO Reebilreli 2 3200 22 "'' - - 408000 0 0 0 0 408000 0.00% Proviat CI

ercnS"la """ GOV • .... 43 547 20, 131000 966000 8-4000 20000 0 168000 1236000 10.51:1%

Reel:l8rei CNndNel<

GOV 10 .... 7 600 20, 79000 1519400 625000 8000 104800 294000 2SS1200 3.10% Jeu'lp.Jr

Jemrtre GoV ..... Jeu'lp.Jr • 16147 • :l02 20, 1059000 149000 1:l(OO 9000 '31000 1661000 2.65'%

Heu:z ~ V J8U'lp.Jr 7 29650 10 276 20, 56000 "3SSOO 350000 1:,000 0 $15000 2017500 2.78%

P pr9 Blnsa GOV Laliq::)t.r 11 15500 0 390 .. , 13:1328 2520000 300000 207900 soooo 150000 3227900 4.29%

Mil'CIYMlre

"'' JoV Ulnpu 2 5162 13 Proviatd - - 470680 32000 3SOO 0 230900 1 4$360 0.00%

Maik..B GOV ''" L..alilp...r 2 1054 11 ProviCltd - - 49680 -00 000 0 51780 150260 0.00%

To181 63 111104 131 2 705 . .,.,.. 10526260 1841000 3)6200 16:3800 2 4450,0 15282940

% E~ aiu e se.ee•,. 12.os•1. 2.00% 1.0? /+ 16.00% 3 .73%

W e u nd erStandth~ finan<Cial st~us o f ot her multi vi llage PWS schfflle of U PJN in t h e state would also be more or la:sssimilar. Fr.om the table it iS evident t hat:

i) As. ~ ainst the ~ enditure c f Rs 152829«1.00, ~ t ual re.ali.zation d uring 2011-1 2 is ~ 570728.00 i.e. rQa;li~ ion towards ,c:ost of w~ er is. 3.7 ~ only. As regards scheme W!Se co l !kt ion o f revenue exapt for ont schtme (Ha rchand Pur GoV, R.ae:ba rE!li~ where it is 10.58~ i n o thtr sch e:mes. it iS b etwetn 2.22~ to 5.4~ . In t hree villagl!tS ,c:o m munrty is not paying any w~ er charges of w hteh o n e was co nstructe,.d and otherS two w ere rlKlrganize<I in

year 2003-10 . i i) E}qlend i ure o n staff is about 68.88~of t h e total Q)(.pQnditure o n O&M. Village WiSQ it vams

f rom 33.06~ to 100 .00~. i ii) E}qlend i ure on rap.airs & maintenance ind udin£ spe<lal repair iS Rs 1841000+16 3.BJO = Rs

20043:J.O.OOwhi-c:h romest.o about 13.12~ ranging f rom O.O~ to 3'1.94~. iv) E}qlend i ure o n Eledri,c:i ty iS Rs 24 456m.OO i.e. 16.1~ of total eXpendiure on O&M. It was

rQv&alE!d during t he survey t h.at eledricity bills 4 re wrified by <lilliSionS an.cf sent to H~ Offi-c:e for payment . How1arer no information about th t a mount a:d uan, paid against thl!tSe bits w:.i:s. .available with the d iviSions.

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v~ E)',pend i ure on <hem i:al.s iS Rs 306200.00, i.it about 2.00% of O&M <ost .

X hl!me W.se p l:!'r<l:!'ntage expenditure on d iffe,rent hQ&Cf .af Oper.ation & maintenan~ iS indi:.ated in the tabl e, below.

SI Name <>I the Total Pe(<ent.age £1Cpenditure fo r the Year 20 11-20 12

Stheme & Popul.ati Expenditur Expend itu( Blea chi Special Eled:r,city % Oi:Stl'id: on as pel' e on Staff e <>n og Rep.airs lnw me

Sc.heme M ainten.an w rt

U! Pow d-et Expen-d it ul'e

1 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 1. Bann• Mau Go

Rabareli 1033 7

2. s.acra ni GoV 5.40%

Rabareli 11790

3. 5,a,larpur GoV Rabareli 3200 0 .00%

100.00% 0 .00% 0 .00% 0 .00% 0 .00% 4. Hatchan<I Pur

GoV Rabareli 8840 10.58%

5. C""'1dwal: GoV 3.10% Jaunpur

9424

6. Jam itha GoV 1 614 7 2.65%

Jaunpur

7. Hau, GoV Jaunpur 29650 2.78%

8. Pipr.a sansa GoV 4 .29%

Lali pur 1 5500

9. M irchwara GoV 0 .00% Lali pur 5162

10. Mai:ua GoV 0 .00% Lali pur 1054

To tal 111100 68 .88% 1ZD 5% 2 .00% 1D7% 16.00% 3 .13%

f'rom t he .above t.able it is .apparent t h.at size .af th e, S<heme viz.. population and villages/ habit.at ions being <ovwed have no major e-ffe<t on t h e, perc ll:!'ntage,, e:x.p e,nditu rl:!' on w rious o&M 1-e~ s 2X<ept t h.at in e>;p l:!'nditure on staff & eled ri<ity. Variation o n electri:ity <ha,c:es <.an be d ue to durat ion of w.at e,r supply w hich depe,nds upon 4Vail.abili ty of power-- i n som e x h eme.s it a n be f.or lo~ er dur.ations an<f in so me fo r short d ur.ations. As regards Etllpen<fiture o n st.aff e:x.< l:!'pt f.ar t he two x h eme.s viz. M aiku.a GOV & H.auz.

GOV WhQrll:!' exp e,,nd iture is 33.06" & 41.61" in oth ll:!'r S<h emE!S it iS b l:!'tween 60 to S°" bariig Banna ~ u GoV x heme (SS.94" ) w her-e no . of st.a-ff p-asted i$ m« e as <ompared t.a o ther sc:h eme havi~ a lmost simiar popul.ation, and in sa-larpurGoV sc:hem e (1~ ) there iS no t o t her e);.penditurQ e:x.<:ept for st.aff .

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f'rom the .a bow it iS d sarthat maximum ~ pe:nditure in The O&M iS" o n QSt,a;bli.!hment. In c.asestaff is ~ transferred to Gr.am P.anchayats .along with schemQS, it would not b e possible fo r GPs to sustain thiS c-ost without incrQ~ ing tariff sub.stanti.ally, which will go bQyond the: affor<tab~iy of the consumers.

Eao:ors lof\1tendpg tbe floandal ~,asutn-ahtltn:

Hi,gh Establ ishroent Cost.

f'u rther if t he st.aff is retain~ with the: pre~nt institutions, maint.aining the schem e pra:sentlf~ it WIU be .an un..productive burden on t he:m as- theSQ in.stitutions sustain from the cent age chargQ:S earned by t hem, which is h.ar<lly !J.lffic ie:nt to me l!l the e:stabliShm ent cost of their OWh office. As s uch, a s we have recommended in Para 6.11 the est.ablishment cost be borne by the St.ate Government.

Poor reeov~ry o f watH charg-~ from

the oonsurn,e,rs.

Nonpayment of watef cha rges by

stand post consuine1s,

E).'tremely bv rates for House

oonNN:tioM,

Higher rates of Et«tricity,

In order to reduce the ~penditure on staff and to r~u<:2 the number of pump oper-atorS on th e sche:me .and ~ ke:tping in viM the: erratic supply of poWQr, auto mation of t ube wells operation shoukl be .adoptQd.

Erratic power supply due io whiffl

W/S -sys.terns are not able to Meet the

re,qt.Wernent to the s.a-tisfact:ion of

consumers.

Hjgh nurnbei of hand pu mps.

On the sch emes where st.aff .quarters .are constructed there iS no n QceSSity of d eputing staff for e~h shift d ue to erratic ar.ability power i.e. $0me times in the mo m ing and sometime in the night . One or t~ opQratorS st.ayi,g in the qu.arterS can e:asily manage the: supply.

5.irrilarly fo r watch & ward s hift w iSe <:houkidars will ~,rggesed Mt:ass1restor MY~ not b e nec~sa,y.

Establishmoent oos.t w hich is about 10% of

total O&M cost sho!Ad be borne by Sl:at.e

G""'-Opeiatirc Staff be redu<:Ni by instalil'!f

automat ion rned\a: niscn on t ti,e wens. W/S beirc publi.t utility, power tarlf for W/S

s.cheme beat pa r with thn of irrigation 1W.

No. of stand posts & hand pumps be

rati-onalized.

Tarlf for hous.e- eonn«tions be enhanced to

CO'IIIN actua I produi:tion cost of wate-1.

Sund post oonsurners ats.o be cha~ fort~

faciity bfflg avai led byt~ m.

Stand post charg-e to be about one-third of

that of hou:s.e hold suppJt.

Ho1.&e connections b,e,if'C' s.ource of higher

r eve-nue be i ncr N s.ed.

GPs be fre,e t o cha:1ge tari ff as per

requirement b.ased on d etailed b udg~ iri:

e,cef<'ise.

Cost of w a-ter bfoil'!g' taken in bulk for vi~ e

supp!y should be built in tariff.

Tarlf should be fixed through t i.nsparent

cons.ultation with oomm""'ity in open

,.lff't in!f .

.. OAS>

Moraover pOWQr tariff schedule: appl i:,a;ble o n tube \t/ells an<f pumping iS m uch higher t han t hat for irri&ation tube w ells. Since t he \IIIQter supply is a lso a pub~ utility, rciltQ of power for \11ater supply sc:hemQS should also ba, at par with th.at of irrigation tube \t/ells. Further, .as we: haw s~ estQd Qarfier also alternativ& sou rc~ of poWQr like solar & Wind pow er should aUO be e,,xplorad.

Tot.al population as pQr S<h i mes iS 111104, which is being served through 2705 house connQctions and 131 stand posts. Tal<l'lg the .average no. of p la!r"SoM .as 6 p l!f' house co nnedOn, the: population being serwd With houSQ connQctions iS .approximately 162~. As such the population b eing coverQd with stand pots is nsarly 9 4874. Thoug h in general Rs 20/- pe:r month per houSQ co nnQctOns .a:re being realiz OO from house:hol<f con.!J.J'merS but no water charges .are bef'lg colllKted from stand post users.

Further th e re iS: need to increase, the tariff of house com edions. Prasent t.ariff <:If Rs 20/- iS .quite: lo\11.aS compared to the: ~ pe:nditure o n O&M. Based on the dat.a i.e. water prodK~ .and total Q!Xpen<fiture o n O&M an.cl assuming that 70~ & \t/ciltQr reaches to consumerS and ~~ iS lost i n lsabges & wastage, the

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cost of w.ater\tf.orks out to Rs 14. 30/KL

As per G<OVt. o f India norm.s .consumption of water p er p ~ son in the hou.s& con nections iS 70 lpcd. As. such a family of 6 having house m nnection consumes about 1 2.60 KL of ¥;Qter p er month. Taking t he .collection of revenue ~ 80% of demand, .aver~ e co$1 of water consumed by a familv having house co n nection \o/orks out approximately Rs 22 5/- pe r month, as ~ inst Rs 'l!J/ - per month being realized <:urrentJv. How ever in ~ se establishm ent m st, which iS about 70~ of total O&M co st, is born by G<OVt. cost,~ we hal!Q sugg:ested .. rate per conne<:tion would .co me down to a bout Rs 63/- per month w hich will b e within affo r<labilrty of consumer$.

No .charges are bein& rQalz:ed f ,om stand post consumers. We feel that fo r the fin.arn:ial stabitrty, w.ater charge should be realized f rom stand post userS a lso .. whi:h should b e a bout one third of that of househokl supply. ThiS is based o n the consideration that a famiif drawing W4'ter fo rm stand post w ill consume less w.ater say40 lpcd as per Go I norms while that is household m nnedion will consume 70 lpc<t, besides it stand post .consum ers also spiends !iOme labou r o n fetch in& make fro m pubK stand post.

Further House <:onne<:tions le~ to higher rewnues. As !Uch to make the schemies fin.ancialy viable no . of house connections should b e in.creased substantially. As such there iS need to motWate p Qclple to t.ake house com edions where source d isch.at-ge i.sad equ.ate.

Moreover., there are .substantial nos. of hand pum ps in all th e scheme arQaS c;apable to meet the daily dom f!!Stic water requirement of <:ommunitiE!S. For increasing the demand fo r house connect ions there will be n ieed to decre~e the no . of h.and pumps.

We f eel that GPs should be free to charge ta riff .as pe r their requireme nt bas&d o n detailed budgeting exercise With th e com muniy. Tl-e anticipated annual eXpend i ure !hould be \OA:Jrked -out taking p rovi.sion for O&M reserwe fuocl to the t!lttent of ~ of total expenditure anticipated per annu m o n cost of mainten.arn:e of wtlrks, chiemic& and establiShment co st of staff . The m~ of a nticipat ed o perational revenue fo r viorking o ut th e- proposed t.ariff .shout.d be more than th.at of anticipated a nnual expenditu re on maintSlance sinc e normally 80~ of revenue d emand is o nly <:ollect l!!d, th e rest amount rtmaining arrQar. In c~ e c,f schemes wh~e bulk water supply is t.aken from the institutions, the a nticip.atl!!d eXpenditure per annum should includ e t he payment to be m.aide tow:ards bulk water supply besides the e>tp enditure anticipated in O&M of Int ta-village s upply. The tariff sho uld be fixed in a Gram 5-abha meeting of th e com m u rity aft e r trans parent d iS:<:uSSio ns, \1lh ere in i m po rtan<: e of rtlgu lar payment as well as billing and collection freque ncy indudi°" its p rocedJres !hould a lso be diScussed.

6.14.2 Single Village St.heme

Out of 14 schem es of UPJN; whi:h were su rveyed in Novemb er 2012, nine were single vilage schemes. 5ub.5.1antwQ financial data re:late<I to income & eXpend i ure f-o r the.se Si""1e village schemes w.a:s neith er ava iable in villages nor iS a¥ailable in Odo b ~ 2012 repo rt o f UPJN. Reve nueco ll&ctOn fo r year 2010-11, in Octobe r '12 l'Qport of UPJN, though isgin.n, but the a.penditure fo r thiS year has not been indicatC!d. Mort over reve nue &ta in t he above report is a~ lablt fo r only o ne scheme out o f t he nine viS:ited. f o r the y Qar 2011-1 2 total revenue & QXp endittre figures are ava 1able b ut up to October '12; t hese are also not h Qad w ise.

Basi!!d o n the Information <:o lledtd t hro ugh f ield .survey and UPJN Od ober '1 2 report status ralated to

popu~io l\ HP~ 5PS; HCS and collection & E!!lpendrture fo r the nine single viii~ schemes iS sum mariz&d in th t! table below:

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' 1

2

3

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""""' of prghel Pop.Jlation N>.ol No.of No . of """" COiiection E><pendiU Stliltl..5 of

Scheme Es1CI. c over ed "'"" SP es PC es cnorg,s OU'i"g 2011- e OU'h g Pevnentes Ca,t ··- Punps per pe< ft, p c 12Up 10 Clete 2011-12 LP per 51...n'ey

(Rs UPJN ristalea sun.ey Surwy """'"' es per UPJN

kl Cleta-? es 1"'5) Oct .,2 .. pe< Oct '12 perUPJN

Rep,n SLrwy Rep:c-t OCt '12 -·--·

2 ' 5 • 7 8 • " " 12

NclgaSakeet 134.8 17200 35 48 0 . 0 0 No payment ( Hatira<) 4 beingma:le

Pcrsa Agaiya 48.CO 4800 34 c;, 0 . 0 0.21 No payment ( BaJ-r-ach) beingma:le

"'°""' 78.0 1 1599 22 13 0 . 0 0.15 No payment 1s a1-rach\ bEinomOOe

Gcisa--i €0.41 5107 01 c;, 0 . 0 2 .14 No payment ( B d rcrnp.Jr) beingma:le

s....,..,.,, 9 H 0 1321 '51 14 0 . 0 0.70 No payment ~ ultenp.Jr) beingma:le

l<lnd 81. ~ NA 35 2 di)() '2DI· 0.10 4 .15 Waw (s.t,,rarppu) cha'ges said

.~ ---=..1. Sedl Pa1son 9 .02 0225 9) 2 - 'JJ/. 0 23 0.00 No payment ( M.....,.a) beingmOOe

(v.ater is

Ramga,h 90.02 0227 9) 25 225 'JJ/. 0 0.44 Waw - cha-ges said . . ,

Jama 29.CO 1535 105 5 5 'DI· 0 0.11 Waw (Sonebtaaa) cha'ges said

being paid reg.Jlat1y.

Tomi 655 4 46194 6 19 103 1014 0 .33 7 JJIJ

A'\ellllle 73~· 5133 113 20/• . OJI&

It iS ~nticipat ed t h~ st~us o f o th E!r Sin&IE! vilagE! schemes, in genesal, Vf.ould not be m uch <lifferant than

thE!Se. From thed~a &:ivE!n in above table it 6 revealed that:

i) Out of the ninE! Single d la.ge schE!mes, house connlKtions are p rovidE!d in four schE!m QS only; supply i n othe,r sche,mQS iS based on stand postsonly.

i i) As pE!r field study HCconsumE!rS of thrE!E! out o f four schem e,s are payi°'watirch~ es. i ii) No wate,r ch.argQS .are being p.a:id by st.and post consum ers in any of the n inE! llll~ E!$. iv) No rQafiz.ation iS p roposed for th!:! sc:h eme.s having stand poS'f.Sonty. v) E);pE!n<liturQ on sch t mE!S up to Octob er '1 2 as per abote report has been shown incurred on E!@;ht

out o f ninE! schE!mQS; there iS no ~ pe,nditure on one scheme,. vi) In the S<hE!mQS whE!rE! house c<innections a re providQd tarlf pE!r month pE!r houSQ conn Q<:tion is

Rs 'l!J/-. HowtvE!r, <luring fiekl Suf"'nY, in one schE!mQ of village SE!E!h Palash (Mathur~ it ~ s

raportl!!d as Rs '?IJ/- pE!r month. vii) As pE!r field stu<ly payment o f Wa!E!r charge iS said to be, regular, QxE!pt for of Seeh Pal.ash

scheme, w he,re w.atE!r is rE!port&d br~ki.sh an-d dQSpitE! huge number of house connE!ctions no payment iS being ~ Q.

In UPJN Octob E!f' 'l!J12 report though re/QnuQ & e>.pE!nditura up to October 2012 iS pro"-'ed, but h~ WiSQ eXpenditurt! i.E! . expenditu~ incurred on staff, repairs & maintenance, chlorination and power has

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no t been given . .Since no specific f in~ ,c:ial data ralated for Single vil lage s-c:ha-me iS .available, based on

averages of ninQ s-c:hernes, .and with as-sumptions reg.ardng d i.Schar~ o f tube wells ~ d head o f p umping w e have t ried to .assess average .annual expendit ure o n o&M for single village s-c:h eme.s .as b e,bw :

S I PertiCUISl'S TO,,I

1. Aver~ e Pop.Jlafon 5133

2 . AVEr~ e no . of HC , td<irg en average 6 pef'Son1> A-IH es,

3 . Aver~ e no . of HH s beirg sened wi1h HC 11 3

4. P cpulalionbeirg ser\ed 'M1hHCs 6 79 (13%)

5. P cpulalion b eirg ser\ed 'M1hSPs 4-455 (91'•/. )

6. Water req.Jft'ment per d ay per scheme

(Taking SP c cnsunp,ion as 40 lpcd and HC c006'umpticn 70 lpcd as pa- Go l ncrms) = [679x70+415So<OYHXO

226 1<1..D

7. Am OO E><PE:'n::li tase

!) Sttlff

(Assuming rim kr n.nrirg 1he schene ooe pump operatcr @ Rs 1 s:oa,. pm end one

chruloda' e Rs 9000J. pn are de~ yed

Am OO e~ n::li ture on s1a.ff = 12 x (1 S:00 + 9l00) R< 2E9000

(Ii ) Repa r & Maintencnce

(Ta<irg ain..id R &M cost a;, 0 .7 ~ of a'Ve'~ e estimate:! cost )

= 7394000 x 0 .75'°/+ Rs 55!55

(iii ) B le~ing P ONder

(Tal<ing a~ e dose of chk:rine a; O.~ppm,& rate o f BP a;, Rs 40/· per kg

Am ud e~n::liture onB.PO'Nder = 226 x 1000x 0.3l x 35Sx40"(0.2S x 10') Rs 65'9

(Iv) Elecl'icity

(Assuming avwc:ge disdia'geof lW a;, 3 ~ lpm &headofpunprg a;, 40 m cnd e fficien:::y

of punp rg Pant as 60%)

(a) Pumprg Ho.n Req.Jired = (226 x 10C0) / '30x ~ ) Say 11 Hf'S. (b) BHP of Pumping Plcnt = (3~ x 40) ft4~ 0 x 0.60) say S.18 BHP a 4 KN

Ann.Jd cost of Power e S.20Unit = S. 18 x 11 x 0.3 76 x 36S x S..20 = 19$17.00 Fi>ed Charges @ Rs 195.0l.4-0N = 4 x 12 19 5.00 = 936)0 0

Rs E09'5! Total E>qien~ 'bJtt Rs , 39011

Sa ) Rs ,39000

f'ro m the .abovt! it a ppa rent th.at in Single vill~ e schem es ~ eXpend i ure i.s maXimum o n st.affs, i is abo ut 66~ of total -cost o n O&M. The operational staff in UPJN iS g enerally on rtCular pay-rol l a nd as StK.h is hthly paid. GPs -cannot ~fo rd to ret.ain thQ.se st.affs as With su-c:h .a hQavy QXp i ndittFe o n staff it Will not

be possibl e, f or them to sust.ain schem e:s. As. has bien ~ estQd fo r multi v ii late schime, <<!St of staff be subsidized by St .ate Governm ent .

To rt!!ducQ t he co st o n QStablishmint and -c:o nsideri r¢ t hQ erratic suppJv of poWl:!I'~ a utomation of tube w ell operation sho uld be consi<fir&d. Gi\jjni .a f ree hand to GPs to en~ O& M staff t hemselves .as per act ual

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requir&m l!nt and ~ ~ bl& wag&sc~n .also b& a solution to reduce th& cost on staff. Th& oth~ measures-as suggested for ~ Sc.an b& .adoptQd for SVS also.

Th& other major head which im~ ts th& o&M costs of SVS sch&m & is QfQctricity. As st~ Qd &~ i&r .also tariff for publi< w~ er works is lith&r t han that of irrigation t ub& w ells. Water sup~ y schl!m&.s are ~ pub5c utf ity schl!m~ as such, rat& of poWQr for these utilit ies should be at par with r~es for irri~ion tub l!-W&lls.

As rl!gard.s r&vl!nul:!, .as pl:!r UPJN Odob~ 2012 rl:!port rl:!aliz~ion of revl:!nu Q dum g 2011-12 up to Oc:tob&r

201 2 iS Rs 0 .33 Lacs as ~ .-ist l:!Xp&ndiurl:! of Rs 7 .':Kl o n nine sing IQ viii~ schtml:!S under conSid&r~ ion i.l:!. realiz.ati:ln iS 4.1~ onl,. ThQ poSition of rlKl:!ipt o f revl:!nul:! in casl:! o f SVS, as such, iS not d iffl:!ntnt from th~ o f MYS.

Tot.al popul~ ion bl:!i"' bl:!l'tl:!'fited undtr t he.SI:! nine sch emes- is 46 194, of which 6084 iS bl:!ing SQrvQd through 1014 HCs and rl:!mainini 40110 through 183 stand posts & 2619 hand pumpS. W~ &r chargl:!.s as arl:! b eing rQalimd from HC<onsum&rs a rl:! only Rs 20/- p Qr month, w hich iS quitl! low .as comparQd to thl:! &>.p&nditur& on O&M. NO water charges are b eing r Qalized from stand post uS&rS.

Inc.as& of singlQvillag& sch&mQS c:ost pl!r KL .of W.atQr produce,,d - b.a:s&d .on the annual O&M &Xp l!nditu r&

as .ass&ssQd in thl:! table ~ v& and ~ umi"' t h.at onty 70~ W~t!f' rQach&s c:onsum&rs a nd r~ liz~ ion would b& BJ~ only, works out to 9 .30 /KL.

In case &stabliShm&nt cost iS born Q by th& Gov&m ment cind t~ ng rat& of wastage & rQalization as ab<JV&,

<OSI of producl ion of water will be about IU ~.~ /KL A house <onne<lion on an average feeds ~ persons @ 70 literS / day. Cost of water consumed by a HH having HC w« ks o ut to about Rs 4/J/- per month. How w&r, dC:counting for tht prorwision of r&SQrv& fund for SpQcial rapaiis e-tc, minimum charges for a HC

&stim~&.s to Rs 45/- pl:!'r month, ""1,ich the consum ~ s c.an easfy afford.

No w ater .c_har~ arl! being paid by st~nd post c:.onsum ers i n any .of the above ninQ schtm&s. For th& fin.ancial stability of sch&ml!S stand poSt conSumE!r sh.ould al.so be IT'ad& to pay for th& facility they are using. As has be:en sugg&.st~ f.o r MVS stand post

tariff may b & 1/3'4 o f HC charges. Ourir¢ field survey

& int &radion With community, in some village.s people w w e \tAl ing to pay th& wat&r c:harge:s up to

Rs 9J/- p er month if p rivate: com edi.ons are p rcmd &d .and regular supply is assured .

Further there a re substantial numbtrs of hand pumps in Q..!IC:h S<.h&mQ area providing Qnough supply to me~ domE!Slic r&<tuir&m Qnt asp!Kially d uring no supply d.ays d ue: t.o non avail.ability of power o r during brs-akdowns. Hows-ver Q)l[eSSiW no . .of hand pumps are onQ of the main reason cauSin,g

r&luct.an<l! among conStsn&rs to take house connections, and a lso for not paying th& W~Qr charges for t h& fdC:ility t h Qy are availing. Gon rnment n~ ds to takQ a d K iSion for radu.ci n,g

th& no. of hand pumps in th& a reas where pip Qd

sueees:ed Meanvestoo: sv~ Similar rne.a.sures c1.s suc.ested tor MVS need

be adopted f,O( svs c1 ls.o.

ltiteof p~ • should be a pc1r with i rrCc1tion

TWtc1riff.

GPs should be free t o ch.11" t c1J iff b.ased o n

attuc1I er:perdture o nO&M.

GPs should be free to deploy staff .as Pef

.sc~me 1e,qt.arerner11; stc1ff to be minimum.

Community to be moti'IQ't ed 10 for t .akiri:

ho use oo nn«tions.

Su nd post users be also charg-ed tor the utility.

To g-ene.-.ate the dern.nd to, HC there w ill be

no. of hand pumps need to be decre.a.sftd.

Wat Qr supply EtltiSl:s o r w here n&wsch&m es are being constru.ct&d .

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To make t he Single village w~e r supply sdlemes fin.amially viablie almost Similar mQ.aSUrQS would be req uired .as have been sug~ ted in casie of m.,lti vilage schemQS an.d given below:

i) ~tQ of pov1er forw.ater supplyschemQS should bie at par with thM of irrigation t ube wells. i i) As t he house connections lead to high ier rl:!rinues,_ people should bie motillated to t.akie ho use

connections if sourcie discharge iS ~ Q<luate . iii) For incre4Sing t he d iemard fo r house connktions there \I/ill be ne,ed to decrt 4Se the no . of

h.and p lffl ps. iv) No cha~ QS are beint re.abed from Sl4nd post co nsumers. Water charge sho uld be, reali!ed

from st.and post users also., which should be 4bout one third of tha t of house hold Sl4]ply. v) GPs should b ie free to charge t4riff .as per their requirement based on det~ ed b..idgetflg

e)a!!rciSQ With t he co mmm ity. The t.ariff should be fixed in a Gram 5.a:bha meetint of the community after tr.anspare,nt d i$C usSions.

vi) GPs sho uld al.so be free to deploy O&M staff 4S p!N reQuiremient and on pradic4ble wages.

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study of existing piped water supply schemes in...

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