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http://sometimes-interesting.com/2011/07/17/electronic-

waste-dump-of-the-world/

Electronic Waste Dump of the World: Guiyu, China

July 17, 2011Sometimes InterestingLeave a commentGo to comments

Ever wonder where those old used computers end up? How about all those old CRTmonitors, cell phones, keyboards, and PDAs? Were told when we drop off our old

electronics for recycling that they will be properly disposed of; in some cases we payrecyclers to ensure our old electronics are disposed of in the correct way.

It is easy to wipe our hands of these discarded items, feeling weve done our part but havewe? What we dont know is what the recyclers do with these parts and where the discardeditems end up. You rarely hear about electronic waste sites; perhaps it is time we start payingmore attention.

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Guiyu, China is often referred to as the e-waste capital of the world. The city employs over

150,000 e-waste workers who toil through 16-hour days dis-assembling old computers andrecapturing whatever metals and parts they can re-use or sell.

This is far from an organized operation; rather than having computers neatly stacked on

palettes in storage units waiting to be recycled, computer carcasses are strewn about thestreets and river banks. Huge tangles of wires and cables lay on street corners. Workers,whom will usually specialize in dis-assembling specific parts, will pull parts from the variousscattered piles of parts about town and begin their work right on the side of the street.

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There are thousands of individual workshops where laborers snip cables, pry chips fromcircuit boards, grind plastic computer cases into particles, and dip circuit boards in acid bathsto dissolve the lead, cadmium, and other toxic metals. Thousands more work to stripinsulation from all wiring in an attempt to salvage tiny amounts of copper wire. The air reeksof burning plastic and noxious metals, but the workers have learned to live with theconditions.
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*

Legality

What is going on in Guiyu isnt legal, but due to the immense revenue stream officials of the

impoverished area overlook the violations. A 60 minutesTV crew featured a story on anAmerican recycler based in Denver Colorado, and discovered that poor handling of usedcomputer parts starts here with the companies that take used parts under the guise ofrecycling.

This particular recycler was not shy to boast of its green principles, and publicly chastisedcompetitors for selling electronic waste to the lowest bidder overseas rather than following

proper recycling procedures. Despite these claims of propriety, the 60 minutes crew followeda shipping container full of used CRT monitors from this recycler in Denver directly to China

where they discovered it was actually being sold to Guiyu for illegal tear-down.

What many of the worldwide recyclers are doing is charging the public a fee for the disposalservice, then reaping additional profits by selling the waste to the Chinese. Legality and

morality aside, its a profitable business for the recyclers; they have few costs, customers paythem to take the product, and they can turn around and sell the product to another party. In
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some cases they also receive tax breaks from the U.S. Federal government due to operatingunder the guise of green recycling operations.

The Chinese take all of the used parts and strip away the items with no valueusuallyanything that isnt metal in an effort to retrieve valuable resources to sell for scrap.

Environmental activists have objected: This isnt recycling; its scavenging.

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Why Not Just Shut Guiyu Down?

Its not that simple.

China officially bans the import of electronic waste, but the allure of massive revenues tolocal governments trumps human rights. Complicating the issue is a shortage of raw materialsfor major industry in China; factories are clamoring for the materials retrieved from thescavenging and they pay top dollar. As long as the business is profitable and kept largely out

of world view, it is unlikely to face reform.

Further, its not as easy as simply asking government to enforce the rules; Guiyus entire

economy is centered around this industry and its livelihood depends on it. If regulators shutdown operations, over 150,000 people would be left unemployed.

Also to consider: if Guiyus operations were shut down, they would be continued elsewhere.

Guiyu isnt the problem; people of the world will still require disposal of their used

electronics and suppliers will still pay for the recovered raw materials. It is a situation withmany factors to consider before a practical solution can be determined.
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Chinese officials that acknowledge the problem are quick to point to the United States andother industrialized countries as being the primary source of the problem: The biggestresponsibility lies in the developed countries that export e-wasteclaims one Chinese

professor.

While much of the culpability certainly lies at the feet of the industrialized nations who createand export waste, officials in China arent doing much to stand in the way either: tariffs and

taxation from e-waste recycling produces nearly 90% of the regional governmentsrevenue, giving officials little incentive to enforce the laws.

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Cost

Not helping the overall problem is the increased costto properly recycle used parts. Workers in China will recover about $1.50 to $2 worth ofvaluable commodities from an average computer. With such low yields e-waste recyclers in

the United States cant cover their costs, much less turn a profit.

This tempts recyclers to sell the parts to China, where labor is less expensive and there isroom for greater profit. Fixing the process would be very difficult since it is a lowest bidder

system driven by money and budgets. A cash-strapped public school cant afford to pay apremium to recycle old computers; they will find the lowest bidder. Not surprisingly, the

lowest bidders are the ones who keep their costs low by exporting to China.

It is estimated Guiyu earns over $75 million dollars a year from the processing of over 1.5million tons of e-wasteand those numbers increase every year.


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Supply lines wont dry up anytime soon. In 2011 the United States is throwing away about

130,000 computers every day. One hundred million cellular phones are thrown out annually,and that number is increasing at an exponentially faster rate as the world moves toward themobile platform.

That is just the export from one industrialized country.

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Far From Safe

The environmental and health side effects are extremely damaging; the air is not safe tobreathe and the water not safe to drink. Lead and other poisonous metals course through theveins of the residents.

Greenpeace sent crews to Guiyu to measure ground samples and test the water supply. Over10 heavy and poisonous metals were found: lead, mercury, tin, aluminum, and cadmium

being the most prominent.

Drinking water has to be trucked in as the local river and underground water table arepoisonous. Guiyu has the highest level of cancer-causing dioxins in the world; pregnanciesare six times more likely to end in miscarriage and seven out of ten children are born with50% higher levels of lead in their blood than children born elsewhere.


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Workers will burn circuit boards and components over coal fires to melt the lead solder andseparate the metals; this releases noxious gasses into the air and toxic materials into theground. Plastic cases of computers, phones and PDAs are melted, producing poly-chlorinateddioxins. Once the raw materials have been separated from the waste, they are sold for re-use.

If you burn it, you can tell what kind of plastic it is. They smell different. There are manykinds of plastics, probably 60 or 70 types. -Guiyu worker

The residents are only partially aware of the significant negative health effects. Theyunderstand that conditions arent ideal, but the higher-than-average wages keep them workingin Guiyu.

*

Hazardous Incentive

Dis-assemblers in Guiyu earn about $8 a dayalmost five times what they previously earnedas farmers and laborers. With a lack of other major industry in the area, many more were

previously unemployed so destitution drives them to the hazardous work.

In fact, many actually move to Guiyu in hopes of seeking out the higher wages. Activistshave lamented that these people must choose between poverty and poison, something no

person should have to do.

A sad reality of Guiyu is 88% of workers suffer from neurological, respiratory, or digestiveabnormalities. A similar number also suffer from various forms of skin disease. Workers usetheir bare hands for dis-assembly of parts and sweep excess printer toner from the streets intothe river.
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(click any of above thumbnails to enlarge)

As of 2011, Guiyu is listed as the worlds second most polluted location on Earth.Lake

Karachay is the first.
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