Part 3

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Summary Slides

For Lecture 3 Exam

The whole test is matching. Be able to match the following with their description:

Virulence factors/enzymesThe three hemolysis patternsDisease termsToxinsMatch the disease to the organismKnow which diseases have which vectors

(invertebrates PPT)2

Virulence Factors

Adhesins (to adhere) Invasins (to get into cells) Endotoxin (LPS, LOS, and Lipid A) Exotoxins

Cytotoxins (kills cells) Enterotoxin (GI upset) Neurotoxins (disrupts nerves)

H Ag (flagella allows motility) K Ag (capsule) Angiotrophic ability (pulls blood vessels close) Facultative intracellular pathogens (can survive with and without O2) MDR plasmids (genetic drug resistance) PG (prostaglandins; promotes inflammation)

• Enzymes• β lactamase (deactivates penicillins)• Ribosylase (causes diarrhea)• Catalase• Coagulase (causes blood clots)• Staphylokinase (dissolves blood clots)• Streptokinase (dissolves blood clots)• IgA or IgG protease (deactivates Ab’s)• Hyaluronidase (can move thru tissues)• SOD (superoxide dismutase;

deactivates WBC lysosomes)

Hemolysis

Hemolysin Patterns: (alpha hemolysis; partially breaks down RBC

membranes. Turn blood agar green) (beta hemolysis; completely ruptures RBCs.

Turns blood agar clear) (gamma hemolysis is no RBC lysis; no color

change on blood agar)

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Disease Terms Furuncle (boil; infected hair follicles) Carbuncles (mass of boils) Cellulitis/ soft tissue infections. Scalded Skin Syndrome exfolatin toxin from Staph aureus Necrotizing Faciitis: destroys muscle and fat tissue Toxic Shock: Bacteremia (bacteria in blood) and multisystem failure Enterointoxication (enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea). This is Dz, not infection. Pneumonia (fluid in the lungs) Osteomyelitis (bone infection). Requires 6-8 weeks of iv antibiotics Renal Abscess infarcts (seeds from renal artery, forms abscess, clots

blood beyond that site) Endocarditis (heart valve infection) --> destruction of valve --> blood clot

forms, breaks off, travels as a septic embolism5

Outer membrane

Peptidoglycan

GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE6

Inner plasma membrane

Outer plasma membrane

ENDOTOXINS

(GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY)

Cell Wall

LPS

O Antigen

Lipid A (endotoxin)

LPS7 (LOS is LPS with a smaller O antigen)

Bacteria list Gram Positive bacteria

Gram Positive Cocci Staphylococcus

S. aureusS. haemolyticusS. epidermidisS. saprophyticus

Streptococcus Group A (Strep. Pyogenes)Group B (Streptococcus

agalactiae)Group D (Enterococcus

faecalis)Viridins (Steptococcus

pneumoniae)

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• Gram Positive Rods• Bacillis cereus• Bacillis anthracis• Clostridium perfringins• Clostridium difficile• Clostridium botulinum• Clostridium tetani • Listeria• Proprionibacterium acnes• Corynebacterium diptheriae• Nocordia asteroides• Actinomyces israelii

• Acid-fast bacteria• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis• Mycobacterium leprae

• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining • Mycoplasma pneuomoniae

Exotoxins and their classificationCytotoxins

Verotoxin (Shigella-like toxin; E. coli EHEC)AB toxin (Kills colon epithelium; E. coli EHEC)Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (Staph aureus)Exfolatin (Scalded Skin Syndrome; Staph aureus)Necrotizing Fasciitis Toxin (group A Strep)AnthraxDiphtheriaPertussis and tracheal cytotoxin

EnterotoxinsNeurotoxins

BotulismTetanus

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Gram positive exotoxins (no endotoxins)

Staphylococcus aureusClostridium difficile Clostridium perfringensClostridium botulinumClostridium tetaniBacillus cereusBacillus anthracisCorynebacterium

diphtheriae

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Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin

Cytotoxins (TSS, NF, exfolatin), Neurotoxin, Enterotoxin

Neurotoxin (botulism toxin)Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin

Enterotoxin

Cytotoxin (Anthrax toxin)

Neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin)

Cytotoxin (Diphtheria toxin)

What Diseases do these cause?

Gram Positive bacteria Gram Positive Cocci

Staphylococcus S. aureusS. haemolyticusS. epidermidisS. saprophyticus

StreptococcusGroup A (Strep. Pyogenes)Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae)Group D (Enterococcus faecalis)Viridins (Steptococcus pneumoniae)

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Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, toxic shock, bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, MRSA

Skin infections

Wound and internal fixation devices infections

UTI

Nosocomial infections

Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Impetigo, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Necrotizing fasciitis, Rheumatic fever

neonatal sepsis and meningitis in infants

Pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, cavities, sinus and ear infections

What Diseases do these cause?

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• Gram Positive Rods• Bacillis cereus• Bacillis anthracis• Clostridium perfringins• Clostridium difficile• Clostridium botulinum• Clostridium tetani • Listeria• Proprionibacterium acnes• Corynebacterium diptheriae• Nocordia asteroides• Actinomyces israelii

• Acid-fast bacteria• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis• Mycobacterium leprae

• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining • Mycoplasma pneuomoniae

Food poisoning

anthrax

Food poisoning, gas gangrene

Diarrhea from antibiotics, pseudomembranous colitis

Botulism

Tetanus

Food poisoning

acne

Diphtheria

Pneumonia, wounds, CNS infections

Maxillary osteomyelitis, human bite wounds

Tuberculosis

Hansen’s disease

Walking pneumonia

Gram Negative Bacteria

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E. coliEnterobacter aerogenesKlebsiella pneumoniaeProteus vulgarisSerratia marcescensCampylobacter jejuniSalmonella typhiShigella dysenteriaeYersinia enterocolitica

and pestis

Neisseria gonorrhea and meningitis

Vibrio choleraeHelicobacteri pyloriHaemophilus influenzaeBordetella pertussisFrancisella tularensisBrucellaPseudomonas aeruginosaRickettsia sppChlamydia sppLegionellaBartonella sppPasturella multocida

Enterobacteriaceae

Not Enterobacteriaceae

NOTE: All of the organisms on this slide are rods except Neisseria, which are cocci (diplococci).

SpirochetesTreponema pallidumBorelia burgdorferi

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E. coli strains/serotypesmost normal flora E. coli are non-pathogenic in

intestinal tract

pathogenic strains:EPEC (enteropathic)ETEC (enterotoxic)EHEC (enterohemorrhagic)EIEC (enteroinvasive)EAEC (enteroaggregative)UPEC (uropathogenic)

What Diseases Do These Cause?

E. coli Enterobacter aerogenesKlebsiella pneumoniaeProteus vulgarisSerratia marcescensCampylobacter jejuniSalmonella typhi

Shigella dysenteriaeYersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pestis

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Enterobacteriaceae

Diarrhea, pneumonia, septicemia

Diarrhea, septicemia, UTI

Pneumonia, septicemia

UTI, diarrhea, nosocomial wound infections

UTI, wound infections (catheters), pink grout

Diarrhea from poultry, sick puppies; septicemia

Diarrhea and typhoid fever; feces on food, raw chicken, reptiles

Bloody diarrhea from human feces

Diarrhea; lymph node inflammation

Bubonic (black) plaque

Neisseria gonorrhea Neisseria meningitisVibrio choleraeHelicobacteri pyloriHaemophilus

influenzaeBordetella pertussisFrancisella tularensis

What Diseases Do These Cause?

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Gonorrhea

Cholera

Stomach and duodenal ulcers

Meningitis (infants), conjunctivitis, STD, endocarditis

Whooping cough, kennel cough in dogs

Rabbit Fever

Meningitis

BrucellaPseudomonas

aeruginosaRickettsia sppChlamydia sppLegionellaBartonella sppPasturella multocida

What Diseases Do These Cause?

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Carrion's disease, Trench Fever, Cat Scratch Fever

Undulant fever, abortions

Infects ulcers and burns, cellulitis, otitis

Rocky Mt spotted fever, endemic and epidemic typhus STD and trachoma

Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia)

Bird Cholera

Vectors and their DiseasesOrganism Disease Vector

Francisella tularensis

Tularemia (“Rabbit Fever”)

Dermacentor ticks (hard tick) and deer flies

Rickettsia rickettsii 

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Ticks 

Rickettsia typhi 

Endemic typhus 

Fleas 

Rickettsia prowazekii 

Epidemic typhus 

Lice 

Bartonella bacilliformis 

Carrión’s Disease 

Sand flies  

Borrelia burgdorferi 

Lyme Disease 

Ixodes ticks (hard tick) 

Borrelia recurrentis  

Epidemic Relapsing Fever 

Lice 

Borrelia hermsii  Endemic Relapsing Fever 

Ornithodoros (Soft tick) 

Yersinia pestis Bubonic plague Fleas

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

A. Class Cestoda -tapeworms  1. Taenia: pork or beef taeniasis; cysticercosis in muscles

Taenia pisiformis – dog or cat tapeworm

B. Class Trematoda - Flukes 2. Clonorchis sinensis - liver fluke: granulomas 3. Fasciolopsis buski - giant intestinal fluke 4. Schistosoma mansoni- blood fluke:

schistosomiasis and swimmer’s itch

C. Class Turbellaria - free-living flatworms, not parasitic 5. Planaria spp. 20

Phylum Nematoda A. roundworms  1. Pinworms

Enterobius vermicularis: Enterobiasis 2. Other Roundworms

Ascaris lumbricoides (intestinal round worm): ascariasis Toxicara canis and catis (dog and cat): VLM in humans

Wuchereria bancrofti: ElephantitisLoa Loa: Filariasis (eye worm)

B.HookwormsNecator americanus Ancylostoma braziliense (dog and cat):

CLM in humans; Loeffler’s syndrome in human lungs

ThreadwormsTrichinella spiralis: Trichinellosis in muscle21

Phylum AnalidaSegmented Worms

A. Class Hirudinea  1. Hirudo medicinalis (leech)

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Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnia (ticks and mites)

Hard TicksDermacenter

Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia spp) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

Ixodes Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) Babbesiosis (Babesia microti; USA protozoa)

Amblyomma Ehrlickiosis

Soft TicksOrnithidoros

Endemic Relapsing Fever Tick paralysis

MitesSarcoptes scabiei (itch mite)Dermatophagoides (dust mite)23

Phylum Arthropoda

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• Class Insecta (fleas and lice)– Fleas

• Bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis)• Endemic typhus (Rickettsia typhi)• Tapeworms in pets

– Lice• Pediculus humanis corporus (human body louse)

– Epidemic Typhus (Rickettsia prowasekii)– Epidemic Relapsing Fever (Borrelia recurrentis

)• Pthirus pubis-(crab louse)