Subsurface monitoring aspects of CO2

storage in a saline aquifer Peter Rowbotham, Steve Furnival, Craig Webster, Iulia Wright,

Alastair Brown (AGR TRACS), Rohan De Silva (NGC)

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Overview

“5/42” store characterisation & modelling

Aspects of MMV (measurement monitoring and verification)

Need to demonstrate that the injected CO2 is contained

within the geological store during and after injection

4D seismic feasibility

Microseismic feasibility

Conclusions

2 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

CCS Infrastructure: Yorkshire & Humber

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Characterisation of 5/42

2010-12 Regional screening studies

2012-15 Detailed characterisation of 5/42

2013 NGC drilled & tested UK’s first dedicated Carbon Capture

& Storage appraisal well, 42/25d-3 funded by EEPR & ETI

Extensive log, core and testing programme – DEVEX 2014

4 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

5/42 Top Bunter Depth Surface

5

200 – 250 m thick

>1000 m deep

Massive saline aquifer in Bunter Sandstone of UK SNS

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Phi – 15-25%

K – 10-1000mD

Data Acquisition in 42/25d-3

(presented at DEVEX 2014)

6

The most comprehensive

data gathering program

in a UK well for years

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Modelling of 5/42

Seal provided by

Haisborough Gp

halites / shales

7

Stratigraphy Reservoir/SealThickness

Lias

Keuper Anhydrite

Muschelkalk Halite

Rot Clay

Bunter Shale

Zechstein Halite

Top Triassic

Top Lias

Seal117m

Seal800m

Seal1700m

Reservoir274m

Rot Halite

Top Dudgeon Formation

Top Dowsing Formation

Haisborough Group

0-300m

Dowsing Shale

Bunter Sandstone

~ 1000m depth

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Ba

cto

n

Gro

up

Hais

bo

rough

Gro

up

Plan for First Load is injection

of 2.68 Mt/yr for 20 years.

Reservoir models predict

CO2 moves to structural crest

Injection downdip

within Bunter

Sandstone

Overview

“5/42” store characterisation & modelling

Aspects of MMV (measurement monitoring and verification)

4D seismic feasibility

Microseismic feasibility

Conclusions

8 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

MMV objectives

Need to demonstrate through monitoring that the

injected CO2 is contained within the geological store

during and after injection

Comparison of actual vs modelled CO2 plume migration

Verification of well and reservoir integrity

9 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Metering of injected CO2 & permanent in-well

monitoring (e.g. pressure, temperature) for injectivity

Campaigns of geophysical monitoring, well logging

Monitoring technologies screening

10

Technology Used For

Re

liab

ility

Inst

alla

tio

n /

Bas

elin

e C

ost

Mai

nte

nan

ce /

Re

pe

at C

ost

Be

ne

fit

2D Time Lapse Survey Plume migration

Swath Time Lapse Survey Plume migration

3D Time Lapse Survey Plume migration

Vertical Seismic Profiling Limited application Not considered

Micro Seismic – Sea Bed Integrity

Cross Well Seismic Limited application Not considered

Magneto-Telluric Limited application Not considered

CSEM Limited application Not considered

Gravity – Sea Bed Plume migration

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Integrity

Landers (Sea Bed Monitoring) Integrity

Well / Production Logging Integrity

Wellhead Pressure Injection rate / integrity

Wellhead Temperature Injection rate / integrity

Surface Volumetric Flow Rate Injection rate

Downhole Pressure Gauges Injection rate / integrity

Downhole Temperature Gauges Injection rate / integrity

Distributed Temperature Sensing Injection profile

Distributed Acoustic Sensing Integrity

Downhole Flow Monitoring Injection rate

In-Well Micro Seismic Integrity

In-Well Gravity Limited application Not considered

Reliability, cost and benefit

Technology

Purpose

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Remote

sensing

Wells

Reliable

Cheap

Meaningful

‘Reasonably’

‘Issues’

Poor reliability

Expensive

Little benefit

4D seismic feasibility through modelling

PEM 1. Used log-derived regressions and

Gassmann equations to compute Porosity/

NTG/Saturation changes to elastic properties

11

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

PEM 2. Laboratory acoustic travel time

testing, cycling over pore pressure to derive

pressure change effects on elastic properties

Static/dynamic reservoir model

Por

Petro-Elastic Model

NTG

Vp/Vs/Rho1

Sat1

Press1

Syn(2-1)

Syn1 Syn2

Vp/Vs/Rho2

Sat2

Press2

9.0

9.5

10.0

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

-100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00

She

ar M

od

ulu

s (G

Pa)

Effective Stress (bar)

Mu(p) Gpa

Sample 21

Sample E16

4D seismic feasibility – Pressure change effects

12

PEM 2. Laboratory acoustic travel time testing, cycling over pore

pressure to derive pressure change effects on elastic properties

FracTech Laboratories

42/25d-3 core plugs

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

25.5

26

26.5

27

27.5

28

28.5

-100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00

Bu

lk M

od

ulu

s (G

Pa)

Effective Stress (bar)

K(p) GPa

Sample 21

Sample E16

4D seismic feasibility

Can AVO separate out pressure & saturation effects?

EEI_S1

Syn_EEI_S(2-1)

EEI_S2 EEI_P1 EEI_P2

Syn_EEI_P(2-1)

EEI sensitivity to

Pressure/Saturation

from logs AI

GI

↑CO2

↑Press

EEI_S=AI(cosχ) + GI(sinχ)

χ

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

13

Por

Petro-Elastic Model

NTG

Vp/Vs/Rho1

Sat1

Press1

Syn(2-1)

Syn1 Syn2

Vp/Vs/Rho2

Sat2

Press2

Static/dynamic reservoir model

4D dynamic modelling

Saturation and Pressure after 20 years

14

Saturation Pressure

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

4D seismic modelling Saturation, Pressure, Impedance

15

EEI_S AI EEI_P

Saturation Pressure

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

After 20 years

4D seismic modelling Saturation, Pressure, Synthetics

16

Saturation Pressure

Syn_EEI_S(20-0) Syn_AI(20-0) Syn_EEI_P(20-0)

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

After 20 years

17

At end of injection

5 years after end of injection

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

4D seismic modelling

highlighting pressure signal relaxation

Syn_EEI_S(n-0) Syn_AI(n-0) Syn_EEI_P(n-0)

Conclusions on Time-lapse seismic

High amplitude sensitivity to modelled saturation changes

Large seismic contrast between CO2 and brine in pore space

Low amplitude sensitivity to modelled pressure changes

Open system, large aquifer

Time-lapse seismic is an effective tool for monitoring CO2

plume migration

18

The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Microseismic addresses MMV objectives

Need to demonstrate through monitoring that the

injected CO2 is contained within the geological store

during and after injection

Comparison of actual vs modelled CO2 plume migration

Verification of well and reservoir integrity

19 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Microseismic

20 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Feasibility study

Wavefields

Sensitivity

Location

accuracy

Distance (m)

De

pth

(m

)

Velocity

profile Seabed detectors

Microseismic event

Microseismic

21 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

-1.6

Feasibility study

Wavefields

Sensitivity

Location

accuracy

Seabed array would have sensitivity to events > -1.1 magnitude at

Top Bunter in area of interest

(-2–0 is nano event, length scale 1-10m, displacement 40-400 µm)

Conclusions & Discussion

Requirement of a MMV plan is to demonstrate that

Injected CO2 is contained within the geological store

During and after injection

Comparison of actual vs modelled CO2 migration – 4D

Verification of well and reservoir integrity - Microseismic

22 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Longer timelines than typical N Sea projects

Importance of acquiring baseline data

e.g. baseline 2D/3D seismic; background seismicity

MMV plan is reviewed annually in light of data acquired

Acknowledgements

The EU’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

(EEPR) for funding the Don Valley Power Project and

both EEPR and the Energy Technologies Institute for

funding the first CCS appraisal well in UK waters

Tim Wynn, Scott Dingwall & Simon Wright

Frederic Fortier & Christophe Maisons (Magnitude)

Everyone who has been involved with this project over

the last 5+ years

23 The Don Valley CCS Project is co-financed by the European Union’s European Energy Programme for Recovery

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author.

The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Thanks & Questions