successful phosphorus removal and recovery phos.pdfnovember 20, 2014 jim fitzpatrick senior process...
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Nov
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JIM FITZPATRICK SENIOR PROCESS ENGINEER
Successful Phosphorus Removal and Recovery
SOUTHWEST SECTION PLANT OPERATIONS SEMINAR MASON, OHIO
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AGENDA
• Drivers and WWTP Sources • EBPR and Struvite Recovery • Recovery with Low Effluent Limits
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DRIVERS AND WWTP SOURCES
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PHOSPHORUS LINK TO HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS
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But much more complicated than just POTW effluent
Gulf of Mexico, 2007 (Courtesy of NASA)
Lake Erie, 2011
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“The phosphorus content of our land, following generations of cultivation, has greatly diminished. It needs replenishing. I cannot over-emphasize the importance of phosphorus not only to agriculture and soil conservation, but also the physical health and economic security of the people of the nation. Many of our soil deposits are deficient in phosphorus, thus causing low yield and poor quality of crops and pastures…."
-President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1938
MORE MOUTHS TO FEED INCREASES THE NEED FOR PHOSPHORUS
November 20, 2014
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SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
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HOW WILL WE MEET THE GROWING DEMAND?
November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
From S. Van Kauwenbergh. (2010), World Phosphate Rock Reserves and Resources. Presented at Center for Strategic and International Studies
Recovery is part of long-term solution
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RETURN TO AGRICULTURAL ROOTS
November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
From K. Ashley et al. A brief history of phosphorus: From the philosopher’s stone to nutrient recovery and reuse. Chemosphere (2011), doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.001
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Nutrient-Rich Digester Liquor
Treated Digester Liquor
Struvite Precipitation
RECOVERY IMPACTED BY REMOVAL AND BIOSOLIDS PROCESSING
P-Removal Processes • Chemical precipitation and hydroxide
floc adsorption • Enhanced biological phosphorus
removal (EBPR) • Media adsorption/ion exchange
P-Recovery Alternatives • Calcium phosphate precipitation
• Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] and others
• Struvite precipitation • MgNH4PO4·6H2O
• Extraction from incinerator ash
November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
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PhoStrip
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EBPR Process
PHOSPHORUS WITH EBPR AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
Anaerobic Digestion
Dewatering Biosolids
Primary Clarifiers Anaerobic | Oxic Basins
Thickening Particulate P Chemical Precipitation
Release from PAO
Luxury uptake by PAO
PAO in
WAS
Soluble P Particulate P
NH4+
(PO4)3-, Mg2+, K+
Secondary Clarifiers
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Effluent P (0.5 – 1 mg/L)
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EBPR AND STRUVITE RECOVERY
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EBPR AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
CAUSES
• (PO4)3-, Mg2+ and K+ quickly released by PAOs in WAS. NH4
+ released later during digestion.
CONSEQUENCES
• Struvite formation
• Decreased biosolids dewaterability
Alternatives to prevent these unintended consequences
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From Shimp, G.F.; Barnard, J.L.; Bott, C.B. It’s always something. Water Environment & Technology, June 2014, 26(6), 42-47.
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STRUVITE PRECIPITATION
• Mg2+ + NH4+ + (PO4)3- + 6 H2O MgNH4PO4·6 H2O↓
• Mg usually limiting. MgCl2 commonly added. • High pH is favorable. NaOH commonly added.
The root cause of the problem is also part of the answer
November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
Valuable Struvite
Nuisance Struvite
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•Plant-activated release by citric acid from root growth •Low stormwater runoff potential
Struvite Conventional Fertilizers
Typical Composition (N-P2O5-K2O) 5-28-0 10% Mg DAP: 18-46-0
MAP: 11-52-0
Water solubility, g/L 0.2 DAP: 588 MAP: 370
Heavy metal content Low Higher Salt index * 7.7 29, 27 * Butler, G (2013) Struvite as a phosphorus replacement, The Cutting Edge, 451-453
WHY STRUVITE FERTILIZER?
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DURHAM AWWTF – ORIGINAL STRUVITE RECOVERY CONFIGURATION
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Sludge Sludge
Fermenter Anaerobic Digestion
Dewatering Centrifuge
Biosolids to Land Application
Primary Clarifiers
Pearl® Struvite Reactor
Activated Sludge EBPR Process
Thickening Centrifuge
Gravity Thickener Tertiary
Chemical Sludge
90% Phosphate Removed
20% Ammonia Removed
Crystal Green®
Slow Release Struvite Fertilizer Pellets 5-28-0 10%Mg
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DURHAM AWWTF STRUVITE RECOVERY FACILITIES
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Bottom of Reactors
Harvested Pellets
Drier
OutputScreen
SizingScreen
Top of Reactors
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Waste Activated Sludge Stripping to Remove Internal Phosphorus (WASSTRIP®) • More protection
from nuisance struvite deposits
• K+ released with (PO4)3- and Mg2+ shunted around digester
• NH4+ released
during digestion
• MgNH4PO4·6 H2O precipitated
• Studies ongoing to quantify dewatering improvements
November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
(PO4)3- Mg2+ K+
(NH4)+
K+
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5 YEARS OF STRUVITE RECOVERY BY CLEAN WATER SERVICES • Durham AWWTF – 25-mgd ADF, <0.1 mg TP/L May - Oct
• $2.5 million investment • May 2009 - Startup of 3 Pearl 500 struvite recovery units • 2011 – WASSTRIP increased P loading to units by ~80% • May 2012 - Upsized one Pearl 500 to Pearl 2000
• Rock Creek AWWTF – 35-mgd ADF, <0.1 mg TP/L May - Oct
• $4.5 million investment • Fall 2011 - Installed two Pearl 2000 units • Future WASSTRIP planned after fermenters
• 5 to 7 year payback
• 40% less alum usage • 20% less hauled biosolids • 20% less NH3-N recycled • 90% less P recycled • Fertilizer revenue
Pioneering phosphorus recovery in North America
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Rock Creek AWWTF Struvite Recovery Facility
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STRUVITE PRECIPITATION ALTERNATIVES
• Ostara Pearl®
• MHI Multiform™
• Kansas Environmental Management Associates (KEMA) Phred™
• Aquatec Crystalactor®
• CNP AirPrex®
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STRUVITE PRODUCT ALTERNATIVES November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
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Ostara Crystal Green® Multiform Harvest Fertilizer
KEMA TerraPhos™ AirPrex® MAP fertilizer
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ALTERNATIVES FOR DIGESTER SLUDGE VS. CENTRATE/FILTRATE
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Biosolids dewatering costs drive recovery decision in many applications
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Process Flow Diagram of Nine Springs WWTP (Madison Metropolitan Sewer District)
PRE-DIGESTION PHOSPHORUS RELEASE ALTERNATIVES
• WASSTRIP®
• P-stripping with acid/gas phased digestion
• MultiWAS ™
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From Barnard J. and Shimp G.; The Impacts of Biological Phosphorus Removal on Biosolids Dewatering; Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, Nutrient Removal and Recovery 2013.
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GROWTH IN STRUVITE RECOVERY November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
• Minimize nuisance deposits
• Reduce P & N recycle loads
• Reduce P content of biosolids
• Improved biosolids dewaterability
• Beneficial recovery of nutrients 22
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CHICAGO BREAKING GROUND ON NEW STRUVITE RECOVERY FACILITY
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Stickney WRP
• 1.2 BGD design capacity • Effluent TP: 1-2 mg/L
• Effluent TP goal: ≤1 mg/L
• Optimize bio-P removal
• WASSTRIP + struvite recovery
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RECOVERY POTENTIAL WITH LOWER EFFLUENT LIMITS
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HOW LOW SHOULD WE GO?
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Significant questions remain. Overall sustainability? Trading with nonpoint sources? IJC target = 0.5 mg/L Case-specific evaluations.
From Ohio EPA, Ohio Nutrient Reduction Strategy, June 28, 2013.
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GENERAL RULES OF THUMB
Some exceptions to the rules. Case-specific alternative evaluations recommended.
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Effluent Concentration
(mg-TP/L) Process Alternatives
0.5 to 1.5
A. Chemical precipitation and floc adsorption
B. EBPR with reliable VFA feed
0.05 to 0.3 A and/or B with effluent filtration
<0.05 Tertiary system
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Water Environment & Technology (Oct 2011)
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MOST ULTRALOW ALTERNATIVES RELY ON ALUM OR FERRIC CHEMISTRY
Alum and ferric chemistry interfere with struvite recovery
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Alternative Alum or Ferric Other
Chemically enhanced clarification Yes Polishing filter generally required. Lamella settler, solids contact, ballasted flocculation options.
Two-stage granular media filtration Yes
Low-pressure membrane filtration Yes Membrane bioreactor (MBR) or tertiary systems.
Reverse osmosis Yes
Media adsorption / ion exchange No Filter pretreatment generally required
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NEW PHOSPHORUS ADSORPTION TECHNOLOGY • Polymeric metal oxide media
developed by Asahi Kasei Chemicals
• Long-term pilot studies in Japan and Kansas
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Fibril
Cavities
Fibril
Cavities
Exterior Surface Cross Section Internal Structure
• 0.13-mgd demonstration at Kasumigaura Lake WWTP (near Tokyo) averaged TP < 0.03 mg/L during first year
• 10-mgd facility on hold, pending ultralow permit limits 28
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REMOVAL AND RECOVERY PROCESS
In situ media regeneration and phosphorus recovery
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SecondaryEffluent Filter Treated
Water
Solid/liquid separation
pHControl
Tank
A C
PrecipitationReactor
DesorptionTank
LimeTank
B AcidTank
CausticTank
AdsorptionTowers
Adsorption
Desorption
Recovery
Neutralization
Carrousel Operation Two columns in series Third column stand-by
Waste
Phosphorus-LadenSolids
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CONCEPT FOR MEDIA ADSORPTION / ION EXCHANGE WITH STRUVITE RECOVERY
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Sludge
Anaerobic Digestion
Dewatering Centrifuge
Biosolids
Primary Clarifiers Activated Sludge EBPR
Thickening Centrifuge
Fermenter & Thickener
Struvite Fertilizer
VFA Effluent Filter
Anaerobic Release Tank
Struvite Reactor
Mg2+
(PO4)3-
Mg2+
K+
NH4+
Phosphorus Adsorption
Media
Desorption Fluid
(PO4)3-, OH-
OH-
WASSTRIP®
ASAHI
H+
K+
MgNH4(PO4)·6H2O 30
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SUMMARY • The need for phosphorus recovery is growing • Recovery processes commercially available • >5 years of full-scale struvite recovery with EBPR and
anaerobic digestion • If lower effluent TP required:
o Various alternatives to evaluate o New media option doesn’t require alum or ferric Repeatable in-situ regeneration Potential integration with struvite recovery and EBPR
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• Jim Fitzpatrick | Senior Process Engineer • (913) 458-3695| [email protected]
SOUTHWEST SECTION PLANT OPERATIONS SEMINAR • Ting Lu | Process Engineer
• (513)609-7459| [email protected]
• Andy Shaw | Sustainability Practice Leader • (913)458-3295| [email protected]
• Sid Sengupta | Client Services Director • (513)936-5121| [email protected]
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EXTRAS
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PEARL® INSTALLATIONS November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
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Name Location WWTP Capacity Startup Date Gold Bar/Clover Bar (demonstration) Edmonton, AB 80 MGD May-07
Durham AWWTP Tigard, OR 20 MGD May-09
Nansemond WWTP Suffolk, VA 20 MGD May-10
York WWTP York, PA 20 MGD Jun-10
Rock Creek AWWTP Hillsboro, OR 30 MGD Mar-12
Slough STW United Kingdom 15 MGD Dec-12
H.M. Weir WWTP Saskatoon, SK 20 MGD Jan-13
Nine Springs WWTP Madison, WI 40 MGD Jan-14
Truckee Meadows WRF Reno, NV 40 MGD Dec-14
F. Wayne Hill WRC Gwinnett County, GA 50 MGD Jan-15
Gold Bar/Clover Bar Edmonton, AB 80 MGD Mar-15
Stickney WRP Stickney, IL 1,200 MGD Oct-15
Bonnybrook WWTP Calgary, AB 110 MGD Mar-16
Amersfoort Amersfoort, Netherlands 15 MGD Mar-16
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AIRPREX® INSTALLATIONS November 20, 2014 SWOWEA Plant Operations Seminar l
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Name Location WWTP Capacity Startup Date
Berlin WWTP Germany 125 mgd 2003
Moenchengladbach WWTP Germany 70 mgd 2007
Reest & Wieden WWTP Holland 31 mgd 2012
Amsterdam WWTP Holland 120 mgd 2014