study on mango leaf and mangiferin

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Study On Mango Leaf and Mangiferin

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Study on Mango Leaf and Mangiferin

Chief Editor

Deng Jiagang

Coeditor

Qin Jieping Wang Qin

Editors

THE 1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SCREENING

FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF AGRICULTURAL

RESIDUES AND THE STUDY ON MANGIFERIN

Hou Xiaotao Yang Ke Yan Li

Feng Xu Wang Zhiping Du Zhengcai

Liang Jianqin Zhou jiangyu Dai Hang

Hao Erwei Du Chengzhi Qin Lilan

He Cuiwei Li Zhenjuan Shi Xueli


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Sponsored by:

Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University

Management Committee of Guangxi Baise National Agricultural Sci-tech

Zone

Approval Administration:

The Peoples Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Supported by:

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Department of Science and Technology of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous

Region

Organized by:

Faculty of Pharmacy,Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University

Guangxi Key Laboratory of pharmacodynamic studies of Traditional

Chinese Medicine

October 23-25,2009

Baise,Guangxi,Ch


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Editorial Committee

Chairman

Yang Yanyang Deng Jiagang

Vice-Chairman

Zhong Hengqin Tang QianliMembers of editorial Committee

Su Xiudong Lu Xiangyang Wang QinJiang Jichang Chen Yong Qin JiepingZheng Zuowen Qin Huazhen He GuibaiHuang Zhaoming Kuang Song Huang ChunxueNong Jinghai


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CONTENT

Preface......................................................................................................................................................1

Invited Lecture ........................................................................................................................................3The Strategic Significance and General Thoughts of the Medicinal Study On Agricultural

Residues....................................................................................................................................................3

Chemical Constituents with Unprecedented Skeletons from Alpinia katsumadai and Chukrasia

tabularis var. velutina ............................................................................................................................12

Study on Bioactive Compounds with Molecular Diversity from Toxic Plants in China .......................... 14

Pharmacology and Toxicology ..............................................................................................................15

Assessment of systemic interaction between swertia chirata extract and its bioactive constituents in

rabbits......................................................................................................................................................15

The extraction of mangiferin from mango leaves and its analgesic function............................................ 15

The Effect of Kampo Formulae on Bone Resorption in Vitro and in Vivo. I Active Constituents of

Tsu-kan-gan.............................................................................................................................................16

Mangiferin and hesperidin metabolites are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs after oral

ingestion of a Cyclopia genistoides (honeybush tea) extract .................................................................. 17

Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in rat plasma after oral administration of a single dose of suanzaoren

decoction ................................................................................................................................................. 18

Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and four secoiridoid glycosides in rat plasma using liquid

chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study of herbal

preparation...............................................................................................................................................19

UV/vis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies to determine mangiferin pKa values..........................20

A review of the bioactivity of south african herbal Teas: rooibos (aspalathus linearis) and honeybush

(Cyclopia intermedia) ............................................................................................................................. 21

Activation of lymphocytes of normal and tumor bearing mice by mangiferin, a naturally occurring

glucosylxanthone.....................................................................................................................................21

An Anacardiaceae preparation reduces the expression of inflammation-related genes in murine

macrophages............................................................................................................................................22

Anthelminthic and antiallergic activities ofMangifera indica L. Stem bark components vimang and

mangiferin ............................................................................................................................................... 23

Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its

glucosylxanthone mangiferin .................................................................................................................. 24

Antidiabetic activity of a xanthone compound, mangiferin ...................................................................... 25

Antidiabetic activity of the rhizoma of anemarrhena asphodeloides and active components, mangiferin

and its glucoside......................................................................................................................................25


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Antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae)

stem-bark aqueous extract.......................................................................................................................26

Antitumor, immunomodulatory and anti-HIV effect of mangiferin, a naturally occurring

glucosylxanthone.....................................................................................................................................27

Chemopreventive efficacy of mangiferin against benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in

experimental animals...............................................................................................................................27

-D-Glucoside suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of uclear transcription factor B but

potentiates apoptosis ............................................................................................................................... 28

Cytoprotective and antigenotoxic potential of Mangiferin, a glucosylxanthone against cadmium chloride

induced toxicity in HepG2 cells .............................................................................................................. 29

Cytoprotective effect of mangiferin on benzo(a) pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in swiss albino

mice.........................................................................................................................................................30

Differential oxidative stress in oligodendrocytes and neurons after excitotoxic insults and protection by

natural polyphenols ................................................................................................................................. 31

Dual mechanism of mangiferin protection against iron-induced damage to 2-deoxyribose and ascorbate

oxidation..................................................................................................................................................32

Effect of Mangifera indica L. extract (QF808) on protein and hepatic microsome peroxidation .............33

Effect of mangiferin on benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in experimental Swiss albino mice34

Efficacy of mangiferin on serum and heart tissue lipids in rats subjected to isoproterenol induced

cardiotoxicity...........................................................................................................................................34Effect of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats ......................35

Effect of mangiferin on mitochondrial energy production in experimentally induced myocardial

infarcted rats............................................................................................................................................36

Effect of mangiferin on radiation-induced micronucleus formation in cultured human peripheral blood

lymphocytes ............................................................................................................................................ 37

Effect of mangiferin on the development of periodontal disease: involvement of lipoxin A4,

anti-chemotaxic action in leukocyte rolling ............................................................................................ 38

Effect of species variation and processing on phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant activity ofaqueous extracts ofCyclopia spp. (Honeybush Tea) .............................................................................. 39

Effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy

state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells.........................................................................................40

Effects of the mango components mangiferin and quercetin and the putative mangiferin metabolite

norathyriol on the transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms ....................41

Efficacy of mangiferin against Cryptosporidium parvum in a neonatal mouse model ............................. 42

Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang), a new natural product

with antioxidant activity..........................................................................................................................43


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Examination of the inhibitory effect of norathyriol in formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced

respiratory burst in rat neutrophils .......................................................................................................... 44

Expression profiles of genes involved in the mouse nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathway

are modulated by mangiferin...................................................................................................................45

Fe (III) improves antioxidant and cytoprotecting activities of mangiferin................................................46

Immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract of Mangifera indica L. in mice .................................... 46

Gastroprotective effect of mangiferin, a xanthonoid from Mangifera indica, against gastric injury

induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rodents .................................................................................... 47

In vitro effects of Mangifera indica and polyphenols derived on ABCB1/P-glycoprotein activity ..........48

Immunotherapeutic effects of mangiferin mediated by the inhibition of oxidative stress to activated

lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages............................................................................................49

In vitro effects of mangiferin on superoxide concentrations and expression of the inducible nitric oxidesynthase, tumournecrosis factor- and transforming growth factor- genes........................................... 50

In vitroeffects of the polyphenols resveratrol, mangiferin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the

scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi............................................................................51

Mangiferin,a glucosylxanthone,protects against the radiation-induced micronuclei formation in the

cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes ....................................................................................... 51

In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity ofMangifera indica L. extract (VIMANG)....................52

Insulin secretion is stimulated by ethanol extract of anemarrhena asphodeloides in isolated islet of

healthy wistar and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats ..................................................................................... 53

Interaction of Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) with Fe(III) improves its antioxidant and

cytoprotecting activity.............................................................................................................................54

Iron complexing activity of mangiferin,a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone,inhibits mitochondrial

lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+-citrate...............................................................................................55

Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium that transforms mangiferin to norathyriol and inducibility of

the enzyme that cleaves a C-Glucosyl bond............................................................................................56

Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and its main polyphenol mangiferin prevent mitochondrial

oxidative stress in atherosclerosis-prone hypercholesterolemic mouse. ................................................. 57

Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and mangiferin modulate mouse humoral immune responses.....58

Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) inhibits 2-deoxyribose damage induced by Fe (III) plus ascorbate.59

Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) inhibits Fe2+-citrate-induced lipoperoxidation in isolated rat liver

mitochondria............................................................................................................................................60

Mangifera indica L. extract attenuates glutamate-induced neurotoxicity on rat cortical neurons. ...........61

Mangiferin ameliorates scopolamine-induced learning deficits in mice...................................................62

Mangiferin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in activated rat glial


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cells ......................................................................................................................................................... 63

Mangiferin Inhibits Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction and Pruritus in Mice...............................64

Mangiferin protects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity mediated by oxidative stress in N2a

cells ......................................................................................................................................................... 65Mangiferin protects human peripheral blood lymphocytes against -radiation-induced DNA strand

breaks: a fluorescence analysis of DNA unwinding assay...................................................................... 66

Mangiferin protects the streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to cardiac and renal tissues in rats ....67

Mangiferin, a natural occurring glucosyl xanthone, increases susceptibility of rat liver mitochondria to

calcium-induced permeability transition ................................................................................................. 68

Mangiferin protects human peripheral blood lymphocytes against -radiationinduced DNA strand

breaks:a fluorescence analysis of DNA unwinding assay....................................................................... 69

Mechanism of Antioxidant Action of Pueraria Glycoside (PG)-1 (an Isoflavonoid) and Mangiferin (aXanthonoid).............................................................................................................................................70

Mechanism of cell death induced by an antioxidant extract of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (YCT) in

Jurkat T cells: the role of reactive oxygen species and calcium..............................................................71

Mechanism of protective action of mangiferin on suppression of inflammatory response and lysosomal

instability in rat model of myocardial infarction.....................................................................................71

Mechanisms of blood glucose-lowering effect of aqueous extract from stems of Kothala himbutu

(Salacia reticulata) in the mouse ............................................................................................................. 72

Modulation of P450 enzymes by Cuban natural products rich in polyphenolic compounds in rathepatocytes..............................................................................................................................................73

Modulation of rat macrophage function by the Mangifera indica L. extracts Vimang and mangiferin....74

Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by two natural antioxidant polyphenols................................ 75

New antidiabetic compounds, mangiferin and its glucoside ..................................................................... 75

New antioxidant C-glucosylxanthones from the stems of Arrabidaea samydoides .................................. 76

Neuroprotection by two polyphenols following excitotoxicity and experimental ischemia .....................76

Novel screening assay for antioxidant protection against peroxyl radical-induced loss of proteinfunction ................................................................................................................................................... 77

Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore

high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.............................................78

Physiological and biochemical changes with special reference to mangiferin and oxidative enzymes

level in malformation resistant and susceptible cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)....................79

Polyphenols with antiulcerogenic action from aqueous decoction of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.)80

Potential hepatoprotective effects of new Cuban natural products in rat hepatocytes culture ..................81

Protection against septic shock and suppression of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide production


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on macrophages and glia by a standard aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. (VIMANG). Role of

mangiferin isolated from the extract ....................................................................................................... 82

Protective effect of Mangifera indica L. polyphenols on human T lymphocytes against

activation-induced cell death...................................................................................................................83

Protective effects of a standard extract ofMangifera indica L. (VIMANG) against mouse ear edemas

and its inhibition of eicosanoid production in J774 murine macrophages .............................................. 84

Protective effects ofMangifera indica L. extract (Vimang), and its major component mangiferin, on

iron-induced oxidative damage to rat serum and liver ............................................................................ 85

Protective effects of Mangifera indica L. extract, mangiferin and selected antioxidants against

TPA-induced biomolecules oxidation and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice ...........................86

Protective role of mangiferin against Benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in experimental

animals .................................................................................................................................................... 87

Studies on palauan medicinal herbs. II. Activation of mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 by Ongael,

leaves of Phaleria cumingii (Meisn.) F. Vill. and its acylglucosylsterols ............................................... 87

Radioprotection by mangiferin in DBAxC57BL mice: a preliminary study..............................................88

The suppressive effect of mangiferin with exercise on blood lipids in type 2 diabetes ............................ 88

Release of intermediate reactive hydrogen peroxide by macrophage cells activated by natural products 89

Role of mangiferin on biochemical alterations and antioxidant status in isoproterenol-induced

myocardial infarction in rats....................................................................................................................90

Salacia oblonga extract increases glucose transporter 4-mediated glucose uptake in L6 rat myotubes:Role of mangiferin .................................................................................................................................. 91

Salacia oblonga improves cardiac fibrosis and inhibits postprandial hyperglycemia in obese Zucker rats92

Salacia oblonga root decreases cardiac hypertrophy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: inhibition of cardiac

expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor............................................................................................93

Salacia reticulata and its polyphenolic constituents with lipase inhibitory and lipolytic activities have

mild antiobesity effects in rats.................................................................................................................94

Scavenger effect of a mango (Mangifera indica L.) food supplement's active ingredient on free radicals

produced by human polymorphonuclear cells and hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase chemiluminescencesystems .................................................................................................................................................... 95

Spectroscopic investigation of interaction between mangiferin and bovine serum albumin ....................95

Swertia chirayita mediated modulation of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon-,

and tumor necrosis factor- in arthritic mice .......................................................................................... 96

The inhibitory effects of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, in bowel carcinogenesis of

male F344 rats ......................................................................................................................................... 97

The variation in cytoplasmic distribution of mouse peritoneal macrophage during phagocytosis

modulated by mangiferin, an immunomodulator.................................................................................... 98


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Timosaponin AIII, a saponin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides, ameliorates learning and

memory deficits in mice..........................................................................................................................99

Two proteins, Mn2+, and low molecular cofactor are required for C-glucosyl-cleavage of mangiferin .100

Utilization of mango peels as a source of pectin and polyphenolics.......................................................101Vascular effects of theMangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) ............................................................... 102

Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) induces permeability transition in isolated mitochondria, closely

reproducing the effect of mangiferin, Vimang's main component ........................................................ 103

Xanthone derivatives: new insights in biological activities .................................................................... 104

Xanthone glycosides from herbs of Polygala hongkongensis Hemsl and their antioxidant activities ....104

Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in rat plasma after oral administration of a single dose of Suanzaoren

decoction ............................................................................................................................................... 105

Synthesis of mangiferin derivates and study their potent PTP1B inhibitory activity.............................. 105

Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in rat plasma after oral administration of a single dose of Suanzaoren

decoction ............................................................................................................................................... 106

Effect of Mangifer in on telomerase activity and cell cycle in K562 cells..............................................107

Effect of Mangiferin on the Content of PGE2 in Two Different Inflammation Models..........................107

The Effect of Mangifer in on Telomerase Activity and Apoptosis in Leukem ic K562 Cells ................ 108

The Antitussive and Expectorant Effects of Mangifera Leaves Extract..................................................108

Preliminary Studies on the Mode of Action of Mangifer in against Phytophthora infestans..................109

Experimental Study on Anti-bacterial, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of the Mixture of

Mangiferin and Berberine ..................................................................................................................... 109

An Experimental Study of Anti-stress Effects of Mangiferin in Mice....................................................110

Preliminary study on effects of mangiferin on immunologic function in mice.......................................110

Effects of mangiferin of TNF- and MPO in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury............111

Experimental Study on Hypoglycemic Effect of the Mixture of Mangiferin and Berberine .................. 111

Effect of mangiferin on myocardial ischemia induced by isoproteronol in mice....................................112

Apoptotic mechanism of leukemic K562 cells induced by mangiferin................................................... 112

Inhibitory effect of mangiferin on duck hepatitisB virus (DHBV) DNA in vivo....................................113

Comparison Tests of the Efficacy of Mango Leaf Decoction, Demangiferin Mango Leaf Decoction and

Mangiferin Anti-tussive and Expectorant Drugs...................................................................................113

Study on Antibacterial Action of Extract of Leaves ofMangifera indica in Vitro.................................114

Inhibiting effect in vitro of extract ofMangifera indica L.leaf on some pathogenic bacteria and NDV

replication..............................................................................................................................................114


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The Ultramicro-structure Change of Lipid Superoxided Rat Brain Tissue and Protect of Mangiferin on

the Tissues.............................................................................................................................................115

Inhibitory effect of mangiferin on the proliferation of K562 leukemia cells .......................................... 116

Effect of mangiferin on the expression of-cateninand p120ctn in hepatic tissues of rats with livercancer .................................................................................................................................................... 117

Effects of enzyme and morphological change of mangiferin on experimental liver damage in rats....... 117

The proliferation inhibition effect and apoptosis induction of mangiferin on BEL-7404 human

hepatocellular carcinoma cell................................................................................................................118

Effect of mangiferin on P120ctn phosphorylation and hepatocellular carcinoma cell biology...............118

Experimental study on effect of mangiferin delaying caducity...............................................................119

Effects of Mangifer in on induction of apoptosis and in tracellular Ca2+ concentration in

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma CNE2 Cells .............................................................................................. 119

CML cell line K562 cell apoptosis induced by Mangiferin .................................................................... 120

Pharmacodynamic studie s on Mangiferin .............................................................................................. 120

Experimental study on the pharmacology of Mangiferin monosodium salt............................................121

Preparation of mengiferin monosodium salt and comparison in pharmacological effects with mengiferin121

Protective effect of Mangiferin dropping pills on chronic liver injury in rats.........................................122

Effects of Mangiferin on cell cycle status and cyclin A,cyclin B1 expression of K562 cells.................123

Effects of Mangiferin on myocardial ischemia induced by pituitrin in mice..........................................123

Effects of Mangiferin on Gastric Ulcers in Rats ..................................................................................... 124

Effect of Mangiferin on the arachidonic acid metabolites in rat ............................................................. 124

Cardioprotective Effects of Mangiferin on Myocardial in Schemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats............125

Effect of Mangiferin on lymphocyte proliferation in immunosuppressed mice......................................125

The effects of Mangiferin on human platelet aggregation and secretion of CD62P ............................... 126

Effect of Mangifer on Serum E-cadherin, carcinoembryonic antigen and monoamine oxidase activity

and cell cycle in live tumor rats.............................................................................................................127

The Impact of Mangiferin on Releasing of Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis from Guinea-Pig

Lung Tissue...........................................................................................................................................127

Effects of on Mangiferin HBsAg and HBeAg Excreted by 2215 Cell....................................................128

The Effect of Mangiferin on hTERT-mRNA Expression and Telomerase Activity in K562 Cells........ 128

Protective effect of Mangiferin on Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice.............................................129

Pharmacodynamic Study of Total Glycosides Tablet of Mango Leaves ................................................ 129

The influence of mangiferin on the body temperature of rabbit in endotoxin-induced fever .................130


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The study on mangiferin protective role of lipid peroxidation damage of brain tissues in rats ..............130

The antidepressant effect of mangiferin on the behavioral despair mice ................................................ 131

Effects of Mangiferin on lipid peroxidation metabolism of blood in rats...............................................131

Antlviral activity of mangiferin against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro.........................................132

Effect of Mangiferin on the Arachidonic Acid Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Neutrophils ...................132

Antiviral effect of mangiferin and Isomangiferin on herpes simplex virus................................. 133

Chemical Study and Analytical methods ..........................................................................................134

Characterization and quantitative determination of the impurity in prepared mangiferin extracted from

Mangifera indica L. leaves....................................................................................................................134

A new C-glycosyl xanthone isolated fromDavallia solida ....................................................................151

Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel ofmango (Mangifera indica L.) ................................................................................................................ 151

An investigation of the stem bark ofBersama abyssinica ......................................................................152

Biosynthesis of mangiferin in anemarrhena asphodewides: intact incorporation of C6-C3precursor into

xanthone................................................................................................................................................152

Antiosteoporotic chemical constituents from Er-Xian Decoction,a traditional Chinese herbal formula 153

Antioxidant C-Glucosylxanthones from the Leaves ofArrabidaea patellifer........................................154

A Xanthone C-glycoside fromIris Nigricans .........................................................................................154

Benzophenone glycosides from Gnidia involucrate ...............................................................................155

Capillary electrophoresis analysis of mangiferin extracted from Mangifera indica L. bark and Mangifera

persiciformis C.Y. Wu et T.L. Ming leaves .......................................................................................... 155

Characterizaton of antioxidant and antiglycation properties and isolation of active ingredients from

traditional Chinese medicines ............................................................................................................... 156

Chemical constituents fromMahkota dewa ............................................................................................156

Characterization of polyphenols in mango puree concentrate by HPLC with diode array and mass

spectrometric detection ......................................................................................................................... 157Characterization of the mangiferin-human serum albumin complex by spectroscopic and molecular

modeling approaches.............................................................................................................................157

Chemical and chemotaxonomical studies of ferns. LXXXVII. constiuents oftrichomanes reniforme ..158

Chemical constituents ofGentianaceae XIX: CNS-depressant effects of swertiamarin ......................... 158

Determination of gentiopicroside, mangiferin, palmatine, berberine, baicalin, wogonin and glycyrrhizin

in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Sann-Joong-Kuey-Jian-Tang by high- performance

liquid chromatography .......................................................................................................................... 159

Determination of the residue of organochlorine pesticides in mango leaves using GC-MS-SIM...........159


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Determination of mangiferin, jateorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, cinnamic Acid, and cinnamaldehyde

in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Zi-Shen Pill by high-performance liquid

chromatography.....................................................................................................................................160

Differentiation of Swertia Mussotii Franch from Artemisiae Capillaris Herba by capillary

electrophoresis with electrochemical detection.....................................................................................160

Evaluation of spectrophotometric methods for screening of green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and

green honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) extracts for high levels of Bio-active compounds ................161

Flavonoid and xanthone patterns in bearded Iris species and the pathway of chemical evolution in the

genus ..................................................................................................................................................... 162

Glucuronide triterpene saponins fromBersama engleriana....................................................................163

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of

mangiferin in plasma of rats having taken the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Zi-Shen pill 164

High-performance liquid chromatography as a tool for the chemical standardisation of triphala-an

ayurvedic formulation ........................................................................................................................... 164

Isolation of isomangiferin from honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) using high-speed counter-current

chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography ........................................................... 165

Isolation of Mangiferin and Isomangiferin from Leaf Material ofHibiscus liliastrum (Malvaceae) .....166

Isolation of mangiferin fromBombax malabaricum and structure revision of shamimin.......................166

Mangiferin and isomangiferin in someHypericum species .................................................................... 167

Mangiferin Identified in a Screening Study Guided by Neuraminidase Inhibitory Activity................... 167

Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric study and analysis of xanthone and secoiridoid

glycoside composition of Swertia chirata, a potent antidiabetic ........................................................... 168

Mangeiferin from the root bark of salaczaretzculata...............................................................................169

Miscibility Characterization in Relation to Phase Morphology of Poly (ether sulfone)/Poly (vinyl

pyrrolidone) Blends Containing a Phytochemical................................................................................. 170

New Steroidal Sapomins from the Rhizomes ofAnemarrhena asphodeoides Bunge (Liliaceae) ..........170

On-line purity monitoring in high-speed counter-current chromatography Application ofHSCCC-HPLC-DAD for the preparation of 5-HMF, neomangiferin and mangiferin fromAnemarrhena

asphodeloides Bunge.............................................................................................................................171

Phenolic compounds fromHypericum perforatum .................................................................................172

Phenolic metabolites from honeybush tea (cyclopia subternata) ............................................................ 172

Polyphenol constituents from salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiferin with a-glucosidase and

aldose reductase inhibitory activities .................................................................................................... 173

Preparative isolation and purification of four compounds from the chinese medicinal herb rhizoma

anemarrhenae by high-speed counter-current chromatography ............................................................ 174


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Chemical constituents in the leaves ofMangifera persiciformis C.Y. Wu et Y.L. Ming .......................174

Quality evaluation of rhizoma belamcandae (belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.) by using

high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and mass spectrometry.175

Synthesis of mangiferin...........................................................................................................................175Rapid Identification of Polyphenol C-Glycosides from Swertia franchetianaby HPLC-ESI-MS-MS.. 176

Secoiridoids and Xanthones from Gentianella nitida..............................................................................176

Simultaneous determination of bioactive xanthone glycosides and norlignans from ethanolic extract of

Anemarrhena asphodeloides by liquid chromatography.......................................................................177

Simultaneous determination of phenols in Radix Polygalae by high performance liquid chromatography:

quality assurance of herbs from different regions and seasons ............................................................. 178

Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and four secoiridoid glycosides in rat plasma using liquid

chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study of herbalpreparation.............................................................................................................................................179

Structures of New Friedelane-Type Triterpenes and Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpene and Aldose

Reductase Inhibitors from Salacia chinensis.........................................................................................180

Studies on the constituents from the fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa ........................................................ 180

Synthesis of mangiferin derivates and study their potent PTP1B inhibitory activity.............................. 181

The Major Phenolic Compounds in the Leaves ofCyclopia Species (Honeybush Tea).........................181

Temperature and solvent dependent NMR studies on mangiferin and complete NMR spectralassignments of its acyl and methyl derivatives ..................................................................................... 182

Use of NIRS for quantification of mangiferin and hesperidin contents of dried green honey bush

(Cyclopia genistoides) plant material................................................................................................. 182

Using LC/MS/MS to determine matrine, oxymatrine, ferulic acid, mangiferin, and glycyrrhizin in the

Chinese medicinal preparations Shiau-feng-saan and Dang-guei-nian-tong-tang ................................ 183

Variation of active constituents of an important Tibet folk medicine Swertia mussotii Franch.

(Gentianaceae) between artificially Cultivated and naturally distributed.............................................183

UV/vis,

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H and 13CNMR spectroscopic studies to determine mangiferin pKa values ...........................184Quality standard research on Mangiferin crude drug..............................................................................184

Xanthones from Swertia punctata ........................................................................................................... 185

Study on the extracting method of mangiferin inAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge and Comparison of

content of mangiferin in hair, skin and meat ofAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge...............................185

Study of extraction and stability of yellow pigment from mango leaves................................................186

Extraction and identification of total flavone from mango leaves .......................................................... 186

Extraction and identification of mangiferin fromMangifera indica leaves............................................187

Extraction of total flavanone from mango leaves by ultrasonic wave.....................................................187


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Optimized procedures for quercetin extraction from Mangifera indica Linn. leaf based on orthogonal

design .................................................................................................................................................... 188

Determination of mangiferin and homomangiferin in almond leaves by HPLC.....................................188

Determination of gallic acid in mango leaves by HPLC.........................................................................189Study on the content of mangiferin in mangifera indica L. from different areas....................................189

Determination of mangiferin and homomangiferin in manggo leaves by HPLC....................................190

Determination of impurity of homomangiferin in raw medicine of mangiferin by HPLC ..................... 190

Comparison of HPLC fingerprint among different tissues ofMangifera indica L. ................................191

Comparison research on the content of mangiferin between manggo leaf and manggo branch .............191

Determination of gallic acid in the leaves of 4 genera ofMangifera indica L. by RP-HPLC ................192

Determination of mangiferin, neomangiferin inRhizoma anemarrhenae from different producing area192

Comparison of mangiferin content in different cultivars of mango leaves ............................................. 193

Determination of mangiferin of the aerial parts in Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa ..............................193

Determination of mangiferin in dejecta of rabbit by RP-HPLC..............................................................194

Determination of mangiferin in Qingqiliangying injection by RP-HPLC...............................................194

Determination of the contents of mangiferin and berberine hydrochloride in the Zishen Pills by

RP-HPLC .............................................................................................................................................. 195

Determination of mangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae from different habitats by HPLC-UV.............195Determination of mangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae from different habitats by HPLC....................196

Determination of mangiferin and sarsasapogenin in rhizoma anemarrhenae and stir-baked rhizoma

anemarrhenae before sprinking salt solution by HPLC........................................................................196

Determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae and its preparation by HPLC197

Determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae by HPLC..........................197

Determination of chimonin and forsythiaside inKangbingdu oral liquid by RP-HPLC.........................198

Determination of Mangiferin in Mango peel by RP-HPLC .................................................................... 198

IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MANGIFERIN IN MANGO PEEL, A HPLC

METHOD WAS ESTABLISHED, AND A HANBON LICHYOPHERC18(4.6250MM,5M) COLUMN WAS USED.THE

MOBILE PHASE WAS METHANOL-0.3%H3PO4(32:68) AND THE FLOW RATE WAS1ML/MIN.THE UV DETECTION

WAVELENGTH WAS 258NM ,THE LINEAR RANGES OF MANGIFERIN WERE IN THE RANGE OF 0.4~0.8UG WITH

EQUATION OF Y=1.065+2.035X, R=0.9999(N=5) THE AVERAGE RECOVERY OF MANGIFERIN WAS 97.8 WITH

RSD OF 1.85 .THIS METHOD IS SIMPLE ACCURATE REPRODUCIBLE.IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MANGO PEEL IN

BAI-SE,NANNING, AND TIAN-YANG COUNTY HAVE THE HIGHEST CONTENT OF MANGIFERIN........................... 198

RP-HPLC determination of mangiferin in the leafs ofFolium Mangiferae sampled in different months

and regions ............................................................................................................................................ 199


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Determination of the contents of mangiferin in the roots and stems ofRhizoma Anemarrhenal at

different harvest dates ........................................................................................................................... 199

Determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin inRhizoma Anemarhenalusing RP-HPLC................200

Determination of Mangiferin and Polysaccharide inRhizoma Anemarrhenalfrom Different Origin.... 200Quantitative determination of four effective components in Swertia delavayiby HPLC....................... 201

Determination of mangiferin in Liyan tablets by HPLC ......................................................................... 201

Determination of mangiferin in Zhibai Dihuang Pill by HPLC.............................................................. 202

Dertermination content of mangiferin and sarsasapogenine in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae from different

areas.......................................................................................................................................................202

Separation of mangiferin by high performance capillary electrophoresis............................................... 203

HPLC determination of mangiferin content in commercialRhizoma Anemarrhenae.............................203Comparison of Mangifern in Contents in Different Parts of Mango Tree .............................................. 204

The physiological and biochemical change induced by mangiferin accumulation in Mango tree.......... 204

Optimization of Extraction Technology for Total Saponin in Mango Leaf............................................ 205

Rapid determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin inAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. By capillary

zone eectrophoresis with UV detection.................................................................................................205

Isolation and Identification of Oleanolic acid and Magiferin from Swertia punicea hemsl....................206

Changes of mangiferin and neomangiferin contents in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae before and after

processing.............................................................................................................................................. 206

Dynamic Study of Contents of mangiferin in XiLingAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.......................207

Study on the Factors Affecting the Mangiferin Contents in Mango Leaves ........................................... 207

Structure modification of mangiferin......................................................................................................208

Identification and determination of four metabolites of mangiferin in rat urine.....................................208

Stability of mangiferin and factors affecting the stability.......................................................................209

Isolation and structure modification of mangiferin fromAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. .................209

Determination of mangiferin in Zhimu Compounding Granules by HPLC............................................210

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mangiferin, ikviritin and

dihydroquercetin in rat plasma and urine .............................................................................................. 210

Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore

high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem masss pectrometry...........................................211

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mangiferin in rat plasma and

urine.......................................................................................................................................................212

Identification of major xanthones and steroidal saponins in rat urine by liquid

chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry technology following


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oral administration ofRhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction .................................................................... 213

Purification and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of Mangiferin........................... 214

Pulse radiolysis studies of mangiferin: A C-glycosyl xanthone isolated fromMangifera indica...........214

Technology and Application...............................................................................................................215

Summarize of mangiferin products.........................................................................................................215

30 Cases of acute upper Respiratory infection treated with mangiferin tablets ...................................... 218

Optimization of mangiferin extraction process by orthogonal design from Zhimu................................ 218

Preparation of mangiferin monosodium salt ........................................................................................... 219

Solubility enhancement of mangiferin by HP--CD inclusion technic...................................................219

Studies on the effects of mango leaf electuary upon influenza............................................................... 220

Study on mangiferin extraction by air-blasting method..........................................................................220

Study of extraction of Mango Leaf total glucosides tablets....................................................................221

Study on processing technology of mangiferin pills ............................................................................... 221

Study on thin-film coating process for mangiferin tablet........................................................................222

Study on ultrasonic extraction technics of mangiferin inAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge..................222

Index.......................................................................................................................................................223


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Preface

The civilization and evolution of society, if getting more progress, always depend on the

invention or discovery of new substance, new ways, new knowledge and new theories. We,as

a positive enterprising and vigorous team devoting to medicine research, have been engaged

in the study of mango leaves and mangiferin as the scholars from different countries do. We

do hope to discover some new medical values from mango leaves and mangiferin so as to

contribute to humans health. We are dramatically inspired, after long-term endeavors, by

many encouraging reports released from all over the world. For the convenience of

communication and discussion, we have collected all these achievements to form the corpusof the study of mango leaves and mangiferin.

The corpus is divided into six parts preface,invited lecture,pharmacodynamics and

toxicology, chemical study and analytical methods,technology and application, index.Total

291 papers are collected both including submitted papers from pharmacodynamic actions

study of castoff crops and the first international symposium on mangiferin and published

reports in all kinds of magazines. 337 researchers and experts of the research papers are from

29 countries; the contents of the papers involve the extracting technology, separation,purification, the chemical structure modification, toxicity, pharmacodynamic action,

mechanism, and clinical research on Mango leaves and Mangiferin. The latest research report

is the toxicity study of mangiferin made by professor Deng Jiagang and his partner from

Guangxi, P.R.China. Generally speaking, the corpus is a great summary of long-period study,

which truly reflects present research process on mangiferin. The major purpose we edit the

corpus is to provide a platform for the experts and researchers to discuss and exchange their

achievements in the study on mangiferin.

Thanks to both the chief editors high attention to this fields and all editors hard work,

the corpus could be published successfully within two months. Whats more, various circles

of society also provide huge supports and financial aids for academic conference. We are

sincerely grateful to Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical Univerisity, Baise National

Agricultural SCI-TECH Zone, Guangxi Science and Technology Department and National

Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).

Though we require every editor to compile the corpus as perfectly and quickly as


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possible, it is also inevitable to appear some mistakes or deficiencies due to limited time, our

professional knowledge and limited English levels. Please instantly contact us if you find any

mistakes or your research papers are not published in the corpus. We are sincerely thankful to

those who give valuable advice on the corpus.

As an ancient Chinese poet said, Although the way stretched endless ahead, we will

search with my will unbending. When the conference draws to a close, when honorable

guests leave the beautiful Zhuang Autonomous region, the cooperation between us is just

beginning. We will firm our study direction to further research on mango leaves and

mangiferin, especially their application research. We sincerely hope this piece of green leaf

carrying our aborative contribution can bring the health and happiness to human.

The Organizing Committee

October 2009


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Invited Lecture

The Strategic Significance and General Thoughts of the Medicinal StudyOn Agricultural Residues

Jiagang Deng

Being engaged in the research of Chinese herbs for many years and based on the

thoughts of sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs over a long

period of time, the author, since the end of March 2009, in many public occasions delivers

the three no-mainstream strategic considerations about the problem of sustainabledevelopment of the natural resources of Chinese herbs, which means that we should study

chemical substances as new resources of Chinese herbs, carry on the medicinal study of

agricultural residues and restructure the internationalization ideas of Chinese medicine and

restrict the non-medical consume of Chinese herbs so as to realize sustainable development

of the natural resources of Chinese herbs. In this paper, the author from the macro level tries

to discuss the reasons and approaches to carry on the medicinal study on agricultural residues

1. The strategic significance of the medicinal study on agricultural residuesThe so-called agricultural residues are not the parts of crops for economic object planted

by farmers including growers of vegetable, fruit, flower, herbs, etc., which are not agricultural

products and not be used for medicinal purpose or other valuable commercial action in

traditional production business. For example, vegetable growers plant tomatoes, and the fruit

of tomatoes is their main economic object, and the stem and leaves of tomatoes are not their

main economic object. The fruit grower plants mangoes, melons and bananas, and the fruit of

mangoes, melons and bananas are their economic objects, and the mango leaves prunedamong the growing and the stem and leaves after the fruit of melon and banana are picked, are

not their main economic object. We call such kinds of materials of minor economic object as

agricultural residues. In past production activity, most of the agricultural residues are

discarded because they are not the main economic objects. What we will do is to apply

modern science and technology to research the medicinal value of the agricultural residues to

find their new values. We can understand the strategic significance of this research from its

impacts on medicine, ecology and society.


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(1) The medicinal study on the agricultural residues is an important way to support

sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs.

The natural resources of Chinese herbs are the basis of Chinese medicine (Traditional

Chinese Medicine). The existence and development of Chinese medicine depends largely on

the sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs. Development and

utilization of the natural resources of Chinese herbs enjoys a long history in our country, and

there are 12,772 kinds of Chinese medical materials totally according to statistics, in which

11,118 kinds are plant sources, 1,574 kinds are animal sources, and 80 kinds are mineral

sources. These figures show that not only our natural Chinese medicinal resources are

extremely rich, but also we are largely dependent on herbals. Especially in todays world, with

the rapid development of society, the conflict between the needs of society and natural

Chinese herbal resources becomes more and more prominent. There are many factors to affect

the natural Chinese herbal resources, and the following four factors are particularly important.

The first factor is that the application of Chinese herbs increases rapidly in population.

Domestically, China's population was about 450 million at the founding of PRC, about 600

million at the sixties of last century, 1.16 billion at the fourth national census and 1.295 billion

for the fifth national census. Meanwhile, along with the constant deepening of China's open

policy, the radius of Chinese medicine is increased, and more and more people are using

traditional Chinese medicine around the world, including more than 48 million overseas

Chinese. In 2008, the amount of export of Chinese herbs exports were 1.3 billion US dollars

and 163 countries traded with China in Chinese herbs, of which 154 are importing countries.

Although the modern society doesnt use Chinese herbs just as simple as the ancient times,

and chemical drugs have a large proportion of the application, the consumption of Chinese

herbs is still at an increasing level because of the big figure of population.

The second factor is non-medical consumption of Chinese herbs, which is the main

factor increasing contradiction between the supply and demand of Chinese herbal resources.

The purpose of the contemporary application of Chinese herbs has far exceeded the scope of

treatment of the disease, and because of the incorrect publicity and the commercial interests, a

myriad of different Chinese herbal industry are forming, such as health care, beauty, and

medicated food. This huge consumer market competes with the Chinese medical market for

the limited resources of Chinese herbs.

The third factor is the expanding of the natural plant extract market. With the global


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enthusiasm for natural medicines, and the rapid development of high and new technologies in

plant chemistry, modern pharmaceutical industry, the research for finding new drug

compounds or pro-drugs from the natural herbal is in the ascendant, and has gradually formed

an industrial scale. Data shows that the consumption of plant extracts is about 10% of the total

herbals. On the one hand, this is a development of drug research, but on the other hand, it is

also a cruel plunder for Chinese herbal resources. For example, extraction rate of puerarin in

pueraria is 3.58% (microwave-assisted), Mogroside V only 0.5% in fresh fruit, and Total

Ginkgo Flavone-Glycoides only 0.15% in Ginkgo leaf, and the rest are discarded. It is true

that, looking for new drug through the study of natural plant active ingredients is a very good

idea, and in this regard bulbocapnine (1928-1936 Zhao Chenggu), ephedrine (1887 Nagai

Nagayoshi) etc. are successful examples. However, the situation are changed now, a large

number of manufacturing enterprises have mushroomed in various places, and is it a fortunate

or disaster for sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs?

The fourth factor is the combination of a number of factors, such as the changes of the

natural environment and species, disorderly excavation and the international implementation

of laws and regulations to protect animals and plants, which aggravates the situation of

shortage of the Chinese herbal resources. In recent years, a large area of economic forestland

cultivation was carried out, resulted in the damage and destruction of native plant resources to

a huge degree. After many years collecting for industrial production, the wild species

resources decline sharply, such as Shinyleaf Pricklyash Root and Liquorice Root, etc.

For these mentioned reasons, many experts and scholars think deeply from macro to

micro perspectives on how to meet the growing demand of the people and the international

market for Chinese herbs, and to bring forth numerous ideas in favor of the sustainable

development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs. Precisely at this time, we have

proposed to carry out the idea of the medicinal study on agricultural residues, and the purpose

of the study is to provide new prospects and approaches to the research of Chinese herbs, as

well as increase additional resources of Chinese herbs.

(2) The medicinal study on agricultural residues benefits the environment protection and

promotes eco-agricultural development.

The industry of Chinese herbal medicine is a resource-dependent industry. The

demanding of Chinese herbs is growing, while the natural resources is decreasing, and the

former will not be changed, so the only way is to change the latter in this contradiction.


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Over the past 10 years, in order to solve this problem, with the implementation of

modernization of Chinese herbal medicine, the state increased investment, build up several

production bases of Chinese herbs, and a number of large pharmaceutical companies also

chose suitable places of origin to establish their own production bases which are mainly

related with their own products. Wanxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd invested a huge fund to build

planting bases, each with an annual production of over 200 tons Chinese herbs across the

country, such as Common Yam Rhizome base in Wuzhi County, Henan Province; Aahesive

Rehmannia Root Tuber base in Wen County, Henan Province; Indian Buead and the root bark

of the peony bases in Jinzhai County and Tongling County, Anhui Province and Oriental

Waterplantain Tuber base in Jianou County, Fujian Province. Sanjiu Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd

has established 13 GAP planting bases of Upright Ladybell Root, Mongolian snakegourd,

Indigowoad Root, Balloonflower Root, Ginseng, Safflower, Different Leaves Pseudostellaria

Root Tuber, Thinleaf Milkwort Root, Rose, Aucklandia Lappa, Chinese Thorowax Root,

Mongolian Milkvetch Root, Baikal Skullcap Root, etc. in Hebei, Anhui, Guizhou, Neimeng,

Shandong Province etc.. Currently the number of planting bases of Chinese herbs is more than

1000 in our nation. Standards of the 500 bases are close to the national GAP certification

standards. Planting area of Chinese herbs is about 21 million mu.

A large-scale planting of Chinese herbs formed a new agriculture, and eased the

contradiction between supply and demand of Chinese herbs to a certain extent. However,

because China's land resources are extremely scarce and Chinese herbs planting takes up a

large number of agricultural crops lands, the shortage of land resources is exacerbated. Thus,

explore new herbal resources to find new uses or likely replace the existing species is an

urgent and arduous task. We propose to carry out the medicinal study on agricultural residues,

which is a measure to provide additional resources of medicinal plants without occupation of

land resources. Moreover, a large number of waste products of crops are generated in

agricultural production, and in the past, most of them were incinerated, or dumped in the

fields and in the river directly, which caused serious environmental pollution. For example,

annual production of sugar cane is about 50 million tons in Guangxi, and annual production of

sugar cane leaves is about 7.5 million tons, except a small amount of leaves for cattle feeding,

the vast majority is incinerated in situ. Again Guangxi is one of the largest provinces for

mango cultivation, and just Baise Youjiang Valley alone, therere nearly 400,000 mu of land

for mango growing, which results in over 200,000 tons mango leaves from pruning each year.


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Tomato leaves, watermelon leaves and other staple crops are probably the same case. The

burning of these waste products produces exhaust gas into the air, which results in decreased

air quality and affects the ecological environment. Only the effective usage of these waste

products can change this situation.

(3) The medicinal study on agricultural residues promotes the development of circular

economy and builds a harmonious society.

The so-called circular economy is an efficient use and recycling of resources as the core

of economic growth mode. From the perspective of resource utilization, the traditional

economy is extensive and one-time, continuously turning the resources into the waste to

achieve quantitative economic growth, while the circular economy promotes a kind of

harmonious economic model with the environment, which organizes the economic activities

into a feedback process of "resources - products - renewable resources". Reduce, reuse and

recycle, is the "3R principle" of circular economy, in which recycling is divided into

primary-level recycling and secondary recycling, and the medicinal study on agricultural

residues proposed by us belongs to the secondary recycling, that is, "turning waste resources

into raw material of other products " which is turning the waste products of crops into the raw

materials of drugs or health products.

To promote the development of circular economy in China, the National Development

and Reform Commission and the State Environmental Protection Administration take a

number of measures, which refers to "vigorously carrying out comprehensive utilization of

resources, maximizing the use of resources, reducing the final disposal of waste, conducting

comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes generated in the process of production. In

fact, according to the strategy of sustainable development since the 90s, developed countries

are developing a circular economy, establishing recycling-based society as an important way

and measure to implement sustainable development strategy. A number of pilot projects also

conducted in the development of circular economy in China, but most of them are

industrial-related projects, and especially none of them is related to turning the waste products

of crops into medicinal resources in agriculture. In line with national development strategy of

circular economy needs, the study on agricultural residues will enjoy broad application

prospects.

On the other hand, through modern science and technology, carrying out the study on

agricultural residues to find the value and turn waste into treasure will not only solve the


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problem of the environmental pollution caused by the original approach to dealing with such

issues, but also increase the added value of crops for farmers to provide more employment

opportunities, giving the local farmers new ways to shake off poverty and be on a road to

prosperity. It can be said that this research project is necessary and feasible with remarkable

economic and social benefits. Study of the mango leaf is a typical example. The early

seventies of last century, Guangxi TCM University carried out the drug action research of

mango leaves, and successfully developed "mango anti-cough tablets" with mango leaves as

the main raw material. After nearly three decades of continuous development, there are four

pharmaceutical companies and one hospital produce this kind of drug and the other hospital

preparations with mango leaves as raw material nationally, and annual sales revenue has been

more than 60 million Yuan. At least more than 10,000 tons of mango leaves are needed per

year, and farmers in areas such as Baise have brought millions in revenue. This research is

even more significant that it strongly extends and expands the industrial chain of mango

cultivation, and becomes a bridge between the convergence of agriculture and industry, the

fruit industry and pharmaceutical industry.

2. The general thoughts of the medicinal study on agricultural residues

We propose to carry out the medicinal study on agricultural residues with the overall

objective, i.e. to screen the functional ingredients of anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor,

anti-aging, lowering blood glucose and blood cholesterol etc. from mango leaves, sugar cane

leaves, watermelon leaves, tomato leaves and some other staple crops, and to study the

corresponding efficacy evaluation, to prove mechanism of action targets, to establish the

active ingredient database of agricultural residues, to strive to find available medicinal

resources from agricultural residues to solve problem of the increasing depletion of Chinese

herbal resources and environmental pollution of waste products. To achieve this objective, we

must focus on the four following measures at this stage and for a long period in the future.

(1) To carry out the academic discussion of the medicinal study on agricultural residues to

seek consensus and policy support

The study on agricultural residues as new medicinal resources has a great significance in

theory, but many difficulties in practice. First of all, it is the problem of understanding and

policy. While most scholars and government officials have the attitude of appreciation, but

people are still unfamiliar with it as a newborn of the medical academics; and it is impossible

to show convincing efficiency except for the study of mango leaves because the basis of


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preliminary studies of other agricultural residues is still very weak, and even literature are

hard to find. This requires strong support of the academic community, and carrying out hard

work to publicize and demonstrate the feasibility of the academic advocates by a variety of

ways, not only form a consensus in the academic community, but more importantly urge the

Government to give support to this project. Only being included in the national development

of circular economy and ecological agriculture, will the protection of the sustainable

development strategy of Chinese herbal resources be possible to carry out to achieve its

intended objective.

(2) Construction of the technology platform for the medicinal study on agricultural residues

Technology platform is the basis of scientific research. Especially with regard to

multidisciplinary research, there must be a technology integration platform which can

guarantee that research goals. To carry out the medicinal study of waste products of crops, is a

complicated systematic project, and from the disciplinary point of view, it is related to

agriculture and medicine; From the industrial classification point of view, it is related to the

primary industry of agriculture and the pharmaceutical industry of secondary industry, which

breaks new ground for the future and links the two industries; From the perspective of science

and technology it is related to modern biological information processing technology, plant

chemistry (medicine chemical) technology, pharmaceutical technology, quality control and

instrument analysis techniques, modern efficacy screening technology, food engineering, and

so on. Therefore, research institutions with good basic conditions should be chosen. For

example, in Guangxi, we can choose Baise National Agricultural Science and Technology

Park and the Guangxi Research Center of Pharmacological Screening of Chinese Herbs.

The former is a state-level agricultural science and technology research platform, and the

latter is the provincial research science and technology platform of Chinese medicine. Such a

functional Ingredients screening technology platform of agricultural residues, in which the

research system, research team, technical equipments, operating mechanism, etc. should be

designed based on the requirements of the international advanced level, and adequate

financial support for scientific research should be provided in order to ensure the smooth

development of research projects to strive to achieve model results within a short period of

time.

(3) To carry out civil investigations of the application of agricultural residues to develop

long-term research programs


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Although the study was recently proposed, but its object is crops which is closely related

to peoples daily life, and the usage of crops are gradually accumulated and developed during

the long agrarian times of the human society, and the theory " Medicinal and Edible" of

Chinese herbs is built on this understanding of production and lifestyles. Therefore, there

must have rich experiences applying crops waste to fight the disease in civil society, and this

experiences maybe exist individually and scattered. These experiences will provide scientific

research clues. The study of Mango leaves was derived from the Chinese herbal medicine

movement at the early seventies of last century. In that movement, in their medical survey

researchers found that local farmers have the habits of drinking the boiled water of mango

leaves to treat cough, cholera illness in Bose and other places. According to this line of

thought provided by civilian applications, the researchers conducted a series of study of

mango leaves, resulting in the "mango anti-cough tablets, originally created in Guangxi.

Therefore, we can say that civil application experiences of crops waste are sources to conduct

this study for us. We build technology platforms and undertake a full investigation of the

application of waste products of crops, including documents and on-site investigation. Based

on the first-hand information, we develop the study plan and identify the short-term and

long-term research objectives, tasks, specific targets and specific content, implementation

steps, the progress and funding to ensure that research directions and goals are stable and

feasible to avoid giving up halfway.

(4) To form the research alliance of the medicinal study on agricultural residues

Agriculture is the foundation of human society, even the most developed countries are

also inseparable from the crops (just in different cropping patterns), and it is inevitable to

produce agricultural residues. Take mango for an example, there are nearly 70 countries

planting mango worldwide; and watermelon, tomato, etc. are also staple crops worldwide. In

our country watermelons are planted from east to west and from south to north. In other

words, the medicinal study on agricultural residues can and should become a worldwide

international cooperation projects. In fact, during the systematic study of literature of

mangiferin we found that the research of the mango leaves and mangiferin started earlier than

China in the Western countries, especially deeply in basic research, but our work is more

focus on applied research, and has made a lot of results especially in the clinical application

and product development. The experts and scholars from various countries have their own

advantages and characteristics in this area, so they should be combined to form a research


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alliance and set up two platforms: a platform for academic exchanges and another platform

for technical support, so as to collaborate on common interest in a crop waste to establish a

unified executable research program and share the work in accordance with their respective

scientific and technological advantages. In this way, we will expect to make a landmark

contribution to the field of medicinal study on agricultural residues in a short period of time.


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Chemical Constituents with Unprecedented Skeletons from Alpinia

katsumadaiand Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina

Ling-Yi Kong

Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University,

24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China

E-mail: [email protected]

The seeds of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata (Zingiberaceae) have been used in traditional Chinese

medicine (TCM) as an antiemetic agent and for the treatment of stomach disorders, and was coded in

Chinese Pharmacopeia as an aromatic stomachic. From the petroleum ether extract of the seeds ofA.

katsumadai (20 Kg), a pair of unique sesquiterpenechalcone conjugates with unprecedented skeletons (1,

2)and two novel monoterpenechalcone conjugates (3, 4) was isolated, and the structure of 1, 2, 4 were

confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

The stem bark of Chukrasia tabularis has been traditionally used as astringent, antidiarrheal, and

anti-influenza agents in China. From the air-dried stem bark of C. tabularis var. velutina (10 Kg), nine

novel phragmalin type limonoids were isolated. Three 16-norphragmalin limonoids, chukvelutins A-C (5-7),

possess unprecedented skeletons featured with a characteristic ketal moiety between the phragmalin

skeleton and a biosynthetically extended isobutyryl group at C-15. Six C-15-acyl phragmalin type

limonoids, chukvelutilides A-F (8-13), are the first class of C-15-acyl phragmalin type limonoids with

16/30 -lactone ring confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.


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Study on Bioactive Compounds with Molecular Diversity from Toxic Plants

in China

Shi-Shan Yu

Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal

Medicine, Ministry of Education; IMM, CAMS & PUMC, 100050, Beijing

Natural products play a dominant role in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs for the

treatment of human diseases. In China, much of nature sources remain to be explored, particular the toxic

plants, which leave no doubt that a host of novel, bioactive chemotypes await discovery. There are morethan 900 species of toxic plants in our country. The bioactivities of extracts of over 150 toxic plants were

investigated in our group. It was found that more than 20 toxic plants showed vasodilator activities and

anti-tumor activities, of which 7 toxic plants were further studied by bioassay-guided technique. From the 7

toxic plants, more than 250 compounds were isolated, including 9 new skeleton compounds and more than

80 novel compounds, of which more than 50 compounds exhibited significant bioactivities to different

targets. It lays a foundation for study on innovative drugs and elucidation of the bioactive substances of

toxic plants.


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Pharmacology and Toxicology

Assessment of systemic interaction between swertia chirata extract and its

bioactive constituents in rabbits

Satyendra Suryawanshi1, R. K. Asthana2 and R. C. Gupta1*

1 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

2 Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

The plant Swertia chirata (Gentianaceae) is known for its multifarious medicinal value in the Indian

system of medicine (Ayurveda). Its methanol extracts having antidiabetic activity contains mangiferin,

amarogentin, amaroswerin, sweroside and swertiamarin as active constituents. The pharmacokinetics of

mangiferin and amarogentin have been carried out after intravenous administration of pure standards and

extract from S. chirata (CT) in rabbits to assess systemic interaction. The remaining three components were

also monitored in plasma for pharmacokinetic estimation based on the ratio analysis method. Mangiferin

was characterized by a relative low clearance (~0.14L/h/kg) and a lesser volume of dis

study on mango leaf and mangiferin

Documents

mango leaf

ch7162019 study

mango leaves

medicinal study

extraction of mangiferin

bioactive compounds

active constituents

international symposium