©subject support 2013 a2 revision - 1 based on previous questions, and potential answers to those...

©Subject Support 2013

A2 Revision - 1

• Based on previous questions, and• potential answers to those questions


Revision topics – chosen by your teachers

14 mark questionsCommercialisationOlympic IdealsKrebs cycleAggressionSupport from organisations for elite athletesProjectile motionPNF stretching


14 mark questionsThere are no to these

questionsPrevious papers – usually

combined to make one questionExpect creditable points in

mark scheme – Grade A response – gain

points per topicGrade E response – gain

points per topic

‘rules’ two

topics

2412 each

topic 8-10

3-5


14 mark questionsMust writeSimply write in sentencesPrevious physiology questions – 2

(not obviously)Previous psychology questions –

Previous socio-cultural questions – more

in prosefact

srelated

topics

concept and strategies

discursive


Commercialisation - Typical question

Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a form of entertainment.Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the ‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport.

(7 marks)


CommercialisationIdea of sporting events being used

to make moneySport gains income from: / /

/

Income used to pay players –

Commercialism increases in last

Spectators

media

sponsors

hip

merchandising

profession

als30 years


• Sport seen as a

• Where the becomes the driving force in sport• The sale of - the major source of sports funding• Broadcasting rights for Premier League now worth

commoditymarke

tTV rights

£1.1 billion a year

Commercialisation


Media and sportSport – – to report/showMore readers/viewers – more

, more , more Need to make information

provided interesting –

cheap sale

sadvertising

income

inform or sensationalise


Role of sport to media

to suit demands of media

Share of entertainment market –

Increased interest – from TV rights and

income

Adapted

peak time viewing more

participantsIncomeMarketing

advertising


Television and advertising

TV cameras – Pre-game /during game advertising Advertising Sponsors name /logo Sponsor:

logos on pitch

hoardings in

media

competition

venue stand


Sport Has Changed For TV

One day and 20:20 Penalty Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV

Use of in tennis/cricket 3rd umpire in /TMO in Camera

cricketshoot

outs

more viewershawkey

e cricket

rugbyangles/position/

playercam


TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch

Also brings sports we might never normally watch - ,

Become converted to

Reduces

TV changes sport

improved

sumo wrestlingarmchair

spectatorsparticipatio

n?


Changing the characteristics of sport

Changing the format of play –

Changing the competition structure –

Changing the rules to simplify them –

Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ –

tennis tie breaks

Champions League/ RU premiership

American scoring – badminton/volleyball

one-day/20:20 cricket


Professional performer - a commercial object?Signs contract –Can be Brings in money through

Exploit image for company goals –

Financial rewards

like a business‘hired and

fired’ advertising

marketability based on

results

endorsements


Olympic ideals

Not Striving to win -Taking part more important than – for the love of sport

• Individuals performingteams/

Nationsfairly winnin

g• Amateur


OlympismCompeting with spirit of

Symbols:Olympic Olympic Virtually gone due to needed to competeIOC accept professional

performers –

sportsmanship

ringsoath financial

support

‘amateur spirit’


Kreb’s cycle - Typical questionAt the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds.Explain how the majority of energy used during the race would be provided. (7 marks)

©Subject Support 2013 1

8

Kreb’s cycleCarbohydrates -

- broken down in series of reactions to

Called Some energy released forFats (fatty acids) prepared through

ready for

in

pyruvate

ATP resynthesis

Kreb’s cycle

glycogen/glucose

β -oxidation

glycolysis

mitochondria


9

Kreb’s cyclePyruvate converted into Enters Hydrogen removed leavingSomeHydrogen toOxidised to Releases large amounts of energy

for

carbon dioxideATP

resynthesisedElectron Transport Chain

ATP resynthesis

Acetyl Co- AKreb’s

cycle

water


Aggression - Typical question

Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs.(a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood

of aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport?

(2 marks)(b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to

explain why this may happen.(2 marks)

(c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games.

(2 marks)


Aggression“Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment”

Aggression is:1. a behaviour/action;

2. intentional; 3. to cause harm;4. outside the rules;


Forms of AggressionInstrumental –aggression used to

increase chances of Hostile - aggression with injury as

Constructive use of force in sport =

Channelled aggression – diverting aggressive feelings into

winning

main aim

assertion

useful actions


Instinct theoryAggression Builds up – needs to be Displaced into sport rather than Release = Theory suggests most aggression

is , but some is as a means of

control

inherited release

d violencecatharsi

s hostileinstrument

alSocial learning


Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Frustration leads to Aggression comes from In sport, prevents

attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if

Aggression released – – but not always

But, not all leads to

aggressionfrustratio

noppositiongoal

sunexpected

cathartic

frustration

aggression


Aggressive-cue theory

Not all frustration leads to aggressionOnly occurs if certain

presentSuch as:Coach aggression of behavioursCertain or Previous Depends on

learned cues

encouragingReinforcemen

tobjects

sportsexperience

ssituation


Social learning theory to be aggressive of others leads to prevents

LearnObservati

onsignifica

ntReinforcement

repeating actionsPunishme

ntcopyin

g


Strategies to reduce aggression

Strategies both for player and coach

• Punish aggressive play• Reinforce assertive play• Reduce arousal• Avoid aggressive situation


Elite Athlete Support - Typical questionTo maximise the chances of winning medals at major championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers need the support of many organisations.Outline and explain the structure of the World Class Performance Pathway. (3 marks) Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as the English Institute of Sport. (4 marks)


Role of National Governing Bodies

Develop structure

Manage development strategies – ,

, etcDevelop structureManage Enforce of sport

club and competition WCP

TASScoachin

grepresentative teamsrules and

regulationsPromotion


Whole Sports PlansWSP – plan for all – grass roots to

eliteWSP directs Sport England funding IdentifiesLinks with partners – ‘Measures’

NGB’s needsPESSYPhow well NGBs

doing


UK Sport

Aims:Development ofAttracting and running major

sporting events in UK prevention and testingFunded by

and

elite athletes

Dopingcentral

governmentLottery

no longer!


UK SportFull responsibility for all

and performance-related

supportRuns

programme,

All funding and support integrated

World Class Performance

OlympicParalympi

c

Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme

English Institutes of Sport


World Class Performance Pathway

Three levels:World Class Podium –

World Class Development – potential

World Class Talent – identify and develop potential

2012 medal hopes

2016 winners

2020 performers


Funding Of Elite Performers

1. Lottery grants via 2. – group and

personal3. 4.

Many/majority do not receive or money

NGBSponsorshi

pAppearance moneyPrize

money

appearanceprize


English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’

One of

Support – , medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information

Athlete Career Education

4 National Institutes• 9 regional

sites sports science


Projectile motion – Typical questionThe flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight. (4 marks)


7

Projectile motion

•Flightpath =parabola


8

Components

Motion of projectile has components

component component

two

VerticalHorizontal


9

Projectile motion

Vertical motion affected by gravity –

Horizontal motion is affected by friction –

Vertical componen

t Horizontal componen

t decreases

negligible


0

Variations in vertical and horizontal componentsThis causes the observed parabolic flight and affects the motion components as follows:


1

Projectile motion

Factors affecting distance travelled:• • •

Speed of release Height of release Angle of release


Typical question – PNF stretchingAs part of their preparation elite athletes may try to improve their performance through Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training. What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how PNF training works?

(4 marks)


Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Means of improving Requires a partnerWorks by disengaging

– allows greater range of movement

– contract-relax, antagonist-contract

flexibility

stretch reflex

CRAC


Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Joint stretched Isometric

contraction of – held

for –

cancels

Increased

to normal limit/range

antagonist

range of movement possible

few secondsstretch

reflex


5

Muscle spindles and GTOsMuscle spindles detect

of muscle and produce protective

– stretched muscle Golgi Tendon Organs detect

in tendons – stretched tendon (muscle)

overstretching

stretch reflex

contractstensio

nrelaxe

sautogenic inhibition

©subject support 2013 a2 revision - 1 based on previous questions, and potential answers to those...

Documents

sensationalisesubject

questionssubject support

cricketsubject support

marks subject support

commercialisation of

tv use

role of sport

previous questions