summary 6 th grade

8/7/2019 Summary 6 Th Grade

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SIMPLE PRESENT

USE

We use for:1. Facts2. Routines

E.g.: I am a teacherFACT They go to school every dayROUTINE

STRUCTURE VERB BE (am/is/are)

In this structure all people (I/he/she/it/you/we/they) change the same way. We use NOT to make negatives. And change places between the subject and the verb to be to make questions.

(+)They are students.

(-)They are not students.(?) Arethey students

(+)She is a doctor.(-)She is not a doctor.(?) Is she a doctor?

STRUCTURE OTHER VERBS (I/you/they/we)

In this structure we use the auxiliaries: dont ( -) and do (?)(+)We work every day.(-)We dont work every day.(?) Do we work every day?

(+)You study at home.(-)You dont study at home.(?) Do you study at home?

STRUCTURE OTHER VERBS 3 rd PERSON (he/she/it)

We add an S to the verb to make it affirmative (+). In this structure we use the auxiliaries: doesnt ( -) and does (?)

(+)She workS every day.

(-)She doesnt work every day.(?) Does she work every day?

(+)He runS to school.(-)He doesnt run to school.(?) Does he run to school?

SIMPLE PAST

USE

We use for completed actions in the past.

STRUCTURE


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The affirmative(+) structure is [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. In the struc ture we use the auxiliaries: didnt ( -) and did (?)

(+)Youcall ed Debbie.(-)Youdidnt call Debbie.(?)Did you call Debbie?

(+)Hewatch ed TV.(-)Hedidnt watch TV.(?)Did he watch TV?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

USE

We use to describe an action happening NOW.

STRUCTURE

am/is/are + VERB+ ING We use NOT to make negatives. And change places between the subject and the verb to be to make questions.

(+) Youare watching TV.(-) Youare not watching TV.(?) Are you watching TV?

National symbols of Colombia

National Flag of Colombia

Flag of Colombia.

Main article: Flag of Colombia

The Colombian flagwas defined in 1934 by the Decrees 861 of 1934, expedited by theGovernment of

Colombiaduring thepresidencies of GeneralPedro Nel Ospinaand Enrique Olaya Herrera.

As defined in theConstitution of ColombiaDecree number 861 of May 17, 1934 in Article 1, the pavilion, flag andstandard of the Republic of Colombia is composed by the yellow, blue and red colors distributed in three horizontal

stripes. The yellow top stripe is positioned in the upper area of the flag and has a width of half of the entire flag
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horizontally. The other two stripes the middle blue and the bottom red will each be a fourth of the total area of the

flag. The yellow color represents Colombia's gold and natural wealthiness; the blue color represents the two oceans

that border Colombia, the Pacific andAtlantic oceans,rivers and the sky; The red color represents the blood of the

patriots that fought against the Spanish monarchy to gain the independence of Colombia. Authorized variations of the

Colombian flag also represent the merchant flag of Colombia, the War flag of Colombia exclusively used by

the Colombian Army.The flag with the Colombian coat of arms is of exclusive use of the armed institutions ofColombia.

Coat of arms of Colombia

Coat of arms of Colombia.

Main article: Coat of arms of Colombia

The coat of arms of Colombiais considered the symbols of all symbols in Colombia. The coat of arms integrates the

major symbols for which the Colombian identity prevails. It was updated by Protocol based in Decree 1967 of 1991 as

stated in theColombian Constitution of 1991.The coat of arms of Colombia is only used in the center of the flag of

the President of Colombia, war flag of Colombia and official documents. It can also be used for educational or display

purposes within the guidelines of respect for the symbol.

Repblica de Colombia / Republic of ColombiaCronologa de PresidentesChronology of Presidents

ltima actualizacin / Last updated: August 9, 2010

Aos / Years Presidente /President Partido / Party Aclaraciones /Notes

2010 - present Juan Manuel Santos Partido Social de UnidadNacional (Partido de la U)

2006 - 2010 lvaro Uribe VlezPartido Social de UnidadNacional (Partido de la U) Gabinete/Cabinet
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2002-2006 lvaro Uribe Vlez Liberal (independiente) Gabinete/Cabinet

1998 - 2002 Andrs Pastrana Arango New Democratic Force (NFD)

1994 - 1998 Ernesto Samper Pizano Liberal

1990 - 1994 Csar Gaviria Trujillo Liberal

1986 - 1990 Virgilio Barco Vargas Liberal

1982 - 1986 Belisario Betancur Cuartas Conservative

1978 - 1982 Julio Csar Turbay Ayala Liberal

1974 - 1978 Alfonso Lpez Michelsen Liberal

1970 - 1974 Misael Pastrana Borrero Liberal

1966 - 1970 Carlos Lleras Restrepo Liberal

1962 - 1966 Guillermo Len Valencia Conservative

1958 - 1962 Alberto Lleras Camargo Liberal (Frente Nacional)

1957 - 1958 Military junta: Gabriel Pars Military

1953 - 1957 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Military president by military coup

1951 - 1953 Roberto Urdaneta Arbelez Conservative

1950 - 1951 Laureano Gmez Castro Conservative

1946 - 1950 Mariano Ospina Prez Conservative

1945 - 1946 Alberto Lleras Camargo Liberal

1944 Daro Echanda Olaya

1942 - 1945 Alfonso Lpez Pumarejo Liberal 2nd term

1938 - 1942 Eduardo Santos Liberal

1934 - 1938 Alfonso Lpez Pumarejo Liberal

1930 - 1934 Enrique Olaya Herrera Liberal

1926 - 1930 Miguel Abadia Mndez Conservative

1922 - 1926 Pedro Nel Ospina Vsquez Conservative

1921 - 1922 Jorge Holguin Conservative 2nd term took over afterSurez

1918 - 1921 Marco Fidel Surez Conservative resigns office of Presidency
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1914 - 1918 Jos Vincente Concha Conservative

1910 - 1914 Carlos E. Restrepo Restrepo Republican elected by National Assembly

1909 - 1910 Ramn Gonzlez Valencia Conservative elected by Congress afterresignation of Reyes

1909 Jorge Holgun Jaramillo

1904 - 1909 Rafael Reyes Prieto Conservative

1900 - 1904 Jos Manuel Marroquin Conservative takes power by coup

1898 - 1900 Manuel Antonio Sanclemente National

1894 - 1898 Miguel Antonio Caro Tovar National vice-president, completes terminterrupted by death of Nuez

1892 - 1894 Rafael Nuez Moledo National 3rd term; died in office1888 - 1892 Carlos Holgun National acting chief executive

1884 - 1888 Rafael Nuez Liberal 2nd term

1882 - 1884 Jos Eusebio Otlora Liberal presidential designate, takesoffice at death of Zalda

1882 - 1882 Francisco Javier Zalda Liberal died in office

1880 - 1882 Rafael Nuez Moledo Liberal

1878 - 1880 Julin Trujillo Liberal

1876 - 1878 Aquileo Parra Liberal

1874 - 1876 Santiago Prez Liberal

1872 - 1874 Manuel Murillo Toro Liberal 2nd term

1870 - 1872 Eustorgio Salgar Liberal

1868 - 1870 Santos Gutirrez Liberal

1867 - 1868 Santos Acosta Liberalpresidential designate, takesoffice at deposition ofMosquera

1866 - 1867 Toms Cipriano de Mosquera Liberal 3rd term; died in office

1864 - 1866 Manuel Murillo Toro Liberal

1862 - 1864 Toms Cipriano de Mosquera Liberal 2nd term: president by civilwar

1861 - 1862 Julio Arboleda Conservative


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1857 - 1861 Mariano Ospina Conservative

1854 - 1857 Manuel Mara Mallarino Conservative vice-president, actingexecutive

1853 Jos Mara Obando Liberal

1849 - 1853 Jos Hilario Lpez Liberal named president by Congress

1845 - 1849 Toms Cipriano de Mosquera Conservative named president by Congress

1841 - 1845 Pedro Alcntara Herran Conservative named president by Congress

1837 - 1841 Jos Ignacio de Mrquez named president by Congress

1832 - 1837 Francisco de Paula Santander

1830 - 1831 Rafael Urdaneta President dictator by military coup

1830 Joaqun Mosquera Elected by Congress

1821 - 1830 Simon Bolivar

Triangles

A triangle has three sides and three angles

The three angles always add to 180

Equilateral, Isosceles and Scalene

There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal.

There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles:

Equilateral Triangle

Three equal sidesThree equal angles, always 60


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Isosceles Triangle

Two equal sidesTwo equal angles

Scalene Triangle

No equal sidesNo equal angles

What Type of Angle?

Triangles can also have names that tell you whattype of angle is inside:

Acute Triangle

All angles are less than 90

Right Triangle

Has a right angle (90)

Obtuse Triangle

Has an angle more than 90

Combining the Names

Sometimes a triangle will have two names, for example:

Right Isosceles Triangle

Has a right angle (90), and also two equal angles

Can you guess what the equal angles are?


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Names of Polygons

If it is aRegular Polygon ...

Name Sides Shape Interior Angle

Triangle(or Trigon) 3 60

Quadrilateral(or Tetragon) 4 90

Pentagon 5 108

Hexagon 6 120

Heptagon (or Septagon) 7 128.571

Octagon 8 135

Nonagon (or Enneagon) 9 140

Decagon 10 144

Circle

A circle is easy to make:

Draw a curve that is "radius" away

from a central point.

And so:

All points are the same distance from the center.
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You Can Draw It Yourself

Put a pin in a board, put a loop of string around it, and insert a pencil into the

loop. Keep the string stretched and draw the circle!

Also, the circle is a plane shape (two dimensional).

Definition

In factthe definition of a circle is:
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The set of all points on a plane that are afixed distance from a center. Radius andDiameter

The Radius is the distance from the centerto the edge.

The Diameter starts at one side of thecircle, goes through the center and ends onthe other side.

So the Diameter is twice the Radius:

Diameter = 2 Radius

Circumference

The Circumference is the distance around the edge of the circle.

It is exactly Pi (the symbol is ) times the Diameter, so:

Circumference = Diameter

And so these are also true:

Circumference = 2 Radius

Circumference / Diameter =
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Area

The area of a circle is times the Radiussquared, which is written:

A = r2

Or, in terms of the Diameter:

A = ( /4) D2

It is easy to remember if you think of the areaof the square that the circle would fit inside.

Names

Because people have studied circles for thousands of years special names have come about.

Nobody wants to say"that line that starts at one side of the circle, goes through the center and ends on the other

side" when a word like"Diameter" would do.

So here are the most common special names:

Lines

A line that goes from one point to another on the circle'scircumference is called aChord .

If that line passes through the center it is called aDiameter .

If a line "just touches" the circle as it passes it is calledaTangent .

And a part of the circumference is called anArc .


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Slices

There are two main "slices" of a circle

The "pizza" slice is called a Sector .

And the slice made by a chord is called a Segment .

Common Sectors

The Quadrant and Semicircle are two special types of Sector:

Quarter of a circle is called aQuadrant .

Half a circle is called aSemicircle.

Inside and Outside

A circle has an inside and an outside (of course!). But it also has an "on",because you could be right on the circle.

Example: "A" is outside the circle, "B" is inside the circle and "C" is on the circle.

Introduction to Cells

Cells are the basic units of life.There are seven characteristics of life which all cells and life forms do.

1) Living things require food for energy.
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2) Living things respire. Respiration is the breakdown and use of energy contained in food.

3) Living things respond to the environment.- Plants turn towards the sun.- animals move to avoid danger and to obtain food.

4) Living things produce waste.

5) Living Things are able to repair themselves.

6) Living things grow and reproduce.

7) Living things have a limited lifespan.

ANIMAL CELL

The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of cells (or in some cases, a single cell). Most cells arevery small; most are invisible without using a microscope. Cells are covered by a cell membrane and come in manydifferent shapes. The contents of a cell are called the protoplasm.

The following is a glossary of animal cell terms:

cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable,allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a densecenter and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), thecentrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center ofthe centrosome.cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks likea stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. TheGolgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestiveenzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded manytimes, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose intoATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell.nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than onenucleolus.nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of thefunctions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus issurrounded by the nuclear membrane.


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ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convolutedsacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER iscovered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell andproduces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded andconvoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Thespace within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymesand produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving thenewly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested andwaste material that is on its way out of the cell.

PLANT CELL

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall. The cell wall is made of cellulose, a rigid fiber layer. It gives the cell

structure and allows for adhesion with other plant cells. Inside the cell wall is the cell membrane, a fluid structuremade up of lipids and proteins. Cell membranes have channels and pumps that allow certain molecules in and out of

the cell. Most pumps and channels are specific to certain molecules, like sodium and potassium.

All the components inside the plant cell, called organelles, sit in a jelly-like fluid called cytoplasm. The vacuole, a fluid-

containing organelle, takes up most of the cell and allows the cell to maintain its shape.

The nucleus contains the DNA, the genetic material that encodes for all the plants proteins and also contains other organelles. The nuclear membrane encloses it. Inside the nucleus is an organelle called the nucleolus, where theDNA synthesizes RNA. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is where the RNA goes to make proteins and the

rough ER transports molecules throughout the cell. Next to the nucleus is the Golgi Body, whose function is to

package proteins and carbohydrates that will be leaving the cell. An organelle called a centrosome sits near the

nucleus and is important for cell division.

Two organelles only found in plants are amyloplast, which store starch compounds, and chloroplasts. Chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll and convert sunlight into energy the plant cell can use in a process called photosynthesis.


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The mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse in all cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced from glucose

specifically in the christae, the little projections that are inside the mitochondrial membrane. ATP drives many

important chemical reactions in cells.

summary 6 th grade

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