Sunni v. Shi’aSunni v. Shi’a 3rd caliph murdered over booty issues Ali, relative of Muhammad = caliph Fighting! Mu’awiya (1st Umayyad caliph) says HE’S caliph Ali killed by Umayyads Husayn (Ali’s son) killed in 680 (10,000 v. 72) – all killed; the final split. Shi’a = “Party of Ali” Sunni = “The Majority”

UmayyadsUmayyads Expansion (central Asia, N.W. India, N. Africa, Spain) Capital = Damascus (modern Syria) Arab conquest state Bureaucracy – small Arab elite ruled over non-Arab, non-Muslim populations Segregated into garrison towns to prevent mixing

People of the BookPeople of the Book

Christians and Jews paid extra taxes, but tolerated non-Arab converts still had extra taxes few conversions

Family & Gender Family & Gender RolesRoles Women’s status high, at first

Active in politics, commerce (Pastoralist background!)

Lost power over time – patriarchal like the rest

Umayyad Decline & Umayyad Decline & FallFall REVOLT of warriors Led by

Abbasids Mawali & Shias joined Abbasids

Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate

Centralized, absolutist Capital = Baghdad. Imitated Persian culture Vizir = chief advisor

From Arab to Islamic From Arab to Islamic Empire: AbbasidsEmpire: Abbasids

non-Arab Converts fully integrated – no more booty system Greater opportunities for all to advance careers, education LOTS of conversions

Abbasid Economy & Abbasid Economy & CultureCulture City & Trade!

Learning Trade & Hajj = constant and quick ideas exchange Ancient authors translated (especially Greek!!!)

Abbasid DeclineAbbasid Decline Overexpansion & succession problems (fratricide)! Led to caliph hiring personal armies of Turkic Central Asian nomads (slave soldiers) Centralization breaks down into

various smaller segments Mamluk & Seljuk Turks really run the gov’t (caliph = figurehead) Mongols - 1258