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UYUŞTURUCU/UYARICI MADDELER SÜRÜCÜLER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ ve FARMAKOKİNETİKLERİ Dr. Elif Esra Küçükibrahimoğlu Tıbbi Farmakoloji Uzmanı Sağlık Bakanlığı Marmara Üniversitesi Pendik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi

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Page 1: SUBSTANCE ABUSE PHARMACOLOGYcbuadlitip4.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/01-02-01-eek.pdfthe Administration’s inaugural National Drug Control Strategy has yielded significant

UYUŞTURUCU/UYARICI MADDELER

SÜRÜCÜLER ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ ve

FARMAKOKİNETİKLERİ

Dr. Elif Esra Küçükibrahimoğlu

Tıbbi Farmakoloji Uzmanı

Sağlık Bakanlığı Marmara Üniversitesi Pendik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi

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In recent years, more attention has been given to

drugs other than alcohol that have increasingly

been recognized as hazards to road traffic safety.

Some of this research has been done in other

countries or in specific regions within the United

States, and the prevalence rates for different drugs

used vary accordingly. Overall, marijuana is the

most prevalent illegal drug detected in impaired

drivers, fatally injured drivers, and motor vehicle

crash victims. Other drugs also implicated include

benzodiazepines, cocaine, opiates, and

amphetamines.

Why Is Drugged Driving Hazardous?

Drugs acting on the brain can alter perception,

cognition, attention, balance, coordination, reaction

time, and other faculties required for safe driving.

The effects of specific drugs of abuse differ depending

on their mechanisms of action, the amount consumed, the history of the user, and other factors.

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I am pleased to transmit the 2012 National Drug Control Strategy, which follows through on

the commit­ment made by my Administration to chart a new course in our efforts to reduce

illicit drug use and its consequences in the United States.The balanced approach outlined in

the Administration’s inaugural National Drug Control Strategy has yielded significant results,

which are detailed in the following pages.

Our Nation still faces serious drug-related challenges, however.Too many Americans need

treatment for substance use disorders but do not receive it.Prescription drug abuse continues

to claim American lives, and those who take drugs and drive threaten safety

on our Nation’s roadways.Young people’s perceptions of the risks of drug use have

declined over the past decade, and research suggests that this often predicts future increases

in drug use.There is still much left to do to reform our justice system and break the cycle of

drug use and crime.Our commitment to work with partner nations must remain steadfast to

reduce drug production, trafficking, and related transnational threats.

Based upon the progress we have achieved over the past three years, I am confident we can

address these challenges through concerted action along the entire spectrum of prevention,

early intervention, treatment, recovery support, criminal justice reform, law enforcement, and

international cooperation.However, we must match our commitment with the appropriate

resources.

Illicit drug use in America contributed to an estimated $193 billion in crime, health, and lost

productivity costs in 2007, the year for which the most recent estimate is available.In today’s

challenging economic environment, we cannot afford such a drain on our economy and

public resources.While difficult budget decisions must be made at all levels of government,

we must ensure continued support for policies and programs that reduce drug use and its

enormous costs to American society.In doing so, we will not only strengthen our economy

but also sustain the national character and spirit that has made the United States a world

leader.

I look forward to continuing to work with the Congress and Federal, state, local, tribal, and

territorial leaders, international partners, and the American people in this important endeavor.

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Walsh, J. m., Flegel, R., Atkins, R., Cangianelli, L. A., Cooper, C., Welsh, C., & Kerns, T. J. (2005). Drug and alcohol use among drivers admitted to a Level-1 trauma center. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(5), 894-901.

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2011 Annual Region I Conference Baltimore, Maryland July 19, 2011

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ESRAR (THC)

Etkiler:

Zamanlama, koordinasyon, uyanıklık ve performansta azalma

Dikkatte azalma

Motor hareketlerde bozulma

Hafızada bozulma

Gözlerde kanlanma

Ağız kuruluğu

Ajitasyon ve irritabilite

Öfori

Halüsinasyonlar

Paranoya

Fatal trafik kazalarında sürücülerde en sık

rastlanılan uyuşturuculardan birisidir

(Drummer et al., 2004).

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60 deneysel çalışmayı içeren (lab. çalışmaları, sürüş simülatörleri, trafik deneyimleri) bir meta analizde THC kan konsantrasyonlarına bağlı olarak emniyetli sürüş için gerekli olan davranışsal ve kognitif performansın bozulduğu gösterilmiştir (1). Avusturalya’da yapılan bir çalışmada, 3000’den fazla ölümlü trafik kazasında sürücü kanlarında bulunan THC konsantrasyonu kaza esnasında sürücünün kusurlu olduğu ihtimalini kuvvetlendirmektedir (2).

1- Berghaus G, Sheer N, Schmidt P. Effects of cannabis on psychomotor skills and driving performance–A meta-analysis of experimental studies. In CN Kloeden and AJ McLean (eds.), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Adelaide, Australia: The University of Adelaide, NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, pp. 403–409, 1995. 2- Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos J, Batziris H, Chu M, Caplehorn J, Robertson MD, Swann P. The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes. Accid Anal Prev 36(2):239–248, 2004

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Esrar inhalasyonundan birkaç dakika

sonra kalp hızı artar, bronşlar genişler,

göz üzerindeki damarlar genişleyeceği

için kırmızı göz gelişir. Ayrıca

görüşteki odaklanma bozulur.

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OPİYATLAR Morfin, Eroin, Kodein, Fentanil

Kronik eroin kullanıcılarında kullanımdan sonra, bakışda odaklanamamak, uyuşukluk, anksiyete, iritasyon gibi sürüş emniyetini bozacak bulgular tespit edilmiş olmasına rağmen, kullanıcıların bir kısmının alkol alımıyla mukayese ettiklerinde eroin kullanımını daha güvenli buldukları anlaşılmıştır (Kerger & Crofts, 2000).

Etkiler: Öfori, uykuya meyil, sedasyon, bilişsel işlevlerde zayıflık, analjezi, bradikardi, bulantı, kusma, reflekslerde zayıflık, kas güçsüzlüğü, solunumda yavaşlama, pupillerde daralma

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BENZODİAZEPİNLER Diazepam, alprazolam, klonazepam, midazolam,lorazepam..

Etkileri:

Sedasyon, somnolans, konuşmada yavaşlama, bulanık

görme, motor koordinasyonda ve hafızada zayıflama gibi

etkileri mevcuttur. Emniyetli sürüşü ciddi şekilde

etkilerler.

Norveç’te yapılmış bir çalışmada kanında benzodiazepin

bulunan sürücülerde emniyeti sürüşü bozduğu anlaşılan

maddeler arasında ilk sırada yer almaktadır.

Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines-relation

between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment

in apprehended drivers. Drug and Alcohol

Dependence, Volume 68, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 131-141).

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İsveç’te 14.000 tutuklu sürücü üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmada, diazepam (%26), nordazepam (%28), alprazolam (%5.6), flunitrazepam (%4.0), nitrazepam (%2.9), morpin (%11), kodein (%8), zolpidem (%1.9) ve zopiklon (%1.5) tespit edilmiştir..

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I.M. uygulamadan sonra diazepam farmakokinetiği

British Journal of Pharmacology (2009), 157, 1390–1397.

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Sürüş emniyetini önemli ölçüde bozar (de Gier, 2006b; Ogden & Moskowitz, 2004). Ciddi şekilde bitkinlik yaparlar, kas koordinasyonunu bozarlar, görüşü bulanıklaştırırlar ( Vingilis and MacDonald , 2000) Trafikte kusur oranını artırırlar (Longo, Hunter, Lokan, White & White, 2000).

BENZODİAZEPİNLER

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KOKAİN

Eliminasyon yarılanma zamanı: 1 saat

Major metabolite: Benzoilekgonin (BZE)

BZE yarılanma zamanı: 4-6 saat

Genel etkiler:

Dilate pupiller, kan çanağı gözler, ajitasyon, ayakta durmada ve oturmada güçlük, anlamsız konuşmalar, taşikardi, emniyetli sürüşün bozulması (süratli gitme, zikzaklar çizme, kırmızı ışıkta geçme)

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İsveç'te yapılan bir çalışmada; polis tarafından tutuklanan sürücülerden alınan 26567 kan örneğinin %3'ünde kokain ve/veya benzoilekgonin (BEG)

tespit edilmiştir. Bu vakaların %72'sinde kokain LOQ'un altında olduğundan miktar

verilememiş, sadece BEG konsantrasyonları tespit edilmiştir.

Bulunan kokain konsantrasyonları düşük olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kokainin

yaklaşık 1 saatlik yarılanma ömrü dikkate alındığında gözaltı süresi sırasında geçen zamanda (uygulanımdan sonraki 5-6 saat)

kokain konsantrasyonlarının oldukça düştüğü kanaatine varılmıştır.

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AMFETAMİNLER

Düşük dozlarda stimülasyon ve uyanıklık halinin artmasına rağmen yüksek dozlarda psikomotor faaliyetlerde zayıflama yaparlar (Logan, 2002; Neale, 2001).

Kronik amfetamin kullanıcıları, kendi sürüş performanslarının maddeyi kullanmakla arttığını düşünmektedirler (Davey, Davey & Obst, 2005). Özellikle dikkatlerinin arttığına, reflekslerinin hızlandığına ve fiziksel enerjilerini daha iyi kullanabildiklerineişaret etmektedirler (Aitken, Kerger & Crofts, 2000). Benzer şekilde metamfetamin kullanıcıları nın %42’si de sürüş kabiliyetlerinin çok az bozulmuş olabileceğini düşünmektedirler (Donald, Pointer & Weekley, 2006).

Sürüş esnasında genel etkileri, kas zafiyeti, agresyon, disoryantasyon, ve koordinasyonda azalma olsa da, (Logan, 2002; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2006) uzun züreli kullanımında rebound yorgunluk ve uykusuzluğa sebebiyet vermesi en büyük risk olarak nitelendirilmektedir (Ogden ,2006)

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FARMASÖTİK PREPARATLAR-

GÜVENLİ /SİZ SÜRÜŞ İLİŞKİSİ

Farmasötik ilaçlardan olan benzodiazepinler başta olmak üzere, (Alvarez & Del Rió, 2000) beta blokerler, narkotik analjezikler, antihistaminikler, antipsikotikler, antidepresantlar, antiparkinson ilaçları, ve antiepileptiklerin de sürüşü etkiledikleri gösterilmiştir (Kaba, Danzer & Lehner, 2000, Ramaekers, 2003; Vermeeren, 2004).

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Güvenli sürüşten bahsedilemez! (Drummer, 2004; Hunter, Lokan, Longo, White & White, 1998;

Kruger & Vollrath, 2000; Lenné, Triggs & Regan, 2004).

ÇOKLU UYUŞTURUCU/UYARICI KULLANIMI VE

GÜVEN Lİ/SİZ SÜRÜŞ?

ALKOL

BENZO

ESRAR

MDMA ESRAR

ALKOL

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“Without exception, all illicit drugs have the potential to impair the cognitive and behavioral skills that allow a person to engage in normal daily activities, such as driving and working.”

İstisnasız, bütün illegal maddelerin kişilerin sürüş ve çalışma

gibi günlük aktivitelerini gerçekleştirirken kullandığı kognitif

ve davranış becerilerini bozma potansiyeli vardır.

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The length of time that a drug or its metabolite is present in a given biological sample is often called its detection time. This may vary depending on the dose (amount), route of administration (injected, inhaled etc.) and elimination rate (how long it takes the body to get rid of the substance). The presence of a drug metabolite in a biological fluid may or may not reflect consumption of the drug recently enough to impair driving performance. For example, the presence of a marijuana metabolite in urine may not be, by itself, a reliable indicator of either driving impairment or of recent exposure to the drug. However, an elevated concentration of THC (the principal active component of marijuana) in blood may be consistent with recent use of the drug and related driving impairment. In addition to the analytical test results, supplemental information (including driving, performance on psychophysical tests, values obtained in physiological assessments, and unusual behaviors, statements or observations) often is necessary for an appropriate forensic toxicological interpretation of driving impairment.

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*Sürücülerdeki bireysel farklılıklar

*Numuneler arası farklılıklar (postmortem-

canlı, numunenin cinsi, alınma saati,..)

*Analize kadar olan saklama koşulları

(konulduğu kap ve içerdiği koruyucu, beklediği

soğuk ortam,..)

*Laboratuvarlar arası farklılıklar (personel,

çalışılan cihaz ve yöntem, cut off, LOQ

değerleri, metabolit analizi..)

*Analizin rapor edilme farklılıkları (örnek

alınma zamanı, cut off ve LOQ değerlerin

raporda yazılması..)

*Ve yorumlayan uzmanların farklılığı (kaza

zamanına yönelik interpretasyon?..)

SÜRÜŞÜN MADDE ETKİSİYLE BOZULDUĞUNA YA DA

KAZANIN MADDE ETKİSİYLE OLDUĞUNA

KARAR VERMEK?!

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