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Mr. Bartoloma
You
The Subjunctive Mood
Welcome to the real world.
What is the Subjunctive?
The subjunctive is a MOOD. Like other moods, subjunctive verbs have
person, number, tense, and voice.
Indicative:
Imperative:
Infinitive:
Participle:
Subjunctive: Hypothetical / everything else
Factual statements
Direct commands
verbal noun
verbal adjective
What are the uses of the subjunctive?
Split into two categories:
Independent (Main Verb)
Dependent (Clause)
•Hortatory •Jussive •Negative Commands •Potential •Optative
Purpose Clauses Result Clauses
Indirect Commands Indirect Questions
Fear Clauses Cum Clauses
The Matrix vs. The Real World
Life WITHOUT the Subjunctive (The Matrix)
Life WITH the Subjunctive
(The Real World)
I am going to the store.I am going to the store
in order to buy groceries.
We are going. Let’s go!
Yo momma is so fat.Yo momma is so fat that
when she goes to Rome, it has 8 hills!
Worksheet 40: Subjunctive Rules
There are four tenses of the subjunctive:
Since the subjunctive deals with what might or could happen, there are no future tenses!
Present Imperfect Perfect
Pluperfect
Present Subjunctive“The Vowel Shifter”
The key change in the present subjunctive is the vowel shift. Each conjugation changes its
thematic vowel in a particular way:
Remember: “ShE wEArs A dIAmond tIAra.”
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd -‐io 4th
-‐e -‐ea -‐a -‐ia -‐ia
Present SubjunctiveOnce the vowel has shifted, use these
endings:
Sg. Pl.
1st -‐m -‐mus
2nd -‐s -‐tis
3rd -‐t -‐nt
Sg. Pl.
1st -‐r -‐mur
2nd -‐ris -‐mini
3rd -‐tur -‐ntur
Active Passive
Present Subjunctive Active
Present 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amem2nd sg. amēs3rd sg. amet1st pl. amēmus2nd pl. amētis3rd pl. ament
Present Subjunctive Active
Present 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. moneam2nd sg. moneās3rd sg. moneat1st pl. moneāmus2nd pl. moneātis3rd pl. moneant
Present Subjunctive Active
Present 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. legam2nd sg. legās3rd sg. legat1st pl. legāmus2nd pl. legātis3rd pl. legant
Present Subjunctive Active
Present 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. capiam2nd sg. capiās3rd sg. capiat1st pl. capiāmus2nd pl. capiātis3rd pl. capiant
Present Subjunctive Active
Present 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audiam2nd sg. audiās3rd sg. audiat1st pl. audiāmus2nd pl. audiātis3rd pl. audiant
Present Subjunctive Passive
Present 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amer2nd sg. amēris (amēre)3rd sg. amētur1st pl. amēmur2nd pl. amēminī3rd pl. amentur
Present Subjunctive Passive
Present 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. monear2nd sg. moneāris (moneāre)3rd sg. moneātur1st pl. moneāmur2nd pl. moneāminī3rd pl. moneantur
Present Subjunctive Passive
Present 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. legar2nd sg. legāris (legāre)3rd sg. legātur1st pl. legāmur2nd pl. legāminī3rd pl. legantur
Present Subjunctive Passive
Present 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. capiar2nd sg. capiāris (capiāre)3rd sg. capiātur1st pl. capiāmur2nd pl. capiāminī3rd pl. capiantur
Present Subjunctive Passive
Present 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audiar2nd sg. audiāris (audiāre)3rd sg. audiātur1st pl. audiāmur2nd pl. audiāminī3rd pl. audiantur
Imperfect SubjunctiveThe imperfect subjunctive starts out as the
second principal part (present active infinitive).
Sg. Pl.
1st -‐m -‐mus
2nd -‐s -‐tis
3rd -‐t -‐nt
Sg. Pl.
1st -‐r -‐mur
2nd -‐ris -‐mini
3rd -‐tur -‐ntur
Active Passive
Then, add the endings:
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
Imperfect 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amārem2nd sg. amārēs3rd sg. amāret1st pl. amārēmus2nd pl. amārētis3rd pl. amārent
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
Imperfect 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. monērem2nd sg. monērēs3rd sg. monēret1st pl. monērēmus2nd pl. monērētis3rd pl. monērent
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
Imperfect 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. legerem2nd sg. legerēs3rd sg. legeret1st pl. legerēmus2nd pl. legerētis3rd pl. legerent
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
Imperfect 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. caperem2nd sg. caperēs3rd sg. caperet1st pl. caperēmus2nd pl. caperētis3rd pl. caperent
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
Imperfect 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audīrem2nd sg. audīrēs3rd sg. audīret1st pl. audīrēmus2nd pl. audīrētis3rd pl. audīrent
Imperfect Subjunctive PassiveImperfect 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amārer2nd sg. amārēris (amārēre)3rd sg. amārētur1st pl. amārēmur2nd pl. amārēminī3rd pl. amārentur
Imperfect Subjunctive PassiveImperfect 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. monērer2nd sg. monērēris (monērēre)3rd sg. monērētur1st pl. monērēmur2nd pl. monērēminī3rd pl. monērentur
Imperfect Subjunctive PassiveImperfect 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. legerer2nd sg. legerēris (legerēre)3rd sg. legerētur1st pl. legerēmur2nd pl. legerēminī3rd pl. legerentur
Imperfect Subjunctive PassiveImperfect 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. caperer2nd sg. caperēris (caperēre)3rd sg. caperētur1st pl. caperēmur2nd pl. caperēminī3rd pl. caperentur
Imperfect Subjunctive PassiveImperfect 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audīrer2nd sg. audīrēris (audīrēre)3rd sg. audīrētur1st pl. audīrēmur2nd pl. audīrēminī3rd pl. audīrentur
Hortatory Subjunctive
•ONLY Present Subjunctive
•1st singular / 1st plural
•“Let me verb” / “Let us verb”
•Negated with nē
“Vivāmus et amēmus.”
“Let us live and let us love.” (Catullus 5)
hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum: to encourage
Jussive Subjunctive
•ONLY Present Subjunctive
•3rd singular / 3rd plural
•“Let him/her/it verb” / “Let them verb”
•(RARELY) 2nd person sg./pl. (“Let you verb”)
•Negated with nē
“Arma togae cedant.”
“Let weapons yield to the toga.” (Cicero -‐ De Officiīs)
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order
The Present Subjunctive of SumThe verb sum also has subjunctive forms. These can be used by themselves or as part of the perfect passive system.
Present sum, esse, fuī, futurus
1st sg. sim2nd sg. sīs3rd sg. sit1st pl. sīmus2nd pl. sītis3rd pl. sint
The Imperfect Subjunctive of SumThe verb sum also has subjunctive forms. These can be used by themselves or as part of the perfect passive system.
Imperfect sum, esse, fuī, futurus
1st sg. essem2nd sg. essēs3rd sg. esset1st pl. essēmus2nd pl. essētis3rd pl. essent
Perfect Subjunctive ACTIVE
The perfect subjunctive starts out as the THIRD principal part. Drop the -‐ī.
Sg. Pl.
1st -‐erim -‐erimus
2nd -‐eris -‐eritis
3rd -‐erit -‐erint
Then, add the endings:
Perfect Subjunctive Active
Perfect 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amāverim2nd sg. amāveris3rd sg. amāverit1st pl. amāverimus2nd pl. amāveritis3rd pl. amāverint
Perfect Subjunctive Active
Perfect 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. monuerim2nd sg. monueris3rd sg. monuerit1st pl. monuerimus2nd pl. monueritis3rd pl. monuerint
Perfect Subjunctive Active
Perfect 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. lēgerim2nd sg. lēgeris3rd sg. lēgerit1st pl. lēgerimus2nd pl. lēgeritis3rd pl. lēgerint
Perfect Subjunctive Active
Perfect 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. cēperim2nd sg. cēperis3rd sg. cēperit1st pl. cēperimus2nd pl. cēperitis3rd pl. cēperint
Perfect Subjunctive Active
Perfect 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audīverim2nd sg. audīveris3rd sg. audīverit1st pl. audīverimus2nd pl. audīveritis3rd pl. audīverint
Pluperfect Subjunctive ACTIVE
The pluperfect subjunctive starts out as the THIRD principal part. Drop the -‐ī.
Sg. Pl.
1st -‐issem -‐issēmus
2nd -‐issēs -‐issētis
3rd -‐isset -‐issent
Then, add the endings:
Pluperfect Subjunctive ActivePlupf. 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amāvissem2nd sg. amāvissēs3rd sg. amāvisset1st pl. amāvissēmus2nd pl. amāvissētis3rd pl. amāvissent
Pluperfect Subjunctive ActivePlupf. 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. monuissem2nd sg. monuissēs3rd sg. monuisset1st pl. monuissēmus2nd pl. monuissētis3rd pl. monuissent
Pluperfect Subjunctive ActivePlupf. 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. lēgissem2nd sg. lēgissēs3rd sg. lēgisset1st pl. lēgissēmus2nd pl. lēgissētis3rd pl. lēgissent
Pluperfect Subjunctive ActivePlupf. 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. cēpissem2nd sg. cēpissēs3rd sg. cēpisset1st pl. cēpissēmus2nd pl. cēpissētis3rd pl. cēpissent
Pluperfect Subjunctive ActivePlupf. 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audīvissem2nd sg. audīvissēs3rd sg. audīvisset1st pl. audīvissēmus2nd pl. audīvissētis3rd pl. audīvissent
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE
The perfect passive system always contains the 4th principal part.
Sg. Pl.1st sim simus2nd sis sitis3rd sit sint
The perfect passive INDICATIVE pairs the PPP with the present indicative of sum (amatus sum).
The perfect passive SUBJUNCTIVE pairs the PPP with the present SUBJUNCTIVE of sum (amatus sim).
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE
Perfect 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amātus sim2nd sg. amātus sīs3rd sg. amātus sit1st pl. amātī sīmus2nd pl. amātī sītis3rd pl. amātī sint
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE
Perfect 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. monitus sim2nd sg. monitus sīs3rd sg. monitus sit1st pl. monitī sīmus2nd pl. monitī sītis3rd pl. monitī sint
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE
Perfect 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. lectus sim2nd sg. lectus sīs3rd sg. lectus sit1st pl. lectī sīmus2nd pl. lectī sītis3rd pl. lectī sint
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE
Perfect 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. captus sim2nd sg. captus sīs3rd sg. captus sit1st pl. captī sīmus2nd pl. captī sītis3rd pl. captī sint
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE
Perfect 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audītus sim2nd sg. audītus sīs3rd sg. audītus sit1st pl. audītī sīmus2nd pl. audītī sītis3rd pl. audītī sint
Pluperfect Subjunctive PASSIVE
The pluperfect passive system always contains the 4th principal part.
Sg. Pl.1st essem essēmus2nd essēs essētis3rd esset essent
The pluperfect passive INDICATIVE pairs the PPP with the imperfect indicative of sum (amatus eram).
The pluperfect passive SUBJUNCTIVE pairs the PPP with the imperfect SUBJUNCTIVE of sum (amatus essem).
Pluperfect Subjunctive PASSIVEPluperfect 1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg. amātus essem2nd sg. amātus essēs3rd sg. amātus esset1st pl. amātī essēmus2nd pl. amātī essētis3rd pl. amātī essent
Pluperfect Subjunctive PASSIVEPluperfect 2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg. monitus essem2nd sg. monitus essēs3rd sg. monitus esset1st pl. monitī essēmus2nd pl. monitī essētis3rd pl. monitī essent
Pluperfect Subjunctive PASSIVEPluperfect 3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg. lectus essem2nd sg. lectus essēs3rd sg. lectus esset1st pl. lectī essēmus2nd pl. lectī essētis3rd pl. lectī essent
Pluperfect Subjunctive PASSIVEPluperfect 3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg. captus essem2nd sg. captus essēs3rd sg. captus esset1st pl. captī essēmus2nd pl. captī essētis3rd pl. captī essent
Pluperfect Subjunctive PASSIVEPluperfect 4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg. audītus essem2nd sg. audītus essēs3rd sg. audītus esset1st pl. audītī essēmus2nd pl. audītī essētis3rd pl. audītī essent