Study material for Class 8th 2017-18

Subject:-Science UNIT:-I Chapter:-No.1

Topic:- Micro Organisms

Answer These Questions:

Q1:- Can micro organisms be seen with the naked eye if not, how they can be seen?

Ans:- Micro organisms are very small in size. They are so small that they cannot be seen with naked eyes. A

microscope is used to see these micro- organisms.

Q2: What are the major groups of micro organisms?

Ans: Micro organisms are mainly divided into five groups.

i) Bacteria singular : Bacterium

ii) Fungi singular: Fungus

iii) Protozoa singular: Protozoan

iv) Algae singular: Alga

v) Virus

Q3: Name the micro-organisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil?

Ans: Bacteria like Rhizobium, A zotobacter and blue-green algae like Anabaena and nostoc can fix atmospheric

nitrogen in the soil in the form of nitrogen compound.

Q4: Write 10 lines on the usefulness of micro-organisms in our lives?

Ans 1) Micro organisms help us in food sector. They are used for preparation of curd, read and cake etc….

2) They are used to provide alcohol at a large scale.

3) They are also used in bakeries.

4) They are also used in producing wine.

5) They are also used as preservatives for food items.

6) They are use to make different medicines especially the antibiotics.

7) They are used to prepare vaccines for various diseases.

8) They are used to increase soil fertility by fixing nitrogen.

9) They work as natural cleaners as they decompose the organic wastes.

10) Micro organisms prepare manure as they decompose the organic wastes.

Q5: Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by micro organism?

Ans: Micro organisms are very harmful to us, as they cause diseases in humans and plants. They cause diseases in

humans like Influenza (flu), Tuberculosis (TB), Chicken pox, Typhoid, Dysentery, Polio, malaria etc…..several

micro organisms cause diseases in plants like wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, oranges and maize etc…. they also

make the food spoilt causing serious illness and even death.

Q6:- What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?

Ans: Medicines taken to kill or stop the growth of harmful or disease causing microbes are called antibiotics.

Antibiotics should be taken only on the advice of a qualified doctor. The course prescribed by the doctor must

be finished. We should not take antibiotics when not needed or in wrong doses. Also antibiotics taken

unnecessarily may kill the beneficial bacteria in the body

Topic:- Coal And Petroleum Unit-I Chapter no. 2

Answer these Questions:

Q1:- What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels

Ans:- The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels are:

1. CNG gas is used for power generation and LPG is used as a fuel for home and industry.

2. CNG and LPG are used as fuel for transport and cooking respectively because they are less polluting.

3. Both of them are cleaner fuels.

4. Their great advantages is that they can be used directly for burning in homes and factories where they can be

supplied through pipes.

Q2: Name the petroleum used for surfacing of roads.

Ans: Bitumen is used for surfacing of roads.

Q3: Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?

Ans: As more soil is deposited over dead vegetation their it is compressed. The temperature also rises as it is sinks

deeper and deeper. Under high pressure and high temperature, dead vegetation gets slowly converted to coal.

This process is called carbonic.

Q4: Explain why fossils are exhaustible natural resources?

Ans: Fossils fuels are exhaustible natural resources because they required the dead organisms million of years to

get converted into these fuels. On the other hand, the known reservation of the will last utmost a few years

and thus, the amount of these fuels in nature is limited and they can be exhausted by human activities.

Q5: Describe characteristics and uses of coke.

Characteristics of coke:

1. It contains about 99% of carbon.

2. It is made from coal

3. It is heated in the absence of air.

4. It is made from natural products.

Uses of coke:

1. It is used for reducing iron ore to ore in blast furnaces’.

2. It is used in the manufacture of steel.

3. It is used in the extraction of many metals.

4. It is used in industries for many manufacturing and extracting purposes.

Q6: Explain the process of formation of petroleum?

Ans: Petroleum is formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms die, their bodies settle at the bottom

of the sea and get converted with layers of sand and clay. Over the millions of years the absence of air, high

temperature and high pressure transform the dead organisms into petroleum.

Q7: What are exhaustible natural resources? Give examples

Ans; Exhaustible resources are those resources in nature whose quantity is limited and can be exhausted by human

activities. For example, forests, wildlife, minerals, coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.

Q8: What are inexhaustible natural resource? Give examples.

Ans: Inexhaustible resources are those resources which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not

likely to be exhausted by human activities. For e.g, sunlight, air etc.

Q9: Why is natural gas called a cleaner fuel?

Ans; Natural gas is called a cleaner fuel because it is less polluting.

Q10: What are the use of coal?

Ans: The uses of coal are:

1. Coal is the one of the fuels used to cook food.

2. Earlier , it was used in railway engines to produce steam to run the engine.

3. It is also used in thermal power plant to produce electricity.

4. Coal is also used as a fuel in various industries.

5. Many useul products are formed through the processing of coal such as coke, coal tar and coal gas.

Additional Questions:

Q1: When is coal gas obtained?

Ans: Coal gas is obtained during the processing of coal to get coke.

Q2: What is refining?

Ans: The processing of separating the various constituents fractions of petroleum is known as refining.

Q3: Explain how we can preserve fossil fuels or exhaustible resources with the cause of their exhaust?

Ans: We know that coal and petroleum are fossil fuels. It required the dead organisms million other of years to get

converted into these fuels. On the other hand, the known reserves of these will last utmost a few hundred

years. Moreover, burning of these fuels is a major cause of air pollution. Their use is also linked to global

warming. It is therefore necessary that we use these fuels only when absolutely necessary. This will result in

better environment smaller risk of global warming and their availability for a longer period of time.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Q1:- Name a gas fuel

Ans; L.P.G

Q2: Name two fossil fuel?

Ans: Coal and Petroleum

Q3: Name a process by which petroleum is separated into different components like diesel, petrol, kerosene.

Ans: fraction distillation.

Q4: Name a process by which coal is separated into different components.

Ans: Destructive distillation of coal.

Q5: Why L.P.G is a better fuel than coal?

Ans: Because it leaves no residue.

Subject:-Science UNIT:-I Chapter:-No.3

Topic:- Sound

Chapter -5

Sound is produced by raped “to & fro “movements called vibrations.

Vibration/ Oscillation: Fast “to & fro” movements or the oscillatory motion of a body which may produce sound.

Frequency: The number of oscillation executed by an oscillation object is one second is called the frequency of the

oscillation. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).

Amplitude : The maximum distance of an oscillation object from its mean position ( original resting position) is

called the amplitude.

Pitch/ Shrillness: Pitch is determined by the frequency of a vibration.

Time Period: The time to complete one oscillation is called time period. The time period is always measured in

seconds.

Echo: The sound heard as result of reflected sound waves is called an echo.

Noise: Unwanted & unpleasant sounds are called noise.

Music: Pleasant sound is called music.

Audible Sounds: Sound in the frequency range of 20 to 20,000 Hz are called audible frequencies & the sound waves

corresponding to these audible frequencies are called audible sounds.

Inaudible sounds: Sounds of frequencies less than about 20 vibration per second (20 KHz) cannot be detected by the

human ear. Such sounds are called inaudible sounds.

EXERCISE: Page No: 59

Q1) Ans: Solids, Liquid & gases.

Q2) Ans : A man.

Q3) Ans: a) T b) F c) T d) T e) F f) F g) T

Q4) Ans: a) Time Period b) Amplitude c) Hertz e) Noise f) Frequency.

Q5) Ans: Time taken to complete 40 oscillations = 4 seconds

Therefore, Time taken to complete 1 oscillation = 4/10 = 1/10 seconds.

Or 0.1 seconds.

Frequency

No. Of oscillations in 4 seconds = 40

Therefore, No of oscillations in 1 seconds = No. Of oscillations / time taken.

Q6) Ans : No. Of vibrations per second = frequency = 500Hz.

Time taken to complete 500 oscillation = 1 second

Therefore, Time taken to complete 1 oscillation = 1/500 seconds.

Or 0.002sec.

Q7) Ans: a) Dholak___________ Membrane

b) Sitar_____________ Stretched string

c) Flute ____________Air column.

Q8) Ans: The difference between noise & music are:

Noise Music

1) Noise is produced by irregular vibrations. Music is produced by notes having definite frequencies.

2) Noise is not pleasing to the ear. Music is pleasing to the ear.

3) Noise cannot be reproduced. Music can be reproduced.

Q9) Ans: The sources of noise pollution in our surroundings are sounds of vehicles, explosions including bursting

of crackers, machines, loud speakers, television & transistor radio at high volumes, some kitchen appliances, desert

coolers, air conditioners etc.

Q10)Ans: Noise pollution is harmful to humans in many ways:

1) Noise can make us irritable.

2) Noise can cause psychological disturbance because of continued irritation.

3) Noise can impair communication.

4) Noise can disrupt sleep.

5) Noise can cause headache, accidents and hearing loss.

6) Very loud sound may cause dizziness and nausea.

7) Very loud sound can excite the heart and lungs.

8) Noise can create breathing problems.

9) Noise may create problems in clear thinking.

Thus , it lowers the quality of life.

Q11)Ans: Our parents should buy the house three lanes away from road side because noise from the road side

will be reduced through three lanes compared to the house on the road side.

Q12)Ans: In humans, the sound is produced by the voice box or the larynx. It is at the upper end of the wind

pipe. Two vocal cords, are stretched across the voice box or larynx in such a way that it leaves a narrow slit between

them for the passage of air. When the lungs force air through the slit, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound.

Diagram “P.No 51 Fig:-5.8”

Q13)Ans: Lightning and thunder take place in the sky at the same time and at the same distance from us.

Lightening is seen earlier and thunder heard later because the speed of light is much more faster than the speed of

sound.222

Structure and Working of Human Ear:-

See diagram on Book

We are able to hear sounds from our surroundings through our sensory organ called ear. When the sound propagating

through air, reaches our ear, we are able it. Our ear is divide into 3 parts:-

a) Outer ear or external ear

b) Middle ear

c) Inner ear

Outer-ear:- It consists of a flap-like structure called pinna, one on each side on our face. The pinna is further connected

to ear canal, at the end of which is a circular membrane called ear –drum.

Middle-ear:-It consists of a chain of three bones- The hammer, The anvil and The other side to the inner ear. These

three bones are named according to their shapes.

Inner-ear:- The inner ear contains cochleae. Cochlea is filled with a fluid and has many hair cells inside it . The following

flow chart shows the working of the human ear.

Pinna collets sound waves from the surroundings and send them to the ear drum.

When sound waves fall on the ear drum, they make the ear-drum to vibrate.

The three bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) on receiving the vibrations from

The ear-drum amplifies it.

Cochlea receives the amplified vibrations from three bones and converts them into nerve impulses

and sends to the brain through auditory nerve.

Brain decodes nerve impulses into specific sound.

Working of ear

TOPIC:- REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS UNIT-II

Ans1: Reproduction is very important in organism. The organisms reproduce to produce young ones like them.

It helps them to carry on their generation. If reproduction does not take place, no living beings will survive on

earth. If the process of reproduction has not been there—then all animals and plants would have been extinct.

Secondly, special characters of an organism are carried over to its. Next generation through reproduction only.

Ans2: Human beings reproduce sexually. In human beings fertilization takes place inside the female body (internal

fertilization). Males eject sperm inside female bodies. Sperm and ovum fuse to form the fertilised egg called

zygote. This process in which the ovum and sperm fuses with the nucleus of the ovum thus forming a single

nucleus, this completes the process of fertilization.

Ans5 : Following are the difference between zygote and fetus:-

Zygote Fetus

1) Zygote is formed of a single cell. Foetus is made up of many cells.

2) Zygote does not have well developed Foetus has well developed and identified

limbs. limbs.

3) Zygote is formed by fertilization of sperms Foetus is formed by the repeated division of

and ovum. the Zygote.

Ans6: Asexual reproduction is that type of reproduction in which only single parent is involved asexual reproduction

takes place by different methods like budding, Binary fission etc.Budding:- This type of reproduction takes

place in Hydra and Bacteria. A part of the organism starts bulging out slowly, it grows and develops into a

separate individual.

Binary fission:- In this type of reproduction, a single organism gets divided into two, this type of reproduction

takes place in amoeba gets divided into two followed by division of their bodies, each part getting one nucleus

and developing into separate individual.

Ans8:- the transformation of the larva into adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. E.g. silk worm or

silk moth.

Ans9:- Following is the difference between internal fertilization and external fertilization:-

Internal Fertilization External Fertilization

1. It takes place inside the body It takes place outside the body

of the female. of the female.

2. In this sperms are ejaculated In this sperms are discharged in open.

Inside the female’s body by

the male.

3. It occurs in humans, cows, It is very common in aquatic animals such

Dogs and Hens. as fish, starfish etc.

Additional questions:-

Q1: What is cloning?

Ans: Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature

when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to

processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning) cells (cell cloning) or organism.

Q2: What is reproduction?

Ans: It is a process by which new “Off springs” individual organisms are produced from their parents. Reproduction

is broadly grouped into two main types sexual and asexual.

Sexual Reproduction:- This reproduction requires the involvement of two individuals or gametes one each from

opposite types.

Asexual reproduction:- In this reproduction an individual can reproduce without involvement with another individual

of that species. The division of a bacterial cell into two daughter cells is an Example of a sexual reproduction.

Viviparous animals:- They are those animals in which development of the embryo take place inside the body of the

mother eventually leading to live birth.

In other words, the animals which give birth to their young ones is called Viviparous animals.

Oviparous animals:- are these animals that lay eggs with little or no other development within the mother.

Test tube Babies:- The test tube baby is the one which is connected outside the woman’s womb. The sperms of

man and egg taken from the woman’s ovaries are fertilized within a test tube in the laboratory. Once

successful fertilization is completed the embryo is then transplanted into the woman’s uterus to complete the

pregnancy. The embryo will not survive within the test tube and needs to be transplanted to the woman’s

uterus for its normal growth. Normally this procedure is a part or the FVF (in vitro fertilization) technique and

is done in patients who have problems conceiving normally.

Development of Embryo:- The formation of zygote begins to the develop into an embryo. The zygote divides

repeatedly to give rise to ball of cells. The cells then begin to form groups that develop into different tissue and

organs of the body. This developing structure is called embryo. The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the

uterus for further development. The embryo continues to develop in the uterus. It gradually develops the body

parts such as hands, legs, heads, etc. The stage of the embryo in which all the body parts can be identified is

called foetus. When the development of fetus is complete the mother gives birth to baby.

Rest of cloning:- A sheep named daily was born on 5th July 1996 and was the first mammal to be cloned. Its

cloning was done first by lan without and his colleagues at the Rollin institute in Edinburg Scotland. During the

process of cloning Dolly, a cell was collected from the mammary gland of a female.FinnDossett. Rest on book

page No.43 upto the line development of this egg followed normally and finally dolly was born.

Q3: Why aquatic animals produce a large number of sperms and eggs?

Ans: Fishes and frog lay hundreds of eggs because they don’t have much chance of surviving so if they lay hundreds

at least 3 or 4 survive allowing the species to continue. Also there are other animals in the pond which may

feed on eggs thus production of large number of eggs and sperms is necessary.

Ans: Development of frog:- Development of frog involves three distinct stages:-

Egg: Frogs and toads tend to lay many eggs and life starts right as the central yolk splits in two. It then divides into

four then eight, etc soon the embryo starts to look more and more like a tadpole, getting longer and moving

about in its egg. Usually about 6-21 days after being fertilised the egg will hatch.

Tadpole: Shortly after hatching the tadpole still feeds on the remaining yolk, which is actually in its gut. The tadpole

at this point consists of poorly developed gills a mouth and a tail. Then 7-10 days after the tadpole has

hatched, it will begin to swim around and feed on algae after about 6-9 weeks its body elongates.

Frog: By between 12 to 16 weeks depending on water and food supply the frog has completed the full growth and

food supply the frog has completed the full growth life cycle.

CHAPTER NO:-3 Unit-II

Topic:- Conservation Of Plants And Animals Section “A” Textual Questions

Q.NO1:- Fill ups (Ass on book)

Q.NO2:- Differentiate b/w the following

a) Wild life Sanctuary

i) Wild life sanctuaries are areas where animals are Protected from anydisturbance to them & their habitat.

ii) Some of the wild life sanctuaries of J&K state are; DachigamWildlifesanctuary, Nandini wild life sanctuary

&overa wild life sanctuary

b) Biosphere Reserve: i) These are large areas of protected land for conservation of wildlife, plant & animal

resources & traditional life of the tribals living in the area.

ii) Examples of Biosphere reserves of India are: Nilgiri, Nanda devi, Kazirangaetc.

c) Zoo & wild life sanctuary:

i) Zoo’s are places where animals receive protection without providing them the conditions as provided by their

natural habitat .Moreover in zoo’s animals loose their wilderness For sanctuary (see part i)

d) Endangered &extinct species:

i) Endangered species are the species whose numbers are diminishing to a levelthat they might face extinction

are known as the endangered species examples are: Musk deer, Barking deer, red fox etc.

ii) Extinct species are believed no longer to exist; they can’t be found in areas theyonce in habited nor in other

likely habitats. Trilobites &dinosaurs are theexample of extinct species.

e) Flora & Fauna:

i) Plants of a particular area are known as the flora while as animals of aparticulararea areknown as the fauna.

Q.3:- Explain the effects of deforestation on the following

i) Wild Animals: One of the important effects of deforestation on wild animals is their habitatDestruction.

Habitat is a natural place of organism where it occurs humans damage wildlife habitats for making houses; for

farming , for agriculture & setting up of Industries.

Q.NO4:- What will happen

A) If we go on cutting trees:- if cutting trees continues, rainfall & the fertility of the soil will decrease moreover,

there will be increased chances of natural calamities such as floods & droughts.

b) the habitat of an animal is disturbed:- if the habitat of an animal is disturbed its survival will become difficult & it

will become endangered

c) The top layer of soil is exposed if the top layer of soil is exposed, the fertile land will get converted to deserts &

this will lead to desertification.

Q.NO5:- Answer in brief:

a) Why should we conserve biodiversity?

Ans:- Biological diversity or Biodiversity refers to the variety of organisms existing on the earth, their

interrelationship & their relationship with the environmentwe should conserve biological diversity because of

its importance.

1. Every specie of biodiversity plays an important role maintaining a balance in living systems of would.

2. The study of wildlife provides valuable medical knowledge to the scientists.

3. Wild species of animals provides valuable for food & skin for fur

4. Wildlife contributes in a special way to the beauty of nature.

b) Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animal? Why?

Ans: Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals becausepeople living in the neighborhood

encroach upon them & destroy them.

c) Some tribal’s depend on the jungle. How?

Ans: Tribal’sliving in the vicinity of jungles depend on the jungles in many ways.

They get their food from the plants & animals of the jungle. They also collectwood from the jungle & use that

wood for cooking

d) What are the causes & the consequences of deforestation?

Ans: Deforestation:- Means clearing of forests & using that land for other purposes some of the human activities

responsible for deforestation are:-

1) Procuring land for cultivation.

2) Building houses & factories.

3) Making furniture or using wood as fuel.

Some natural causes of deforestation are forest fires & server droughts.

Consequences of Deforestation:- Deforestation increases the temperature & pollution level on the earth it

increases the level of CO2 in the atmosphere groundwater level also gets slower. Deforestation disturbs the

balance in nature.

e) What is Red Data book?

Ans: Red Data book is the source book which keeps a records of all the endangered animals & plants. There are Red

Data books for plants, animals & other species.

f) What do you understand by the term migration?

Ans: Migration is the phenomenon of movement of a species from its own habitatto some other habitat for a

particular time period every year for a specificpurpose like breeding.

Q.6:- Explain how deforestation leads to reduced rainfall?

Ans:- Plants need CO2 for photosynthesis. Fewer trees would mean that less CO2 will beused up resulting in its

increased amount in the atmosphere. This will lead to global warming as CO2 traps the heat rays reflected by

he earth. The increase intemperature on the earth disturbs the water cycle & may reduce rainfall.

Q. 7:- Why should paper be saved prepare a list of ways by which you can save paper?

Ans:- Should save paper because this would not only save trees but will also saveenergy moreover, the amount of

harmful chemicals used in paper making will alsobe reduced paper can be saved by the method of recycling

.recycling is the process of making waste paper fit for reuse.

Q.8:- Explain the effects of deforestation on these:

a) Environment:- Environment includes plants, animals & air do to presence of all thesecomponents balanced

quantities, there is a balance in nature. If we cut down trees, there will be shortage of O2 supply & amount of

CO2 will increase rapidly. Thus, deforestation makes the earth mush warmer, may result in global warming &

affecting the environment.

b) Villages (Rural areas):- Deforestation leads to acute shortage of firewood in rural areas. It can also lead

to lowering of groundwater level. this may cause droughts 7 loss of soil facility.

c) Cities (Urban areas):- Deforestation in urban areas leads to increase in CO2 level which leads to global

warming& increase in pollution level

d) Earth:-Deforestation leads to desertification i.e soil lose its fertility due to soil erosion. Italso makes earth

warmers which lead to global warming.

e) Next Generation:-The next generation hardly gets various products from forests. They will often face

Natural calamities like flood, droughts &landslides etc….. Their life will beMiserable due to shortage of timber

& other things.

SUBJECT:SCIENCE UNIT :-II TOPIC:-LIGHT

EXERCISES:-

Q.No.1:- Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see the objects in the room? Can you see the objects outside the room. Explain.

Ans:- We cannot see the objects in the dark room. But we can see objects outside the room, in case there is sunlight outside the room to see an object, we need light which must reflect from the object to the eyes.

Q.No.2:- Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection mean the failure of the laws of reflection?

Ans:- Regular reflection Diffused Reflection

1. It takes place on a smooth surface. 1. It takes place on a rough surface. 2. It has all the reflected rays in parallel. 2. Reflected rays are not in parallel. 3. Reflected rays are in one direction. 3. Reflected rays are in scattered in

different direction.

No, diffused reflection don’t mean the failure of the law of reflection.

Q.No.3:- Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will take place when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.

a) Polished wooden table :- polished wooden table (p No. 4) Ans:- Teacher has advised her to not to do so because laser light is harmful for eyes and can cause some permanent damage

to eyes when thrown directly in eyes. Q.No.12:- Explain how can you take care of your eyes? Ans:- 1.Do not look at the sun or a harmful light directly. 2) Never rub your eyes, if particle or dust go into our eyes, wash your eyes with clean water. 3) Wash your eyes frequently with clean water. 4) Too little or too much light is lead for your eyes. 5) Always read at the normal distance for vision. Q.No.13:- What is theangle of incident of a ray if the reflected rayis at an angle of 900 to the incident ray Ans:- The angle of incident ray will be 45.

Q.No.14:- Howmanyimages of a candle will be frame if it is placed between two parallel plane mirrors separated by 40 cm?

Ans:- Infinite images will be formed. Q.No.15:- Two mirrors meet at rt.<’s .A ray of lights incident on one at an angle of 900 .Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror

Ans:- 16

Q.No.16:- Yasir stands at A just on one side of a plane mirrors .Can he see himself in the mirror? Also can he seethe image of objects situated at P,Q and R ? Ans:- Yasir can’t himself .He can see the images of objects at P and Q.

A (Yasir) P Q

R

Q.No.17:-a) Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in plane mirror.

b) Can Saba at B see this image ?

c) Can Yasir at C see this image ?

d) When Saba moves from B to C ,where does the image of A move?

Ans:-a) Image will be formed at ‘A’

b) Yes, Saba at B can see theimage.

c) No, Yasir can’t see the image at C.

d) The image will disappear as Saba moves from B to C.

Ax B(Saba)

C (Yasir)

Q.N0.10:- Draw a labeled sketch of the human eye?

Diagram of an eye

English Study material for Class 8th 2017-18

Subject:-English UNIT:-I Lesson No. :-No.1

Topic:- How Teachers learn

Answer These Questions:

Q1: Who was Nora? How did she became a friend of the teacher?

Ans: Nora was a five year old girl. The teacher visited her family over a weekend. He had not seen Nora

from long time but still they soon became friends.

Q2: How did the teacher observe Nora while learning ?

Ans: Nora was an intelligent girl. She read first few pages of the book herself . This thing surprised the

teacher and was still silent for most of the time.

Q3: What old things happened with Nora? Why was the teacher puzzled?

Ans: An odd thing happened to Nora. She misread a word that previously she had read correctly. This

happened many times and the teacher found himselffeeling puzzled and annoyed. It always irritated

him in classroom as well as the children forgot things that they had learned earlier.

Q4: Was Nora a careless child? How do you know?

Ans: No, Nora was not a careless child because she was very motivated to learn as she came voluntarily to

the teacher to help her in learning.

Q5: How should a teacher understand the problems of the children?

Ans: To understand the learning problem of the children we must try to see things through their eyes . For

a child who has only seen the word for the first time, it was not easy but difficult for him to

remember the word.

Q6: What experience popped into the mind of teacher’s mind after Nora’s learning problems?

Ans: The teacher observed that it takes a child some time to get used to the shapes letters and words, to

the point where he can see at a glance that this word is like that word, and this other word altogether

different. So we must give them plenty of time and should not be surprised or upset on their

slowness or stupid mistakes.

Q7: Why are children of unlettered homes at a disadvantage?

Ans: Children of unlettered homes do not have the familiarity with the shapes, of words and letters from

the begging of their learning.Since there is no one to watch and observe them there. So they are at a

disadvantage.

Q8: How did teacher learn from Nora?

Ans: The teacher learned about the problems faced by the children by observing Nora while she read and

learning, and from that experience he learned how to tackle these problems while teaching.

Topic:- A Nation’s Strength Poem no.1

CENTRAL IDEA: This beautiful poem has been written by “R.W Emerson”. In this poem the poet reveals

that the secret of nation’s success lies with its man power that is its people and not with gold and jewels .

The poet says that the nation doesn’t benefit by having desire for materialistic things but by producing brave

and loyal citizens.

SUMMARY: The poem “A nation’s Strength” has been written by Ralph Waldo Emerson. In this poem, the

poet wonders about what makes a nation to prosper and its foundation strong. He also wonders what makes

it so strong to resist the attack of enemies. The poet believes that it is not gold which make kingdom grand

because these kingdoms crumble easily under battle shock. The poet asks Whether sword or pride makes a

nation strong. The poet says that the nation which depends on sword cannot prosper as such nation do not

last long and their glory decayforever. The poet further says that when a nation becomes proud, God strikes

that nation andbrings it down to ashes. The poet believes that only such men who are courageous, brave,

great can make a nation strong. Brave men are always ready to fight for their nation and such men can take a

nation to great heights of glory.

Question Answer

Ans1: In the first stanza, the poet wonders about whatmakes a nation’s pillars high and its foundation strong. He

also wonders what makes it so strong so as to defy all enemies around.

Ans2: The foundation of a strong kingdom is built on its people who are great and strong. Men who are truthful, loyal

and fight for their country’s sake such people make nation strong.

Ans3: A nation dependent on an army to keep it strong, becomes a thing of past. Its emperors pass away, their blood

turns its stones to rest and their glory decays forever.

Ans4: When a nation become proud, God struck its lusture and bring it down to ashes

Ans5: Wealth cannot make a nation great and strong. It is because wealth does not remain forever. It is great and

strong men who can make a nation strong.

Ans6: Brave men work when others prefer to sleep. They dare to fight for their nation under all circumstances . They

build the nation’s pillars deeper and take it to great heights of glory.

Ans7: In these lines, the poet say that brave men build the nation strong. It is such men who make foundation of a

nation strong and take it to great heights of glory.

Topic:- Porus And His Elephant Poem no.2

CENTRAL IDEA: This ballad gives an account of an elephant who faces death in order to save the life of his master,

Porus. The elephant shows great courage to save Porus but lost his own life.

SUMMARY: The poem “Porus and his elephanthas been pen locked by Mary Dobson. This ballad shows

loyalty and courage and of an elephant. It was a battle between the king Porus and Alexander the great.

Porus led his army on one side, there were men of Alexander on the other side. There was fierce attack

from both sides. Suddenly, Porus fell down and was seriously injured. The elephant with great courage

stood over him so that no arrow or dart could harm him. He dared his enemy to injure his master. Then, at

last heleft Porus with his mighty trunk to a safer place. The poet says that animals likeElephant can feel

pain and have emotions but they cannot express their pain through words. Porus was

finally saved but at the cost of life of an elephant. This ballad shows exemplary courage and loyalty of an

elephant.

Question Answer

Ans1: While fighting with Alexander’s troop, Porus on his elephant fell down unconscious. On seeing his

master unconscious, he came forward defending him against the sharp swords and spears of enemies. At

last helifted him with his mighty trunk and took him to a safe place away from enemies thereby saving his

life.

Ans2: In these lines the poet wants tosay that an animal like elephant cannot speak as God made them so.

These animals also love and feel pain but they cannot express the feeling and emotions through words.

Ans4: As the poem is a lyrical ballad, so the rhyming scheme of the poem is in the form of ab,ab, that means

the sound of last word of the first line of the four lines stanza rhymes with the last word of the third of

the stanza and that of the second line with the fourth line of the stanza and vice versa.

Ans5: This poem truly reflects the exemplary loyalty of an elephant towards his master. This poem shows

how an elephant saved the life of his master, Porus. Porus was injured as he had fellen down from the

elephant. The elephant stood over him in order to save his master from enemies. He bore all the attack

on his body. At last, the elephant lifted him with his trunk to a safer place to save him from his enemy. In

this way he saved the life of his master but at the cost of his own life.

Topic:- The Unthankful Man (Short story) Short Story-1

Question Answer

Ans1: Raman’s wife was fed up with their poverty. They were so poor than Raman and his wife had to remain hungry

for days together.

Ans2: When Raman peeped into the well, He saw a tiger, a monkey, a snake and a man.

Ans3: Raman was scared of the snake because he feared that if he pulled snake out of the well, the snake might bite

him and he would die.

Ans4: When monkey saw Raman, he came running towards him and when the monkey came to know that Raman

was hungry, the monkey climbed up the tree and picked up sweet, juicy mangoes for him.

Ans5: The tiger gave him a necklace. This necklace was given to the tiger by the prince as a reward for saving his life.

Ans6: When Raman showed him the necklace, The goldsmith recognized the necklace which he had made for the

prince and decided to report the matter to the king. He also told the kingthat he (Raman) must have killed the

prince and stolen the necklace.

Ans7: When Raman touched the Queen’s forehead she immediately opened her eyes. This way she was cured of

snake bite.

Ans8: The king came to know that goldsmith had formed wrong charges against Raman who had once saved his life.

Instead of helping him he got him arrested. It was because of this reason that the king send the goldsmith to jail.

Sentences 1. Fed up with: I am fed up with this chapter.

2. Pass through: We have to pass through the tunnel in order to reach jammu.

3. Help out: Can you help out me with this.

4. Pull out: Raman pull out all the animals out of the well.

5. Call out: Witness did not hear her husband call out.

6. Slither away: The little lizards slithered away soundlessly.

7. Wait for: You have to wait for your turn.

8. Lock up: Raman was locked up in the prison.

9. Wakeup: We should wake up early in the morning.

10. Land up in: WE have to land up in Mumbai.

11. Peep into: I ……… heard a peep out of her room.

12. Take to: He has taken to the profession of teaching.

13. Slip into: He slipped into the well.

Topic:- Wonders Of Science Essay Unit- I

In the past, there were only eight wonders in the world. But today there are hundreds of wonders. Every

invention of science has changed this world into a land of wonders. These wonder are not only beautiful but

also useful. How wonderful our aeroplaneis! We were not born with wings but we always wishes to fly like

birds. Today we can fly to any corner of the world. Rivers and mountains cannot stand in the way. How cheap

and how easy is to travel now!. Today we can travel even to the moon. Our Jets and Rockets will carry us

there. What a change from bullock cart to aeroplane!

Electricity is not less wonderful. Electricity lights our homes and streets. It give us fire too It moves

trains and trams. It runs our mills and factories. You can switch on a button and get everything.

Science gives us a new life. How easy now is the work of doctors and surgeons! A surgeon does what a

magician cannot.

But science has produced some fearful things too. Atom bombs, hydrogen bombs and nuclear bombs are

great wonders, no doubt, but they are also great damage for man.

There is however, nothing wrong with science itself. Science has given us atomic energy. It is very powerful

weapon. In fact this is the greatest wonder of science. But if we misuse this energy, the earth will become

much worsethen hell itself. It is for us to make it hell or heaven

Topic:- Television Unit- I

The television has become one item of a family’s existence to such an extent that, now it can not be brushed

aside at this stage. It is a part of every home whether it is an urban locality or the rural.

This mechanism has done a lot of service to man in every sphere of life. It helps to educate young people, it

provides entertainment setting in the comfort of the home, and above all it tells us about things happening

in and out of the countrys, throughout the world.

All this is wonderful and a great service to man but, at the same time, it also has a negative side of it, People

have got so very angressivethat no one, a has any time to spare for even his next door neighbour, leaving

aside the society at large.

When a TV programme is to be aired, people of all hues and color get glued to their sitting rooms, no matter

what may occur around them. They become absolutely unaware of their surroundings and are completely

lost into the world of the television. This attitude makes them in turn, unsocial and confined to their homes

unmindful of what goes on around.

Television makes the children bereft of the valuable sports, the exercise it involves, and the meeting with

their peer groups on the games field. Thus T V has a negative impact on both adults and children alike in the

making them unsocial.

UNIT:-II Prose No-2

Topic: - “LIFE”

Write Short Answers:-

Ans1: - The stars answered that the life means having no dependence on others. It meant shining with one’s own brightness.

Ans2: - The moon replied the wind that she considered itself a lifeless being for having no light of its own. The moon has dark spots on her caused due to borrowed light. The moon agreed with the stars belief about life.

Ans3:- According to the ocean, life is realizing one’s limits, maintaining one’s dignity and taking all bitter experiences as fruitful.

Ans4:- The earth replied the wind that taking and giving is true life. The earth stores water and distributes it among the thirsty plants that need water to grow up and bear out flowers and fruits.

Ans5:- The little girl was lighting the new lamps with the already lighted over when the wind saw her.

Ans6:- The little girl told the wind that she was lighting only those lamps that were waiting to be lighted and were yearning to awake.

Ans7:- When the little girl told the wind that she was lighting only those lamps that were waiting to be lighted, the wind felt very delighted by this answer of the little girl. The wind saw her sharing happiness by lighting the unlighted with the lighted one. She was so impressed that she at once joined the little girl.

SHORT STORY 2 “ACHILLES” UNIT II

Ans1:- Rose-Beetle Man was the most fascinating character wearing fantastic dress. His shirt was worn and bright and

blue cravat was loosely hanging round his neck. On his head was a hat with wide, floppy brim.

Ans2:- When Rose-Beetle Man undid a small sack, some tortoises tumbled out whose shells had been polished with

oil and he had decorated their front legs with little red bows. This shows that he really cared well for his pets.

Ans3:- The narrator selected one particular tortoise from among the other animals because it looked sprightlier than

the others. It eyes were bright and its walk was alert. The narrator was fascinated to see it.

Ans4:- Achilles loved to eat strawberries. He would become hysterical at the mere sight of them. He would eat small

strawberries quickly but if he was given a big one, he would grab the fruit and hold it firmly in his mouth and

eat it at leisure at the quiet spot among the flower beds.

Ans5:- Achilles loved grapes so was Roger fond of eating grapes. They were always watching each other only to get

opportunity to get grapes. This was the basic cause of rivalry between them.

Ans6:- Achilles found Roger irritating because Roger would lick it chin hard whenever grape-juice ran down its chin.

Achilles would retreat his shell and refuse to come out till Roger had been removed.

Ans7:- Roger seemed to be feeling happy at Achilles funeral as he continued wagging his tail throughout the burial

service.

Ans8:- a. Achilles has escaped as the garden gate was open and he got a chance to escape.

a. They family shouted “strawberries” during the search as they knew that Achilles loved straw berries and

would come running on hearing with name.

b. Finally, the family found Achilles in a well, the wall of which had long since disintegrated. He had fallen into

the well and had dies there.

c. The following are the instances of humor in the story:-

Ans: 9 The 2 instances of humours in the stay are:-

i. Achilles learned his name and would appear lumbering along on tiptoe on calling out his name.

ii. The scene of rivalry between Achilles and Roger when Roger licks Achilles chin to get grape juice.

Poem (Summary) “The Bangle Sellers” UNIT:-II Poem No:- 3

Reference: - The poem, ‘The Bangle Sellers’ is written by Sarojini Naidu – a famous Indian poetess.

CENTRAL IDEA: The poem explores the imagery associated with bangles and the implications for women’s roles in a traditionalist Indian social selling.

SUMMARY:Thispoem deals with the three stages in the life of an average Indian woman – a virgin maiden, an

expectant bride and finally a mature mother. A group of bangle sellers is on its way to the temple fair to sell their

bangles. One of them is the narrator of this poem. They invite the people to come and buy delicate, bright and

multicoloured bangles which are symbols of delight for happy daughters and happy wives. The bangles are of many

colours. However, each stage in an Indian’s woman’s life is described lyrically and according to the colour of the bangle

suitable to that stage – for the maiden virgin who is always dreaming of a happily married life, it is a misty silver and

blue. For the expectant and passionate bride, it is a golden yellow and for the mature mother, it is a purple and gold

flecked grey. They are proud and faithful having attained fulfilment by successfully rearing their sons. They serve their

house in fruitful pride and hence are permitted to take herto rightful place by the side of her husband in all the

domestic religious rituals.

Ans1:- The speaker in the poem is the bangle seller.

Ans2:- The bangles have been described as bright, delicate and rainbow coloured circles of light. The bangles are for

happy daughters and happy wives.

Ans3:- These similes are:-

silver and blue as the mountain mist’.

flushed with buds’

some like fields of sunlit corn

some like the flame of marriage fire’.

Ans4:- The different colours of bangles mentioned in the poem are silver, blue, golden and grey and purple. These

colours represent desires and aspirations of an Indian woman at her different stages of life.

Ans5:- The word “some” signifies different varieties of bangles an Indian female wishes wear at her different stages of

life.

Ans6:- The poet says that the maidens wish to wear silver and blue colored bangles.

Poem (Summary) “Prayer for Strength” Poem No:-4

Reference: - The poem has been written by Rabindranath Tagore.

Central Idea: - In this Poem, the poet appeals to God to make his mind free from everyday issues, to strike his heart

which is deprived of affection.

Summary:- The poet asks God to strike his hear which is deprived of affection and compassion. He asks for the

strength to bear joys as well as sorrows. He also prays to give him the power of spreading love and helping the poor.

He requests him to give him the strength to fight against irritating power and not to bow before it. He want his mind

free from everyday issues and finally appeals to his lord to bless him with the strength to submit his whole power to

the will of this lord.

Prayer for strength

Ans1:- The poet wants god to strike at his heart because it has lost love and compassion if the richness of virtues.

Ans2:- The poet wants the strength for bearing joys and sorrows, spreading love, helping the poor and submitting

himself to God’s will.

Ans3:- Love can be made meaning full in one’s life by feeling pity and helping poor.

Ans4:-Our attitude towards the poor should be sympathetic. We should make them feel that we care about

them and are ready to support them, to help them in need.

Ans5:- The phrase ‘bend my knee’ signifies to bow before someone.

Ans6:- The poet wants to raise his mind high above ‘daily trifles’ because he has a great mission in his hands

and wants to occupy his mind only with the virtue of service of mankind.

Ans7:- The poet asks for strength surrenders his will to god’s will because only then he can attain the right path and

can be able to serve mankind.

Study material for Class 8th 2017-18

Subject:-S.Studies (Geography) UNIT:-I Lesson:-No.1

Topic:- The earth and the solar system2

Answer the Following Question

Q1: Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?

Ans: The distribution is unequally over the earth because of factors like terrain, climate and altitude differ

so much over the earth.

Q2: What is resource conservation?

Ans: Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation. There

are many ways of conserving resources. Each person can contribute by reducing consumption,

recycling and reusing things. Ultimately, it makes a different because all our lives are linked.

Q3: Why are human resources important?

Ans: people can make the best use of nature to create more resources when they have the knowledge,

skill and technology to do so. That is why human-beings are specials resources.

People themselves are the most important resource. It is their ideas, knowledge, invention and

discoveries that lead to the creation of more resources. Each discovery or invention leads to many

others. The discovery of fire led to the practice of cooking and other processes while the invention of

the wheel ultimately resulted in development of newer modes of transport.

Education and health helps in making people a valuable resource. Improving the quality of people’s

skill so that they are able to create more resources is known as human resource development.

Q4: What is sustainable developments?

Ans: balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called sustainable

development. The future of our planet and it’s people is linked with our ability to maintain and

preserve the life support system that nature provides. Therefore, it is our duty to ensure thatAll these

are renewable resources are sustainable.The diversity of life on the earth is conserved. The damage

to natural environment system is minimized.

Q: Differentiate between;

Potential resources: 1. These are resources whose total quantity may not be known.

2) These resources are not being used at present. These could be used in future.

3) for example, Uranium found in ladakh.

Actual Resources: 1. These are resources whose quantity is known.

2. These resources are being used in the present.

3. For example, The rich deposition of coal in Ruhr of Germany.

b) Ubiquitous and localized resources.

Ubiquitous resources : These are those resources which are found everywhere. Foe e,g; air water etc.

Locaalised resources.Those resources which are not found everywhere. These are found only in

certain places. For e.g: copper, coal, iron, ore etc

UNIT:-II Lesson:-No.1

Topic:- Land, Soil, Water, Natural- Vegetation and Wild- Life.

Answer The Following Question:

Q1: Which are the two main climate factors responsible for soil formation?

Ans; Temperature and rainfall are the two factors responsible for soil formation, Which influence the rate

of weathering and humus.

Q2: Write any two reasons for land degradation today

Ans: There are many factors which lead to degradation of land. Both nature and human factors can lead to

degradation of land.

Growing population and their ever growing demands is the main reason of land degradation today.

Deforestation is the another main reason of land degradation.

Q3: Why is land consider an important resources?

Ans: Land covers about 29% 0f the total surface area of the earth. It is most important gift of nature. Land

is the basic resources on which agriculture and industrial process and pattern depends. In addition,

human-beings, animals and plants live mostly on land. Forests too are found on land. Humans lived

on land and satisfy most of their needs by products obtain from land. It provides almost 95% of our

requirements for food, clothing and shelter. Land is, therefore, a very important resource.

Q4: What steps has the government taken to conserve plants and animals?

Ans: Following are the steps that the government has taken to conserve plants:-

i) Formation of National Policy with the objectives of restoration of ecology balance, checked on soil

erosion, check on extension of sand- dunes, increase in forest tree cover, increase in productivity

of forests and efficient utilization of forest produce.

ii) Legislative measure include passing of wildlife production Act, 1972 under which National Parks,

490 wildlife sanctuaries and 15 Biosphere reserve has taken to set up. Forest conservation Act,

1980 was passed to check deforestation.

Following are the steps that the government has taken to conserve animals:

i) In India we have today a network of 89 National parks, , 490 wildlife sanctuaries and 15 Biosphere

reserve. Under project Tiger, 27 Tiger reserve have been provided for protection of elephants.

ii) The Government of India passes the wildlife Sanctuaries Act set up.

Q5: Suggest three ways to conserve water?

Ans: The three ways to conserve water are:

i) Afforestation:- Planting of trees and other plants can slowdown the surface run-off and

improve seewpage of water in the soil. Thus under- ground water reservoirs can be replenished

by afforestation.

ii) Industrial use: Industrial water may be recycled and used for cleaning and cooling the

machines.

iii) Rain Water Harvesting:- Rain water can be collected in storage tanks and later be filled up in

wells and tube-wells to recharge ground water.

Q4: State whether the given statement is true or false. If true write the reason.

1. Ganga- Brahmaputra plain of India is aa over- populated region.

A. It is true. Ganga- Brahmaputra plain of India is an over- populated region because this is formed by

Ganga- Brahmaputra and their tributaries. This plain has fertile soil, which is good for agriculture. It is

flat and leveled. It is very easy to construct roads, buildings, houses, and setting up of industries. So

people like to habitat here.

2. Water availability per person in India is declining.

A) It is true- India’s population is increasing rapidly but we cannot change amountof water. It is content.

Due to increasing population its demand is also rising.

3. Rows of trees planted In the coastal area to check the wind movement is called intercropping.

A. It is false statement.

4. Human interference and change of climate can maintain the ecosystem.

A. It is false statement.

Study material for Class 8th 2017-18

Subject:-S.Studies( History) UNIT:-I Lesson No. :- No.1

Topic:- Studying Modern Period

Answer The Following Questions:

Q1:- List the sources for modern history?

Ans:- Historians used the following sources in writing about the last 250 years of Indian history.

ADMINISTRATION PRODUCES RECORDS: - one important sourced is the official records of the British

administration. The British believed that the act of writing was important. Every instruction, plan, policy,

decision, agreement, investigation had to be clearly written up.

SURVEYS BECOME IMPORTANT: - the practice of surveying also became common under the colonial

administration. The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be

effectively administered.

Qno2:- What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?

Ans: - James Mill, was a Scottish economist and political philosopher, he divided Indian history into three

periods Hindu, Muslim, and British this periodisation was based on religion. We should not characterize an

age only through the religion of the rulers of the time Mill thought that all Asian society were at a lower level

of civilization than Europe. For him, India was not capable of progress without British help. In this idea of

history British rule represented all the forces of progress and civilization. The period before British rule was

one of darkest according to the Mill.

Qno3:- How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police

reports?

Ans: - Police reports tell historians what the officials thought, what they were interested in and what they

wished to preserve for posterity. These records do not always help historians to understand what other

people in the country felt and what lay behind their actions.

While old newspapers expresses the ideas and the feelings of the people. The old newspaper gives the

information about the nature of colonialism. These newspapers represent the change in social and political

life of the people.

TOPIC:-FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER.

Q1:- European trading companies came to Indian. Why?

Ans:- European trading companies came to India with the purpose of trade. All these companies were

interested in buying the same things, creating rivalry among them. The fine qualities of cotton and silk and

other goods like pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in great demand in Europe. Competition

amongst the European companies led to the rise in the prices at which these goods could be purchased,

reducing the profits that could be earned. The only way the trading companies’ could flourish was by

eliminating rival competitors. The urge to secure markets, therefore, led to fierce clashes between the

trading companies.

Qno2:- What led to the conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company?

Ans:- Nawabs of Bengal refused to grant the Company concessions, demanded large tributes for the company’s

righty to trade, denied it any right to mint coins and stopped it from extending its fortifications. Accusing the company

of deceit, they claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and

undermining the authority of the nawabs. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to

humiliate the nawabs and his officials. The company on its part declared that the unjust demands of the local officials

were ruining the trade of the enlarge its settlements, buy up villages, and rebuild its forts.

Qno 3: - How did the assumption of Diwani benefit India Company?

Ans: - British it had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain. At that time, Britain

had no goods to sell in India. The outflow of gold from Britain slowed after the Battle of Plessey, and entirely stopped

after the assumption of Diwani. Now revenues from India could finance company expenses. These revenues’ could be

used to purchase cotton and silk textile in India, maintain company troops, and meet the cost of buildings the company

fort and officers at Calcutta.

Qno 4:- Explained the system of ‘subsidiary alliance’?

Ans:- According to the terms of subsidiary alliance; Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed

forces. They were to be protected by the company, but had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” that the company was

supported to maintain for the purpose of this protection, if the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of

their territory was taken away as penalty. For example, when Richard Wellesley was Governor General (1798-1850),

the Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half territory to the company in 1801, as he failed to pay for the

‘subsidiary forcers’.

Qno5:- In what way was the administration of the company different from that of Indian rulers?

Ans:- British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were Presidencies.

Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Each was ruled by a Governor. The supreme head of the administration was the

Governor General. From 1772, a new system of justice was established. Each district was to have two courts a criminal

court and a civil court. Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was established, while a court of

appeal the SadarNizamatAdalat was also set up at Calcutta. The principal figure in an Indian district was the collector.

As the title suggests his main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the

help of judges, police officers and darogas.

Qno6:- Describe the change that occurred in the composition of the company’s army?

Ans:- The east India Company started giving training to soldiers as professionals when it began recruitment for its

own army which came to be known as the Sepoy army.

As warfare technology changed from the 1820’s the cavalry requirements of the company’s army declined also soldiers

were armed with muskets and matchlocks. The British began to develop a uniform military culture. Soldiers were

increasing subjected to European style training, drill and discipline that regulated their life far more than before.

Unit 2nd Topic: - Ruling the Countryside Chapter no: - 3

Qno1:- List the main features of the Permanent settlement?

Ans: - By the term of Permanent settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were recognized as Zamindars. They were asked

to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the paid was fixed permanently, that is it was not to be increased

ever in future. The revenue that had been fixed was so high that the Zamindars found it difficult to pay. The rent

peasants’ paid to the Zamindars was high and his right on the land was insecure.

Qno2:- How was the Mahalwari system different from the permanent settlement?

Ans: - The estimated revenue of each plot with in a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village

(mahal) had to pay. This demand was to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed as in permanent settlement.

The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the company was given to the village head man, rather than

zamindars. This system came to be known as the Mahalwari settlement.

Qno3:- Give two problems which arise with the new Munro system of fixing revenue?

Ans: - In the south there were not traditional zamindars. The settlement, had to be made directly with the cultivators

who h ad tilted the land for generations. Drive by the desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed

too high a revenue demand. Peasants were unable to pay, ryots fled the countryside, and villages became deserted in

many regions.

Qno4:- Why were ryots reluctant to grow Indigo?

Ans: - Ryots were reluctant to grow Indigo because the planters forced the ryots to sign a contract, an agreement

(patla). At times they pressurized the village headman to sign a contract on behalf of ryots. These who signed the

contract get cash advances from the planters at low rates of interest to produce Indigo when the crops was delivered

to the planter after the harvest a new loan was given to the ryots. The price they got for the indigo they produced was

very low and the cycle of loams never ended. The planters usually insisted that Indigo be cultivated on the best soil

rapidly. After an indigo harvest the land could not be sown with rice.

Qno5:- What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of Indigo production in Bengal?

Ans: - After the Revolt of 1857, the British Government set up the Indigo commission to enquire into the system of

indigo production. The commission held the planters quality, and criticised them for the coercive methods they used

with Indigo cultivators. It declared that indigo production was not pro fit able for ryots. The commission asked the

ryots to fulfil their existing contracts but also told them that they could refuse to produce Indigo in future. This led to

the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal.

Lesson no 4 Topic: - Colonialism and Tribal Societies

Qno1:- List the problems shifting cultivators did face under British rule?

Ans: - The British were feeling uncomfortable with the shifting cultivators and wanted them to settle down and

become peasant cultivators. The British also wanted a regular revenue sources for the state. They measured the land,

defined the right of each individual to that land, and fixed the revenue demand for the state.

Qno2:- How did the power of Tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?

Ans:- Prior and British rule, the tribal chiefs enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to

administer and control their territories. Under the British rule, their power and functions changed considerably. They

were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent out lands. They lost much of their

administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials in India. They also had to pay tribute to

the authority and were unable to fulfil their traditional functions.

Qno3:- Estimate the Impact of the British policies on the tribal people?

Ans: - The British extended their control over all forests and declared forests as state prosperity. So, changes in the

forest laws had a considerable effect on tribal people. They were not allowed to move freely run reserved forests or

hunt animals. Many were forced to move to other areas in search of work and livelihood. Then British policy to stop

the tribal people from living inside forests created problem of unemployment.

Qno4:- What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people, of the

region?

Ans: - Birsa’s vision of a golden age was when the Mundas had been free of the oppression of dikus (outsiders).

They saw themselves as the decedents of the original settlers of the region, fighting for their land reminding people of

the need to win back their kingdom. He talked of a golden age in the past satyug (the age of truth). When mundas lived

a good life. He also wanted people to once again work on their land. Settle down and cultivate their fields.

Study material for Class 8th 2017-18

Subject:-S.Studies ( civics) UNIT:-I Lesson No. :- No.1

Topic:- Foreign Policy Of India

Only Answer of The Questions:

A1:- Foreign policy means a set of ideas or plans which determines a nation’s dealings with other nations. India

decided to adopt a foreign policy of peace and Independence. This policy of peace and independence later came to be

known as the policy of non-alignment. The policy of non-alignment means not to join any political and military blocs,

and to take an independent stand on world, issue. She has always been at the forefront to promote world peace and

co-operation. Non-alignment has widely developed into a movement for promoting world peace and international co-

operation. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India, defined the objectives of the policy of peaceful co-

existence.

Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Mutual non-aggression.

Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs

Equality and mutual benefit.

Peaceful co-existence.

The five principles are known as Panchsheel. The panchsheel clearly defines our foreign policy, we believe in

respecting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of other nations and are also prepared to defend our own

sovereignty.

Ans2:- The non-Aligned Movement is as relevant now as it was during the Cold war. The world is still divided into

economically developed and developing countries, there is a need to make structural reforms in the United Nations.

Growing world population has to be checked the earth and environment are to be protected and the world is to be

made free from nuclear weapons. This is what makes NAM relevant.

Ans3:- International peace and understanding amongst nations is the basis of our foreign policy. India worked as a

peace maker and helped to bring about an end to the Korea war in 1953. It has always supported the peace keeping

efforts of the UN. It has always spoken out strongly against exploitation. India supported the battle against apartheid

in South Africa.

Nelson Mandela received India’s constant support in his struggle. Indian troops, military observers, and civilian policy

personnel served in peace keeping operations in Western Sahara, Kuwait, Lebanon, Bosnia and Harzegovina, Sierra

Leone, UN mission in Congo and Kosovo.

Ans4:- For centuries, china and Indo have lived as friendly neighbours. Buddhism developing relations between the

two countries. Several Indian-Buddhists scholars visited china. Chinese travellers like Fahein and Heiun Tsang came to

India. Chinese students used to come to Nalanda for studies. In 1954, Indian signed an agreement with china. The

agreement is known as the Panchsheel Pact or Five principle of peaceful co-existence.

Ans5:- India has always been keen to maintain good relations with her neighbours. Her policy has been to established

relations based on mutual trust, understanding and co-operation. Through there have been differences and disputes

with some neighbouring countries, India has always preferred to solve these problems peacefully through mutual talks.

Ans6:- India did not wish to ally itself with either party because it was aware of the high price of military involvement.

It also felt that the newly found freedom would become meaningless if it aligned itself to either to the two blocs.

Therefore it tried to initiate a movement for world peace in dependently. It came to known as the Non-Aligned

Movement (NAM). It meant an impartial approach towards world issues without being influenced by either bloc.

Ans7:- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, defined the objectives of the policy of peaceful co-

existence. These were, started on 29th April 1954, as a part of the India china Agreement.

Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Mutual non-aggression.

Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.

Equality and mutual benefit.

Peaceful co-existence.

The five principle are known as Panchsheel.

Topic:- India And Her Neighbours Unit-II Lesson No. :- No.2

Answer Of The Questions:

Ans1: - India has always been keen to maintain good relations with her neighbours. Her policy has been to

established relations based on mutual trust, understanding and co-operation. Though there have been differences and

disputes with some neighbouring countries. India has always preferred to solve these problems peacefully through

mutual talks.

Ans2:- The Panchsheel agreement signed between India and china on 29th April 1954.

Ans3:- India has traditional and friendly relations with Nepal she has contributed a lot to the social –economic

development of Nepal. E.g., India offered 50 crore for the construction of 204kms of the east west highway known as

Mahindra Raj Marg. The outpatient department of Bir hospital constructed, with the Indian aid, is another example of

friendly relations between the two countries.

Ans4:- In 1947, Pakistan was created as a result of partition of India. Since then there have been disputes over issues

like property, border, distribution of rivers, water, Kashmir, Sir Creek etc.

Ans5:- The government of India from time to time tried Negotiate with the Srilankan government on the Tamil

question. In July 1987, the Indian peace keeping force (IPKE) helped the Srilankan government to resolve her internal

ethnic problem.

Ans6:- Bangladesh come into being in 1971.

Ans7:- A) India and Bangladesh: - Since 1971, there have been political, economic and cultural relations between

Indian and Bangladesh. In 1972, both the countries signed a friendship and an agreement on trade high level contacts

have been established between the two countries recently, both the countries have agreed to jointly fight against

terrorism. Relations have significantly improved after Bangladeshis damp down 0n anti- Indian groups on its soil.

B) India and Nepal: - Indian has traditional and friendly relations with Nepal. She was contributed a lot to the

socio-economic development of Nepal. There are 265 joint ventures. India and Nepal e.g. India offered Rs 50 Crore for

the construction 204kms as Mahindra Raj Marg. The outpatient department of Bir Hospital constructed with the Indian

aid, is another example of friendly relations between the two countries.

C) India and Bhutan: - Indian has a cordial relationship with Bhutan. This is based on mutual trust and co-

operation. India has helped Bhutan in her economic development. India is helping Bhutan in various fields such as

telecommunication, road building, geological exploration, hydroelectric projects, irrigation work, etc. India offers the

opportunities of the Bhutan for secondary as well as higher education.

D) India and Pakistan: - The policy of good neighbourness has guided India’s relations with Pakistan. India has

taken steps to widen political, economic and cultural exchange with Pakistan, Both the countries have decided to give

special importance to people contacts between the two countries. In the field of culture and sports, there has been

successful exchange of programmes.

E) India and Srilanka: - Sri Lanka is our another important neighbour. India’s links with Srilanka are rooted deep

in history and mythology. Srilanka is predominantly a Buddhist country. Thousands of Buddhists from Srilanka came to

our country on pilgrimage India and Srilanka enjoy a reboots trade and investment relationship. Srilanka is India’s

largest trade partner in SAARC.

F) India and Myanmar: - Myanmar was formerly known as Burma. It was a part of British India. India has

traditionally close and friendly relations with Myanmar. On Feb, 13, 2001 India and Burma inaugurated a major 160

kms. Highway, called indo-Myanmar friendship Road, built mainly by the Indian Border roads organization (BRO).